# Grammatical modifier

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Optional element in phrase or clause structure

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In [linguistics](/source/Linguistics), a **modifier** is an optional element in [phrase](/source/Phrase) structure or [clause](/source/Clause) structure[1] which *modifies* the meaning of another element in the structure. For instance, the [adjective](/source/Adjective) "red" acts as a modifier in the [noun phrase](/source/Noun_phrase) "red ball", providing extra details about which particular ball is being referred to. Similarly, the [adverb](/source/Adverb) "quickly" acts as a modifier in the verb [phrase](/source/Phrase) "run quickly". Modification can be considered a high-level domain of the functions of language, on par with [predication](/source/Predicate_(grammar)) and [reference](/source/Reference).[2]

## Premodifiers and postmodifiers

Modifiers may come either before or after the modified element (the *[head](/source/Head_(linguistics))*), depending on the type of modifier and the rules of [syntax](/source/Syntax) for the language in question. A modifier placed before the head is called a **premodifier**; one placed after the head is called a **postmodifier**. For example, in *land mines*, the word *land* is a premodifier of *mines*, whereas in the phrase *mines in wartime*, the phrase *in wartime* is a postmodifier of *mines*. A head may have a number of modifiers, and these may include both premodifiers and postmodifiers. For example:

- *that nice tall man from Canada whom you met*

In this noun phrase, *man* is the head, *nice* and *tall* are premodifiers, and *from Canada* and *whom you met* are postmodifiers.

In English, simple adjectives are usually used as premodifiers, with occasional exceptions such as *[galore](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galore)* (which always appears after the noun, coming from [Irish](/source/Irish_language) in which most adjectives are postmodifiers) or the adjectives *[immemorial](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immemorial)* and *[martial](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/martial)* in the phrases *[time immemorial](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/time_immemorial)* and *[court martial](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/court_martial)* (the latter comes from [French](/source/French_language), where most adjectives are postmodifiers). Sometimes placement of the adjective after the noun entails a change of meaning: compare *a responsible person* and *the person responsible*, or *the proper town* (the appropriate town) and *the town proper* (the area of the town as properly defined).

In English (and other languages) a modifier can be separated from its head by other modifiers, making the phrase *discontinuous*, as in *The man here whom you bumped into in the street yesterday*, where the relative clause *whom...yesterday* is separated from the word it modifies (*man*) by the modifier *here*. In some other languages, words other than modifiers may occur in between; this type of situation is especially likely in languages with [free word order](/source/Free_word_order), and often agreement between the grammatical gender, number or other feature of the modifier and its head is used to indicate the relationship. In English, modifiers may sometimes even be interposed between component words or syllables of the head, such as in [split infinitives](/source/Split_infinitive) (*to boldly go*) or [infixation](/source/Infixation), most commonly [expletive infixation](/source/Expletive_infixation) (*in-fucking-credible*).[3]

## Types

### Formal types

Two common [parts of speech](/source/Parts_of_speech) used for modification are [adjectives](/source/Adjective) (and [adjectival phrases](/source/Adjectival_phrase) and [adjectival clauses](/source/Adjectival_clause)), which modify nouns; and [adverbs](/source/Adverb) (and [adverbial phrases](/source/Adverbial_phrase) and [adverbial clauses](/source/Adverbial_clause)), which modify other parts of speech, particularly verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, as well as whole phrases or clauses. Not all adjectives and adverbs are necessarily modifiers, however; an adjective will normally be considered a modifier when used [attributively](/source/Attributive_adjective), but not when used predicatively – compare the examples with the adjective *red* at the start of this article.

Another type of modifier in some languages, including English, is the [noun adjunct](/source/Noun_adjunct), which is a noun modifying another noun (or occasionally another part of speech). An example is *land* in the phrase *land mines* given above.

Examples of the above types of modifiers, in English, are given below.

- *It was*[*a **nice** house*]*.* (adjective modifying a noun, in a noun phrase)

- [*The **swiftly flowing** waters*]*carried it away.* (adjectival phrase, in this case a [participial phrase](/source/Participial_phrase), modifying a noun in a noun phrase)

- *She's*[*the woman **with the hat***]*.* (adjectival phrase, in this case a [prepositional phrase](/source/Prepositional_phrase), modifying a noun in a noun phrase)

- *I saw*[*the man **whom we met yesterday***]*.* (adjectival clause, in this case a [relative clause](/source/Relative_clause), modifying a noun in a noun phrase)

- *His desk was in*[*the **faculty** office*]*.* (noun adjunct modifying a noun in a noun phrase)

- [*Put it **gently** in the drawer*]. (adverb in verb phrase)

- *He was*[***very** gentle*]*.* (adverb in adjective phrase)

- *She set it down*[***very** gently*]*.* (adverb in adverb phrase)

- [***Even** more*]*people were there.* (adverb modifying a [determiner](/source/Determiner_(class)))

- *It ran*[***right** up the tree*]*.* (adverb modifying a prepositional phrase)

- [***Only** the dog*]*was saved.* (adverb modifying a noun phrase)

In some cases, noun phrases or [quantifiers](/source/Quantifier_(linguistics)) can act as modifiers:

- [***A few** more*]*workers are needed.* (quantifier modifying a determiner)

- *She's*[***two inches** taller than her sister*]*.* (noun phrase modifying an adjective)

### Functional types

Modifiers of all types of forms may be used for certain function with different [semantic](/source/Semantic) features. The grammar of a language determines which morpho-syntactic forms are used for which function, as it varies from language to language. The functions of modification can be grouped into five such types:[2]

- *Classifying modification* further specifies the **kind** of a referent: e.g. ***solar** energy*, ***departmental** meeting*.

- *Qualifying modification* further specifies some **quality** of a referent: e.g. ***black** cars*, *a **heavy** box*.

- *Quantifying modification* specifies the **quantity** (or number/cardinality) of a referent: e.g. ***two** boxes*, ***several** cars*.

- *Localizing (or anchoring) modification* specifies the location of a referent: e.g. ***this** car*, *the house **on the corner***.

- *Discourse-referential modification* specifies the status of the referent in the discourse universe: e.g. ***the/a** car*.

## Ambiguous and dangling modifiers

Main article: [Dangling modifier](/source/Dangling_modifier)

Sometimes it is not clear which element of the sentence a modifier is intended to modify. In many cases this is not important, but in some cases it can lead to genuine [ambiguity](/source/Ambiguity). For example:

- *He painted her sitting on the step.*

Here the participial phrase *sitting on the step* may be intended to modify *her* (meaning that the painting's subject was sitting on the step), or it may be intended to modify the verb phrase *painted her* or the whole clause *he painted her* (or just *he*), meaning in effect that it was the painter who was sitting on the step.

Sometimes the element which the modifier is intended to modify does not in fact appear in the sentence, or is not in an appropriate position to be associated with that modifier. This is often considered a grammatical or stylistic error. For example:

- *Walking along the road, a vulture loomed overhead.*

Here whoever was "walking along the road" is not mentioned in the sentence, so the modifier (*walking along the road*) has nothing to modify, except *a vulture*, which is clearly not the intention. Such a case is called a "dangling modifier", or more specifically, in the common case where (as here) the modifier is a participial phrase, a "dangling participle".

## See also

- [Description](/source/Description)

- [Intensifier](/source/Intensifier)

- [Intersective modifier](/source/Intersective_modifier)

- [Privative adjective](/source/Privative_adjective)

- [Subsective modifier](/source/Subsective_modifier)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). *[The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language](/source/The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language)*. Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-43146-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rijkhoff2014_2-1) Rijkhoff, Jan (2014). "Modification as a propositional act in Functional Discourse Grammar". In de los Ángeles Gómez González, María; de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Ruiz; Gonzálvez-García, Francisco (eds.). [*Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics*](https://benjamins.com/catalog/sfsl.68.06rij). Vol. 68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 129–150. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1075/sfsl.68.06rij](https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsfsl.68.06rij). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-272-1578-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1578-9). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1385-7916](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-7916).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Melly, Bethanie (2020-11-10). ["Infixes - The English grammar rule you don't know you know"](https://www.star-uk.co.uk/the-english-grammar-rule-you-dont-know-you-know/). *STAR UK*. Retrieved 2023-02-17.

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