# Graphium sarpedon > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Graphium_sarpedon > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Graphium_sarpedon.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphium_sarpedon > Source revision: 1345864188 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Species of butterfly}} {{Speciesbox | name = Common bluebottle | image = Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon UP by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1849 (10).jpg | image_caption = Resting on a leaf in [Uttarakhand](/source/Uttarakhand), [India](/source/India) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref={{cite iucn|author1=Bains, T.|author2=Moonen, J.|author3=Peggie, D.|year=2021|title=''Graphium sarpedon''|article-number=e.T160215A821002|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T160215A821002.en|access-date=16 January 2025}} | genus = Graphium (butterfly) | species = sarpedon | authority = ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), [1758](/source/Lepidoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae)) }} [[File:Common Bluebottle 3.jpg|thumb|Common blue bottle at [Osaka](/source/Osaka), [Japan](/source/Japan)]] '''''Graphium sarpedon''''', the '''common bluebottle''' is a species of [swallowtail](/source/Swallowtail_butterfly) butterfly that is found in [East](/source/East_Asia), [South](/source/South_Asia) and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia). There are approximately sixteen [subspecies](/source/subspecies) with differing geographical distributions. ==Description== [[File:Graphium sarpedon - kanagawa - slow motion - 2023 may 3.webm|thumb|Slow motion video of a common bluebottle in [Kanagawa](/source/Kanagawa_Prefecture), [Japan](/source/Japan)]] {{Lepidopteran glossary hatnote}} Upperside opaque black. Forewings and hindwings crossed from above the tornal area on the hindwing to near the apex of the forewing by a semi-[hyaline](/source/hyaline) broad pale blue medial band which is broadest in the middle, more or less greenish and macular anteriorly; the portion of the band that crosses interspaces 6, 7 and 8 on the hindwing white; beyond the band on the hindwing there is a sub-terminal line of blue slender lunules. Underside similar, ground colour dark brown. Hindwing: a short comparatively broad sub-basal band from costa to sub-costal vein, and the postdiscal area between the medial blue band and the sub-terminal lunules velvety black traversed by the pale veins and transversely, except in interspaces 6 and 7, by narrow crimson lines; lastly, a crimson spot near the tornal angle with an admarginal yellowish-white spot below it. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen brown, the head and thorax suffused with greenish grey; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with two whitish lateral lines. Male has abdominal fold within grey, furnished with a tuft of long, somewhat stiff white hairs.{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |author-link=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/butterflies02bingiala |volume=II |edition=1st |publisher= [Taylor and Francis, Ltd.](/source/Taylor_%26_Francis) |location=London |year=1907 }} Race ''teredon'', Felder. ([South India](/source/South_India) and [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka)) is distinguishable in both sexes by the narrower medial band that crosses both forewing and hindwing. Colour brighter, the contrast between the green of the upper and the blue of the lower portion of the medial band more vivid. Hindwing more produced posteriorly at apex of vein 3, where it forms an elongate tooth or short tail. Variously reported with wingspans between 55 and 75 mm, the common bluebottle has black upper wings and brown lower wings. Both forewings and hindwings are marked by a central spot in the form of a blue or blue-green triangle, with [apex](/source/apex_(geometry)) pointing toward the body. The [retina](/source/retina)s of the butterfly have 15 types of colour-detecting [opsin](/source/opsin)s.{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pei-Ju |last2=Awata |first2=Hiroko |last3=Matsushita |first3=Atsuko |last4=Yang |first4=En-Cheng |last5=Arikawa |first5=Kentaro |title=Extreme Spectral Richness in the Eye of the Common Bluebottle Butterfly, Graphium sarpedon |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |date=8 March 2016 |volume=4 |page=18 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00018|bibcode=2016FrEEv...4...18C |doi-access=free }} ==Habitat== ''Graphium sarpedon'' is primarily an inhabitant of moist, low-level [rain forest](/source/rain_forest)s (below 1600 m (5000 ft)). In these elevations it is usually seen flying just above the [tree canopy](/source/Canopy_(forest)). The [larva](/source/larva)e of the common bluebottle feed on trees of the [laurel](/source/Lauraceae) family, which includes the [cinnamon](/source/cinnamon) tree, and have expanded their range to include cinnamon tree [plantation](/source/plantation)s. ==Distribution== Some of the recognized subspecies are: * ''G. s. adonarensis '' (Rothschild, 1896) - [Sumbawa](/source/Sumbawa), [Flores](/source/Flores), [Adonara](/source/Adonara). [Note*] * ''G. s. agusyantoei'' Page & Treadaway, 2013 - [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) (Sumatra) * ''G. s. colus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1907) - [Philippines](/source/Philippines) (synonym?) * ''G. s. connectens'' (Fruhstorfer, 1906) - [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan), [China](/source/China) (?) * ''G. s. islander'' Monastyrskii, 2012 - [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam)Monastyrskii, A.L. 2012. New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (4) (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). ''Atalanta'' 43(1-2): 156–164. [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Atalanta_43_0156-0164.pdf full article (pdf)] * ''G. s. messogis'' - [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), [Solomon Islands](/source/Solomon_Islands), [New Guinea](/source/New_Guinea) * ''G. s. luctatius'' (Fruhstorfer, 1907) - [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) * ''G. s. lycianus'' - * ''G. s. nipponus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1903) - [Japan](/source/Japan) * ''G. s. pagus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1907) - [Philippines](/source/Philippines) (synonym?) * ''G. s. sarpedon'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - [India](/source/India), [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka) * ''G. s. semifasciatus'' - [China](/source/China) * ''G. s. sirkari'' - * ''G. s. teredon'' (C. & R. Felder, 1865)) - [India](/source/India), [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka) * ''G. s. toxopei'' - * ''G. s. wetterensis'' Okano, 1993 - [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia), [Lesser Sunda Islands](/source/Lesser_Sunda_Islands), [Wetter Island](/source/Wetter_Island) Graphium sarpedon bingham.jpg|''G. s. bingham'' Graphium sarpedon in Japan.jpg|''G. s. nipponus'', [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo) Common bluebottle (Graphium sarpedon connectens) Jiannen Road.jpg|''G. s. connectens'', Taiwan Common bluebottle (Graphium sarpedon connectens) on citrus blossom Jiannen Road.jpg|''G. s. connectens'', Taiwan Others later as species: * ''Graphium choredon'' (Felder & Felder, 1864) - Australia (eastern), in some schemes as ''G. s. choredon'' (Felder & Felder, 1864). * ''Graphium isander'' (Godman & Salvin, 1888) - [Bougainville Island](/source/Bougainville_Island), [Shortland Islands](/source/Shortland_Islands), [Santa Isabel Island](/source/Santa_Isabel_Island), [Guadalcanal](/source/Guadalcanal), [Florida Islands](/source/Nggela_Islands), [Choiseul Island](/source/Choiseul_Island), in some schemes as ''G. s. isander'' (Felder & Felder, 1864). * ''Graphium jugans'' (Rothschild, 1896) - Indonesia (Sumba, Timor, Wetar). Note: Status revised to full species by Page and Treadaway (2013)Malcolm G. P. Page & Colin G. Treadaway, 2013. Speciation in ''Graphium sarpedon'' (Linnaeus) and allies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) ''Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie'' 6: 223–246; Stuttgart. [https://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/sites/default/files/publikationen/serie-a/ans06-13_page.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133455/https://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/sites/default/files/publikationen/serie-a/ans06-13_page.pdf |date=2020-02-07 }} . Subspecies found in India occur in southern India in the [Western Ghats](/source/Western_Ghats) and in the [Himalayas](/source/Himalayas) from Kashmir in the west to Myanmar. ''G. s. milon'' and ''G. s. monticolum'', however, are not listed here as they are regarded as separate species in a number of works. ==Behaviour== The males are known for their habit of feeding by the edges of puddles, often at the roadside. Occasionally, as many as eight will be seen at the same puddle. They have also been known to be attracted to animal droppings, carcasses and rotting insects. It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to [mud-puddle](/source/mud-puddling) during migration. The butterfly has been seen as comprising as much as 5% of the population of migrating butterflies during a 72-hour period in the [Nilgiri hills](/source/Nilgiris).{{cite journal |last1=Mathew |first1=G. |last2=Binoy |first2=C.F. |year=2002 |title=Migration of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the New Amarambalam Reserve Forest of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=844–847 |doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.17.8.844-7 |doi-access=free }} The common bluebottle is known for quick flight and rapid reactions. Consequently, it is difficult to catch. ===Diet=== [[File:Graphium sarpedon WQXGA.jpg|right|thumb|Feeding on ''[Lantana camara](/source/Lantana_camara)''. The ventral surface of the wings are visible.]] The adult common bluebottle feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering [herbs](/source/herbs). The [larva](/source/larva)e feed primarily on the leaves of trees in the families ''[Lauraceae](/source/Lauraceae)'', ''[Myrtaceae](/source/Myrtaceae)'', ''[Sapotaceae](/source/Sapotaceae)'', and ''[Rutaceae](/source/Rutaceae)''. In particular, ''G.s. sarpedon'' and ''G.s. teredon'' often feed on leaves of the [cinnamon](/source/cinnamon) bark tree (''[Cinnamomum zeylanicum](/source/Cinnamomum_zeylanicum)'') or of the Indian laurel (''[Litsea sebifera](/source/Litsea_sebifera)''). The list of larval food plants also include ''[Alseodaphne semecarpifolia](/source/Alseodaphne_semecarpifolia)'', ''[Cinnamomum camphora](/source/Cinnamomum_camphora)'', ''[Cinnamomum macrocarpum](/source/Cinnamomum_macrocarpum)'', ''[Cinnamomum malabathrum](/source/Cinnamomum_malabathrum)'',Kunte, K. 2006. Additions to known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 103(1):119-120 ''[Litsea chinensis](/source/Litsea_chinensis)'', ''[Polyalthia longifolia](/source/Polyalthia_longifolia)'', ''[Miliusa tomentosa](/source/Miliusa_tomentosa)'', ''[Persea macrantha](/source/Persea_macrantha)'' and ''[Michelia doltospa](/source/Michelia_doltospa)''. The larvae of ''G. s. choredon'', native to Australia, feed on many native Australian species of [genera](/source/genus) ''[Cryptocarya](/source/Cryptocarya)'' and ''[Litsea](/source/Litsea)''; and virtually all subspecies feed on leaves of the camphor tree, ''Cinnamomum camphora'', which is native to China but has been [naturalized](/source/Naturalisation_(biology)) throughout south-east Asia. ==Life cycle== ===Egg=== The egg is yellowish, laid singly on the leaves of a [host plant](/source/host_plant). ===Larva=== When young, is black or dark green, with numerous spines; when full grown, it is green with a short spines on each thoracic segment and anal segment. There is a transverse yellow band on the 4th segment and a lateral band on the body. The caterpillar usually lies on the centre of a leaf on an upper surface. It is very sluggish and pupates near its feeding spot. [Frederic Moore](/source/Frederic_Moore) quoted in Bingham, 1907, described it as: "Smooth, thickened from the second to the 5th segment and thence decreasing to the end; with two short subdorsal fleshy spines on the 4th segment, between which is a transverse pale yellow line, two shorter spines also on the 2nd and 3rd and two on the anal segment; colour green, with a longitudinal posterior lateral and lower pale yellowish line." ===Pupa=== The pupa is green with a slender and pointed thoractic projection, yellowish wing cases and lateral bands. "Conical, truncated in front; thorax produced into a lengthened obtusely-pointed frontal process." ([Frederic Moore](/source/Frederic_Moore) quoted in Bingham, 1907) ==References== ==General reading== * {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7371-354-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }} * {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |author-link=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[Bombay Natural History Society](/source/Bombay_Natural_History_Society) |year=1932 }}s ==External links== {{commons category|Graphium sarpedon}} {{wikispecies|Graphium sarpedon}} * [http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/hostplants/list.dsml?PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&Species=sarpedon&sort=Family&sqlpageinfo=58%3a1%3a0&Familyqtype=starts+with&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Genus=Graphium&Genusqtype=starts+with&PGenusqtype=starts+with&Country=%25 NHM Caterpillar hosts database]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1377249}} sarpedon Category:Butterflies of Malaysia Category:Butterflies of Australia Category:Butterflies described in 1758 Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Butterflies of Singapore Category:Butterflies of Indochina Category:Butterflies of Japan Category:Butterflies of Taiwan Category:Butterflies of Sri Lanka --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Graphium sarpedon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphium_sarpedon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphium_sarpedon?action=history)). 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