# Green Mosque, Bursa

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Mosque in Bursa, Turkey

For the mosque of the same name in Iznik, see [Green Mosque (İznik)](/source/Green_Mosque_(%C4%B0znik)).

Green Mosque Yeşil Camii Religion Affiliation Islam Location Location Bursa, Turkey Location of the mosque in Turkey Coordinates 40°10′55″N 29°04′28″E / 40.18194°N 29.07444°E / 40.18194; 29.07444 Architecture Architect Hacı İvaz Pasha Type Mosque Style Islamic, Ottoman architecture Groundbreaking 1412 Completed 1424; 602 years ago (1424) Minaret 2 UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire Criteria Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) Reference 1452-006 Inscription 2014 (38th Session)

The **Green Mosque** ([Turkish](/source/Turkish_language): *Yeşil Camii*), also known as the **Mosque of Mehmed I**, is a part of a larger complex (*[külliye](/source/K%C3%BClliye)*) on the east side of [Bursa, Turkey](/source/Bursa%2C_Turkey), the former capital of the [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) Turks before [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople) was captured in 1453. The complex consists of a mosque, a mausoleum known as the [Green Tomb](/source/Green_Tomb), a [madrasa](/source/Madrasa), a [public kitchen](/source/Imaret), and a [bathhouse](/source/Hammam). The name Green Mosque comes from its green and blue interior [tile decorations](/source/Ottoman_architectural_decoration).[1] It is part of the historic [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).[2]

## History

### Construction

The Green Mosque is often seen as the culmination of the early Ottoman architectural style, mainly due to the level of aesthetic and technical mastery displayed within the mosque.[3]

The Green Mosque was commissioned by [Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi](/source/Mehmed_I), who ruled from 1413 to 1421, after a fight against his brothers to reunite the Ottoman Empire.[4] The mosque's construction was begun in 1412 and, according to the inscription over its entrance portal, it was completed in December 1419 or January 1420 ([Dhu'l-Hijja](/source/Dhu_al-Hijjah) 822 [AH](/source/Hijri_year)).[5][6] Construction was supervised by architect and patron of the arts [vizier](/source/Vezir) Hacı İvaz Pasha, who had been a commander under Mehmed I.[7] Upon his death, Mehmed I was buried in a mausoleum called the [Green Tomb](/source/Green_Tomb), commissioned by his son and successor, [Murad II](/source/Murad_II), located within the complex.[4] Construction of the tomb was completed in May 1421.[8]

Decorative work continued on the mosque after Mehmed I's death.[4] A calligraphic inscription in the [sultan's loge](/source/H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_Mahfili) above the entrance records that the decoration was completed in August 1424 (at the end of [Ramadan](/source/Ramadan) 827) by Nakkas ("the Artist") Ali bin Ilyas Ali.[5] Ali bin Ilyas Ali is believed to have brought a diverse group of craftsmen called the “Masters of Tabriz” to assist him.[3] This is based on an inscription on the tiles around the mosque's mihrab which is signed as the "work of the masters of Tabriz".[5] [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz), a prominent artistic and cultural center in western Iran, was a particularly important channel through which [Timurid](/source/Timurid_Empire) influence arrived at the Green Mosque, as it was invaded by the Timurids throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.[9] Hacı İvaz Pasha was also reported to have “brought masters and men of skill from foreign lands” to help with the mosque's construction, according to 15th-century historian [Aşıkpaşazade](/source/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade).[3] Another Persian inscription inside the royal loge above the entrance identifies Mehmed el-Mecnun ("Mehmet the Mad") as the artist who decorated the ceramics of the mosque.[4][10] Scholar Patricia Blessing notes that the exact roles played by each person named in the inscriptions is still not certain, as the terminology used in these historical texts is not fully understood today.[11]

### Restorations

Due to the 7.5 magnitude [Bursa earthquake of 1855](/source/1855_Bursa_earthquake), the complex underwent extensive renovations planned by French architect and artist Léon Parvillée, beginning in 1863.[1] The exact completion date is unknown. Ahmet Vefik Paşa, the regional administrator of west Anatolia and a patron of the preservation of Ottoman cultural heritage, asked Parvillée to restore the major fourteenth and fifteenth century royal monuments of the city. During this period, Bursa was undergoing a transformation into a modern city.[12]

Parvillée first visited the Ottoman capital of Istanbul in 1851, later moving there in 1855. He worked in the empire as a decorator, contractor and architect.[13] Parvillée was well-versed in the main aspects of early Ottoman style due to his experiences living and working in the region as well as his extensive research of the subject.[13] The French consul of Bursa stated in 1906 that Parvillée remained in Bursa from 1862 to 1867, but this is disputed. It is unclear whether Parvillée merely planned the restoration and then left Bursa, or stayed to supervise the execution of his specifications. In any case, it is documented that Parvillée had returned to Paris by 1867 to design and build the Turkish pavilion displayed in the [Exposition Universelle](/source/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)).[14]

Parvillée was involved in restoring the interior and the exterior of the mosque, including the tile work.[14] Parvillée restored the black-line tiles on the portal of the mosque.[9] The two minarets were rebuilt on an old base by Parvillée.[4] Polychrome painted decorations, which had previously adorned the upper parts of the walls and ceilings, were not restored.[1]

During a second restoration project that took place from 1941 to 1943, the ceramic facing of the tiles was removed and reinstalled.[9]

The Green Mosque underwent another renovation, starting in 2010 and reopening on May 11, 2012, which cost 1.8 million Turkish Liras.[15]

### Present day

The Green Mosque is now a popular tourist destination in Bursa. Since 2014 it is part of the [UNESCO World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site) designated around historic Bursa.[16]

## Architecture

### Interior

Video: Green Mosque of Bursa, 2017

The Green Mosque is based on an inverted T-plan and is a two-story, cube-shaped building with an extension on the south side. The mosque has a [vestibule](/source/Vestibule_(Architecture)) at the entrance leading up a short staircase to a central prayer hall.[17] This stairway has four marble cubby-holes (Turkish: *papuçluk*) on each side for slippers. These architectural inclusions point to the court being paved previously, although it is now carpeted.[18]

The central hall, which runs from north to south, is flanked by [iwans](/source/Iwan) (Turkish: *eyvans*) on the east and west. Both are domed and two stories high. There are two doors, smaller iwans, connecting to corner rooms on the first floor that are similar to those on the north side of the building, each containing a fireplace. The central hallway running north–south is intersected by a longer hallway running east–west.[17]

Within the central hallway, the main hall contains an octagonal, white marble fountain with a pool beneath the central dome—the highest dome in the mosque—which is illuminated by a lantern overhead. On either side of the pool, two further iwans lead to rooms for traveling dervishes, while a higher raised iwan directly behind the water (when seen from the central hall's entrance) leads to the prayer hall itself.[19] In this iwan, there is a [mihrab](/source/Mihrab) niche on the south ([qibla](/source/Qibla)) side of the mosque, as well as two sets of four windows.

Immediately past the entrance of the Green Mosque lies a foyer. From here, wide corridors, framed by Byzantine columns, extend in both directions, ending in staircases leading to the royal chambers.[20] These corner rooms overlook the interior court, and connect to yet another small room leading to the royal box, which effectively functions as another iwan. These chambers contain the winding stairways leading up to the lofts.[21] Between these corner rooms, a passage opens to the balconies on the northern façade where the [minaret](/source/Minaret) steps begin. The two minarets opposite from each other on the north facade were later additions. A porch was designed but never built.

	- Interior features

		- The prayer hall of the mosque

		- The marble fountain within an octagonal pool in the prayer hall

		- The mihrab of the mosque. Above the mihrab is an inscription in Persian, reading *amal-i ustādhān-i Tabrīz* ("work of the masters of [Tabriz](/source/Tabriz)").

		- One of the [mahfils](/source/M%C3%BCezzin_mahfili) that flank the opening to the prayer hall

		- The opening to the second-floor sultan's loge, as seen from the prayer hall

		- Fish-eye view of the domes

### Exterior

Marble panels, a majority of which were replaced in the nineteenth century, overlay the mosque's edifice of hewn sandstone. The door is crowned by a half-dome with a cascade of [muqarnas](/source/Muqarnas), whose face is covered with arabesques and [Rumi](/source/Rumi) inscriptions.[18] Above the niches on each side of the entrance door is an inscription dedicated to Hacı İvaz Pasha, the mosque's designer. Between the inscription and the muqarnas is a small window that illuminates the path to the sultan's box.[18]

The domes on top of the building were originally covered by blue and green tiles but are now clad in lead.[17] There are windows pierced into [drums](/source/Tholobate) in the domes and on the exterior walls. An [oculus](/source/Oculus_(architecture)) above the ablution basin in the central hall was enclosed with a lantern at the time of restoration.[17]

The two minarets were fitted with stone spires, carved in the [baroque](/source/Baroque) manner, at the time of renovation. They can only be accessed through the sultan's apartments and by climbing up the winding stairs to the attics.[22]

	- Exterior features

		- The front facade and west side of the mosque

		- The entrance to the mosque, featuring a carved muqarnas portal

		- Back view of the mosque and its domes; note the [cupola](/source/Cupola) on the main dome

## Decoration

### Tiles

#### Overview

A tile from the [Yeşil Türbe](/source/Green_Tomb) (Green Tomb), which was situated in the same complex as the Green Mosque. Similarly colorful and intricate tiles were used throughout the Green Mosque, particularly in the mihrab.

The Green Mosque employs a distinctively diverse range of tile techniques (including black-line tiles (often mistaken for, yet technically separate from [cuerda seca](/source/Cuerda_seca) tiles), monochrome underglaze tiles, mosaic, and painted terra-cotta relief)[23] and colors (including green, blue, turquoise, white, yellow, light purple, and dark purple).[24] The black-line tiles, which compose the majority of the tiles within the mosque,[23] reflect an extensive Timurid influence that emerged through the empire's frequent [invasions of Ottoman territories](/source/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions).[25] This influence can also be observed in Timurid ceramics[23] and architecture in Central Asia, such as the mausolea within the [Shah-i Zinda](/source/Shah-i-Zinda) shrine complex.[26] Moreover, an inscription above the mihrab designates the black-line tiles as *amal-i ustādhān-i Tabrīz* ("work of the masters of Tabriz"),[27] accompanied by a couplet from the Persian poet [Sa'di](/source/Saadi_Shirazi).[5] Meanwhile, the blue- and turquoise-glazed tiles in the entrance hallway and iwans, as well as the gold-adorned green hexagonal tiles in the iwans,[28] reveal a [Seljuk](/source/Seljuk_Empire) influence (which can also be observed in the [Karatay Madrasa](/source/Karatay_Madrasa%2C_Konya) in [Konya](/source/Konya)).[29]

#### Interior tile decoration

The mihrab of the mosque, featuring a wide array of intricate black-line tiles, twelve rows of [muqarnas](/source/Muqarnas), and two ribbed columns

In the hallway connecting the vestibule to the prayer hall, dark green hexagonal tiles cover the walls, punctuated by a large roundel in the center of each wall. These roundels feature an intricate floral [arabesque](/source/Arabesque)[30] in black-line tiles glazed in white, yellow, green, and blue.[31]

A roundel in the hallway connecting the vestibule to the prayer hall of the mosque

The recessed [mahfils](/source/M%C3%BCezzin_mahfili) that flank the opening into the prayer hall are covered in similar dark green hexagonal [wainscot](/source/Wainscot) tiles with gold decoration, with a large, intricate arabesque on each ceiling.[32]

More of these dark green hexagonal wainscot tiles, each decorated with a thick layer of gold overlay,[31] cover the large iwans flanking the prayer hall. A narrow floral black-line band surrounds these tiles, topped by a larger black-line band featuring a white and gold inscription upon a blue background.[31]

In the prayer hall itself, dark green hexagonal and triangular tiles (including some nineteenth and thirteenth century replacements)[33] cover the lower portions of the walls.[31]

The mihrab and its moulded tile frame feature a wide array of tile styles, shapes, and colors. Square black-line tiles, glazed in blue, purple, white, and yellow, cover the mihrab's interior with geometric motifs.[28] Equally colorful vegetal arabesques, composed of square and rectangular black-line tiles, decorate the spandrels.[34] The mihrab niche's twelve rows of muqarnas and two ribbed columns[35] feature similarly intricate and colorful tilework.

In the sultan's loge, the walls and ceiling are covered in gilded[30] black-line tiles that depict motifs of stars and polygons.[34] In contrast to these geometric motifs, the black-tile border around the opening into the mosque is decorated with vegetal motifs.[33]

		- Calligraphic inscription over the door of a *tabhane* room

		- Gilded decoration of the tiles in one of the side iwans

		- Black-line tile decoration within the mosque

		- Black-line tiles decorating the mihrab

### Carvings

Detail of the muqarnas niche above the entrance

Carved decorations exist along all exterior elements of the mosque, from the entryway to the mihrabs to the window frames.[36] The front portal of the mosque is made of carved marble and features a tall, recessed muqarnas niche, with unique marble [tympana](/source/Tympanum_(architecture)) (decorated with arabesques)[37] framing the flanking windows.[38][33] This portal, framed with floral carvings and scripture,[33] references similar portals found in Seljuk mosques, madrasas, and mausolea.[29]

The two *tabhane* rooms connected to the central hallway, designed to provide lodging for travelers, contain carved plaster niches and *ocaks* (fireplaces with a tall hood).[32] A three-line calligraphic inscription is put in an arch over one of its doors.[32]

		- View of the mosque façade's windows and decorative niches

		- An intricately carved marble tympanum above an exterior window of the mosque

		- An intricately carved marble tympanum above an exterior window of the mosque

		- The carved niches and *ocak* of one of the *tabhane* rooms

## Other buildings of the complex

The mosque was the center of a larger religious and charitable complex (a *[külliye](/source/K%C3%BClliye)*), which encompassed several other buildings nearby. These include the mausoleum (the Green Tomb), a madrasa, an *[imaret](/source/Imaret)* (public kitchen), and a [hammam](/source/Hammam) (public bathhouse).

### Mausoleum

Main article: [Green Tomb](/source/Green_Tomb)

The [Green Tomb](/source/Green_Tomb)

The mausoleum of Mehmed I is situated on a raised mound across from the mosque, to the southeast. It consists of an octagonal structure covered by a dome 15 metres (49 ft) in diameter. The whole building is decorated with tiles, and those of the mausoleum chamber are as rich as those in the mosque. They cover the walls, cenotaphs, and another ornate mihrab.[39] A burial chamber or crypt (usually off limits to visitors today) is located beneath the floor of the main chamber where the cenotaphs are located.[39][40] In addition to the sultan's burial, the mausoleum contains the tombs of his sons Mustafa, Mahmud, and Yusuf, as well as several women of his family and his nanny.[40]

### Madrasa

The madrasa (which now houses the [Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art](/source/Bursa_Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Art))

The madrasa of Mehmed I's complex, located to the southwest of the mosque, is a well-planned example of the open courtyard madrasas of this period, with similarities to the madrasas of the [Seljuk era](/source/Sultanate_of_Rum). It has a decorated entrance iwan which leads to an inner courtyard. The courtyard is flanked by arcaded porticos along three sides and a domed *dershane* on the side opposite the entrance. Two small iwans are also found along the two other lateral sides of the courtyard, though they stand behind the porticos.[41] It currently houses the [Bursa Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art](/source/Bursa_Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Art).[42]

### Others

The hammam of the complex is located east of the Green Tomb, while the imaret is located to the northeast of the tomb. Only partials remains have been preserved from the original structures of both these buildings.[9]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:03_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:03_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:03_1-2) ["Yeşil Cami | Archnet"](http://www.archnet.org/sites/1916). *www.archnet.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. ["Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. Retrieved 2024-04-10.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_3-2) Ersoy, Ahmet (2007-01-01). "Architecture and the Search for Ottoman Origins in the Tanzimat Period". *Muqarnas Online*. **24** (1): 117–139. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/22118993-90000113](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993-90000113). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0732-2992](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:22_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:22_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:22_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:22_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:22_4-4) Freely, John (2011). [*A history of Ottoman architecture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vgp46TUFK7wC&dq=ottoman+architecture+green+mosque&pg=PA45). WIT Press. pp. 45–49. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781845645069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845645069). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [714042767](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/714042767).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:11_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:11_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:11_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:11_5-3) Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). [*The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PP3). Yale University Press. pp. 142–144. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780300064650](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300064650).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 64. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0500274290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500274290).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_7-0)** ["Ivaz bin Ahi Bayezid"](https://archnet.org/authorities/488). *Archnet*. Retrieved 2019-03-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 66. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0500274290](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500274290).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:4_9-3) Blessing, Patricia (September 2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 225–250. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0016-920X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Kuban, Doğan (1986). [*Turkish Culture & Arts*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EcufAAAAMAAJ&q=bursa+green+mosque+the+mad). BBA. p. 70.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:46_11-0)** Blessing, Patricia (September 2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 239–241. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0016-920X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Ersoy, Ahmet (2017-07-05). *Architecture and the late Ottoman historical imaginary : reconfiguring the architectural past in a modernizing empire*. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781351576000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351576000). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [999614479](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999614479).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_13-1) Girardelli, Miyuki Aoki (2006). *Léon Parvillée and the Discourse on "Turkish" Architecture*. pp. 160, 164, 165.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_14-1) Saint-Laurent, Béatrice (1986). "Léon Parvillée, His Role as Restorer of Bursa's Monuments and His Contribution to the Exposition Universelle of 1867". In Batu, H.; Bacque-Grammont, J.-L. (eds.). *L'Empire ottomane, la république de Turquie, et la France*. pp. 247–282.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Historic mosque opens after renovation in Bursa province"](http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/historic-mosque-opens-after-renovation-in-bursa-province-20614). *Hürriyet Daily News*. Retrieved 2019-03-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1452/). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. Retrieved 2019-04-27.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:9_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:9_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:9_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:9_17-3) ["Yeşil Cami"](https://archnet.org/sites/1916). *Archnet*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:10_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:10_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:10_18-2) Godfrey, Goodwin (1971). [*A History of Ottoman Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/64). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. [64](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/64). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0801812026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801812026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Freely, John (2011). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. WIT Press. p. 47. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781845645069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845645069).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Godfrey, Goodwin (1971). [*A History of Ottoman Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/59). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. [59](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/59). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0801812026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801812026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Godfrey, Goodwin (1971). [*A History of Ottoman Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/60). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. [60](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/60). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0801812026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801812026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Godfrey, Goodwin (1971). [*A History of Ottoman Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/65). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. [65](https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman0000good/page/65). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0801812026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801812026).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:02_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:02_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:02_23-2) Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 236. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 238. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:12_25-0)** Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 227. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 242. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 238–9. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:32_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:32_28-1) Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 237. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:8_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:8_29-1) Blessing, Patricia (2017). "Seljuk Past and Timurid Present: Tile Decoration of the Yeşil Külliye in Bursa". *Gesta*. **56** (2): 248. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/692804](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692804). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [158811302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158811302).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:42_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:42_30-1) Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 60.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_31-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_31-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:5_31-3) Bernus-Taylor, Marthe (1997). ["Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride"](http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493). *Cahiers d'Asie Centrale*. **3/4**: 253.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:7_32-2) Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 61.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:23_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:23_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:23_33-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:23_33-3) ["Yeşil Cami"](http://www.archnet.org/sites/1916). *Archnet*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_34-1) Bernus-Taylor, Marthe (1997). ["Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride"](http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493). *Cahiers d'Asie Centrale*. **3/4**: 254.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 62.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Freely, John (2011). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. WIT Press. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781845645069](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845645069).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). *A History of Ottoman Architecture*. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 64.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Bernus-Taylor, Marthe (1997). ["Le décor du 'Complexe Vert' à Bursa, reflet de l'art timouride"](http://asiecentrale.revues.org/493). *Cahiers d'Asie Centrale*. **3/4**: 252.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:13_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:13_39-1) Kuban, Doğan (2010). *Ottoman Architecture*. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 102–108. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781851496044](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851496044).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:14_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:14_40-1) Öney, Gönül; Bulut, Lale; Çakmak, Şakir; Daş, Ertan; Demir, Aydoğan; Demiralp, Yekta; Kuyulu, İnci; Ünal, Rahmi H. (2010). "IV.I.a Yeşil Complex". [*Early Ottoman Art: The Legacy of the Emirates*](https://books.google.com/books?id=x0DdBAAAQBAJ). Islamic Art in the Mediterranean (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783902782212](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783902782212).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Kuban, Doğan (2010). *Ottoman Architecture*. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 95, 102, 150. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781851496044](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851496044).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [*DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Istanbul*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm_XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165). Penguin. 2016. p. 165. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4654-5569-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5569-7).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Green Mosque](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Green_Mosque).

- [Photographs of the mosque by Dick Osseman](http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/yesilbursa)

v t e Mosques in Turkey Ankara Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Aslanhane Hacı Bayram Kocatepe Maltepe Melike Hatun Antalya Korkut Murat Pasha Omer Pasha Tekeli Mehmet Pasha Yivli Minaret Bursa Bayezid I Emir Sultan Grand Green Hüdavendigar Muradiye Orhan Gazi Veled-i Yaniç Diyarbakır Behram Pasha Great Hazreti Süleyman Sheikh Matar Edirne Evliya Kasim Pasha Muradiye Old Selimiye Üç Şerefeli Istanbul Altunizade Arap Atik Mustafa Pasha Atik Valide Ayazma Bayezid II Bebek Beylerbeyi Blue (Sultan Ahmed) Böcekli Bodrum Burmalı Çamlıca Çinili Defterdar Dolmabahçe Emirgan Eski Imaret Eyüp Sultan Fatih Fenari Isa Firuz Agha Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Gül Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Hagia Sophia Handan Agha Haseki Sultan Hirami Ahmet Pasha Hırka-i Şerif İskender Pasha, Fatih İskender Pasha, Kanlıca Imrahor Kalenderhane Kara Ahmed Pasha Kariye Kasım Agha Kefeli Kılıç Ali Pasha Koca Mustafa Pasha Küçük Mecidiye Laleli Little Hagia Sophia Manastır Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mihrimah Sultan, Edirnekapı Mihrimah Sultan, Üsküdar Molla Çelebi Muhammad Maarifi Murat Pasha Nallı New Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Nuruosmaniye Nusretiye Ortaköy Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Piri Mehmed Pasha Piyale Pasha Rum Mehmed Pasha Rüstem Pasha Şakirin Sanki Yedim Sancaktar Hayrettin Sancaklar Şehzade Selimiye Şemsi Pasha Şeyh Süleyman Sinan Pasha Şişli Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Azapkapı Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Büyükçekmece Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Kadırga Süleymaniye Taksim Teşvikiye Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Vefa Yavuz Selim Yeni Valide Yıldız Hamidiye Zal Mahmud Pasha Zeynep Sultan Zeyrek İzmir Başdurak Birgi Grand Hisar İsa Bey Kestanepazarı Salepçioğlu Yalı İznik Green Haji Özbek Konya Akşehir Grand Alâeddin Aziziye Eşrefoğlu Ferruhşah Hacıveyiszade Kileci Selimiye Taşmedrese Mersin Bilal-i Habeşi Güzeloluk Laal Pasha Mersin Grand Mersin Old Müftü Muğdat Tarsus Grand Tarsus Old Trabzon Fatih İskender Pasha Nakip New Friday Elsewhere Abdülhamid Han Adana Great Ala, Kadirli Alaeddin, Eskişehir Alaaddin, Sinop Avcılar Great Central Aziziye, Konya Behramşah Boyacı Çapanoğlu Divriği Great Göğceli Habib'i Neccar Hafsa Sultan İlyas Bey İzzet Mehmet Pasha İzzet Pasha Kahramanmaraş Grand Kazdağlı Kazim Bulut Kurşunlu Kuyularonu Liberation Mahmut Bey Menüçehr Nasrullah Niğde Alaaddin Oil Pertev Pasha Reşadiye Şaban Ağa Sabancı Merkez Şirvani Sivas Grand Sivrihisar Grand Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Uşak Grand Zagan Pasha Zeynel Abidin Category List Islam in Turkey Ottoman architecture Mosques by country

v t e Ottoman architecture Historical stages Early Ottoman architecture Classical Ottoman architecture Tulip Period architecture Ottoman Baroque architecture Ottoman architecture in the 19th–20th centuries First national architectural movement (See also: Ottoman decoration) Other regional styles Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Cyprus Egypt Palestine Serbia Tunisia Mosques Istanbul Altunizade Mosque Atik Valide Mosque Ayazma Mosque Bayezid II Mosque Beylerbeyi Mosque Büyükdere Kara Mehmet Kethüda Mosque Çinili Mosque Dolmabahçe Mosque Eyüp Sultan Mosque Fatih Mosque Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque Haseki Sultan Mosque Hırka-i Şerif Mosque Laleli Mosque Mahmut Pasha Mosque Mesih Mehmed Pasha Mosque Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Edirnekapı) Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar) Muradiye Complex Murat Pasha Mosque Nışançı Mehmed Pasha Mosque Nuruosmaniye Mosque Ortaköy Mosque Piyale Pasha Mosque Şehzade Mosque Selimiye Mosque Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Azapkapı) Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Büyükçekmece) Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Kadırga) Sultanahmet Mosque Süleymaniye Mosque Vasat Atik Ali Pasha Mosque Yavuz Selim Mosque Yeni Valide Mosque (Eminönü) Yeni Valide Mosque (Üsküdar) Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque Other cities Ali Pasha Mosque Bajrakli Mosque Bayezid I Mosque Behram Pasha Mosque Bursa Grand Mosque Çapanoğlu Mosque Dzhumaya Mosque Emir Sultan Mosque Esmahan Sultan Mosque Evliya Kasim Pasha Mosque Ferhadija Mosque Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka) Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo) Fethiye Mosque (Athens) Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque Green Mosque of Bursa (Yeşil Mosque) Green Mosque of İznik Hadum Mosque Haji Özbek Mosque Hüdavendigar Mosque Ibrahim Pasha Mosque İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque Juma-Jami Mosque Karađoz Bey Mosque Kasım Pasha Mosque Muradiye Complex (Bursa) Muradiye Mosque (Edirne) Murat Pasha Mosque Old Mosque of Edirne Orhan Gazi Mosque Osman Shah Mosque Selimiye Mosque Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Lüleburgaz) Sulayman Pasha Mosque Suleymaniye Mosque Tombul Mosque Tzistarakis Mosque Üç Şerefeli Mosque Veled-i Yaniç Mosque Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque Madrasas Büyük Aga Medrese Caferağa Medrese Medrese of Mehmet Şakir Paşa Rüstem Pasha Medrese Türbes (tombs) Green Tomb (Yeşil Türbe) Tomb of Abdul Hamid I Tomb of Hayreddin Barbarossa Tomb of Turhan Sultan Caravanserais Büyük Han Büyük Valide Han Büyük Yeni Han Hafsa Sultan Caravanserai Kapan Han Khan al-Umdan Khan As'ad Pasha Koza Han Kürkçü Han Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne) Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli) Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Erzurum) Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Caravanserai Hospitals Complex of Sultan Bayezid II Bridges Arslanagić Bridge Mostar Bridge Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge Uzunköprü Bridge Fortifications Ajyad Fortress Anadoluhisarı Depedogen Castle of Kars Kilitbahir Castle Rumelihisarı Yedikule Fortress Kalemegdan Yeni-Kale Palaces Azm Palace Beylerbeyi Palace Çırağan Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Eski Saray Grand Serail Hatice Sultan Palace Ishak Pasha Palace Topkapi Palace Yıldız Palace Clock towers Büyük Saat Dolmabahçe Clock Tower Etfal Hospital Clock Tower İzmir Clock Tower İzmit Clock Tower Jaffa Clock Tower Nusretiye Clock Tower Yıldız Clock Tower Fountains Fountain of Ahmed III Fountain of Ahmed III (Üsküdar) Tophane Fountain Sultan Mahmut Fountain Hammams Bayezid II Hamam Bey Hamam Büyük Hamam Cağaloğlu Hamam Čifte Hammam Davud Pasha Hamam Çemberlitaş Hamam Hürrem Sultan Hamam Király Baths Mahmut Pasha Hamam Ömeriye Baths Süleymaniye Hamam Tahtakale Hamam Rudas Baths other monuments Köprülü Library Mihrişah Sultan Complex Nilüfer Hatun Imareti Imaret (Kavala)

Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi 2 Kulturenvanteri monument

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Green Mosque, Bursa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mosque%2C_Bursa) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mosque%2C_Bursa?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.