# Grammar book

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A **grammar book** is a book or treatise describing the [grammar](/source/Grammar) of one or more languages. In [linguistics](/source/Linguistics), such a book is itself frequently referred to as a **grammar**.

## Etymology

[Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) had the term *τέκνή γραμματική* (*téchnē grammatikḗ*, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as *[ars grammatica](/source/Ars_grammatica)*. This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as *grammar-books* or *grammars*.[1]: 72

## Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's [phonetics](/source/Phonetics), [morphology](/source/Morphology_(linguistics)), [syntax](/source/Syntax) and [word-formation](/source/Word_formation). Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership.[1]: 73–74

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are [prescriptive](/source/Prescriptive_linguistics), aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are [descriptive](/source/Descriptive_linguistics), aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use.[1]: 73–74

## History

Further information: [History of English grammars](/source/History_of_English_grammars)

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was [Pāṇini](/source/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini), whose works are commonly dated to around the .[2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE *[Art of Grammar](/source/Art_of_Grammar)* attributed to [Dionysius Thrax](/source/Dionysius_Thrax), a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include [Ælfric of Eynsham](/source/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham)'s composition around 995 CE of a grammar in [Old English](/source/Old_English) based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, [Aelius Donatus](/source/Aelius_Donatus)'s *Ars maior* and [Priscian](/source/Priscian)'s *Institutiones grammaticae*. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a [vernacular language](/source/Vernacular), but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar.[3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of [William Bullokar](/source/William_Bullokar)'s published his *Pamphlet for Grammar*, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules.[1]: 74 Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century.[1]: 74–78 A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 *The Structure of English*, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims.[1]: 74

## List of first printed grammars (1450–1800)

Year Language Author Notes 1451 Latin Aelius Donatus Donatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg.[4] 1471 Ancient Greek Manuel Chrysoloras Chrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language.[5] 1489 Hebrew Moses Kimhi [6] 1492 Spanish Antonio de Nebrija Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language.[7] 1505 Andalusi Arabic Pedro de Alcalá [8] 1516 Italian Giovanni Francesco Fortunio [7] 1527 Biblical Aramaic Sebastian Münster [9] 1530 French John Palsgrave [10] 1533 Czech Beneš Optát [11] 1534 German Valentin Ickelsamer [7] 1536 Portuguese Fernão de Oliveira [12] 1539 Hungarian János Sylvester [13] 1539 Classical Arabic Guillaume Postel [14] 1539 Syriac Teseo Ambrogio written in collaboration with the Maronite monk Elias ibn Ibrahim.[15] 1543 Sicilian Claudio Mario d'Arezzo [16] 1552 Geʽez Mariano Vittorio written in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon.[17] 1558 Purépecha Maturino Gilberti Gilberti's Arte de la lengua de Michoacán is first printed grammar of an American indigenous language.[18] 1560 Quechua Domingo de Santo Tomás [19] 1567 Welsh Gruffydd Robert [7] 1568 Polish Pierre Statorius [20] 1571 Nahuatl Alonso de Molina [18] 1578 Zapotec Juan de Córdova [18] 1584 Dutch Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel [7] 1584 Slovene Adam Bohorič [21] 1586 Church Slavonic anonymous [7] 1586 English William Bullokar [7] 1593 Mixtec Antonio de los Reyes [18] 1595 Tupi José de Anchieta known by the title Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil[19] 1603 Aymara Ludovico Bertonio [19] 1604 Japanese João Rodrigues Tçuzu known by the title Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[22] 1604 Croatian Bartol Kašić [23] 1606 Mapuche Luis de Valdivia Valdivia also published in 1607 two other grammars for Allentiac and Millcayac languages.[19] 1610 Tagalog Francisco Blancas de San José [24] 1612 Malay Albert Cornelius Ruyl [25] 1612 Turkish Hieronymus Megiser based on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau.[26] 1614 Timucua Francisco Pareja [27] 1618 Hiligaynon Alonso de Méntrida [24] 1619 Chibcha Bernardo de Lugo [19] 1620 Yucatec Maya Juan Coronel [18] 1622 Modern Greek Girolamo Germano [7] 1624 Armenian Francesco Rivola [28] 1627 Ilocano Francisco Lopez [24] 1636 Coptic Athanasius Kircher Kircher's Prodromus Coptus was based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi.[29] 1637 Estonian Heinrich Stahl [7] 1637 Mazahua Diego de Nágera Yanguas [18] 1638 Basque Arnauld de Oihenart [30] 1639 Persian Louis de Dieu [31] 1640 Guarani Antonio Ruiz de Montoya [19] 1640 Konkani Thomas Stephens Stephens' Arte da Lingoa Canarim is the first printed grammar of any Indian language.[32] 1643 Georgian Francesco Maria Maggio [7] 1643 Old English Abraham Wheelocke A summary of the Old English grammar was included in Wheelocke's edition of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum [33] 1644 Mam Diego de Reynoso [18] 1644 Mochica Fernando de la Carrera [19] 1644 Latvian Johans Georgs Rēhehūzens [34] 1647 Bikol Andrés de San Agustin [35] 1649 Finnish Eskil Petraeus [7] 1651 Vietnamese Alexandre de Rhodes [36] 1651 Icelandic Runolf Jonsson [37] 1653 Lithuanian Daniel Klein [38] 1659 Kongo Giacinto Brusciotto [39] 1659 Breton Julien Maunoir [7] 1663 Waray Domingo Ezguerra [40] 1666 Massachusett John Eliot [27] 1667 Kalinago Raymond Breton [41] 1668 Danish Erik Pontoppidan [42] 1672 Tamil Philippus Baldaeus [43] 1677 Irish Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh [7] 1679 Sorbian Xaver Jakub Ticin [44] 1680 Cumanagoto Francisco de Tauste [19] 1681 Frisian Simon Abbes Gabbema A grammar of Frisian was included in the Gabbema's edition of Gysbert Japiks's Friesche Rymlerye[45] 1683 Tarahumara Tomas de Guadalajara [46] 1686 Manchu Ferdinand Verbiest [47] 1689 Gothic George Hickes [48] 1690 Pangasinan Andrés Lopez [49] 1696 Swedish Nils Tiällmann [50] 1696 Russian Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf [51] 1696 Chinese Martino Martini published by Melchisédech Thévenot in his Relations de divers voyages curieux[52] 1697 Kimbundu Pedro Dias [39] 1698 Amharic Hiob Ludolf written in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.[53] 1699 Kipeá Luigi Vincenzo Mamiani Mamiani published the only grammar of a non-Tupi language from colonial Brazil;[54] see Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri 1699 Morocosi anonymous [55] 1702 Opata Natal Lombardo [46] 1707 Cornish Edward Lhuyd A grammar of cornish language was included in Lhuyd's Archæologia Britannica.[56] 1707 Sinhala Johannes Ruell [57] 1716 Albanian Francesco Maria da Lecce [7] 1729 Romansh Flaminio da Sale [58] 1729 Kapampangan Diego Bergaño [59] 1729 Mixe Agustín de Quintana [18] 1731 Otomi Francisco Haedo [18] 1732 Lule Antonio Machoni [19] 1737 Cahita Tomás Basilio [46] 1738 Sámi Pehr Fjellström [60] 1743 Hindi David Mills based on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler.[61] 1743 Bengali Manuel da Assumpção [62] 1743 Tepehuan Benito Rinaldini [46] 1747 Huastec Carlos de Tapia Zenteno [18] 1750 Maltese Agius de Soldanis [7] 1752 Totonac José Zambrano Bonilla [18] 1753 Kaqchikel Ildefonso Joseph Flores [18] 1760 Greenlandic Paul Egede [63] 1769 Chuvash anonymous [64] 1770 Negerhollands Joachim Melchior Magens [65] 1775 Mari anonymous [64] 1775 Udmurt anonymous [64] 1778 Scottish Gaelic William Shaw [66] 1778 Marathi anonymous [67] 1779 Neapolitan Ferdinando Galiani [68] 1780 Romanian Samuil Micu-Klein [69] 1782 Sardinian Matteo Madao [68] 1783 Piedmontese Maurizio Pipino [68] 1787 Kurdish Maurizio Garzoni [70] 1790 Sanskrit Paulinus of St. Bartholomew based on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden.[71] 1790 Slovak Anton Bernolák [72] 1794 Slavo-Serbian Avram Mrazović [73] 1799 Malayalam Robert Drummond [74]

## See also

- [Dictionaries](/source/Dictionaries)
- [Glossaries](/source/Glossaries)
- [Language documentation](/source/Language_documentation)
- [List of Croatian grammar books](/source/List_of_Croatian_grammar_books)

## Further reading

- Burke, Peter (2004). *Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe*. Cambridge University Press.
- Considine, John P. (2017). *Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe*. Oxford University Press.
- Görlach, M. (1998), *An annotated bibliography of nineteenth-century grammars of English* (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
- Graustein, G. and Leitner, G. (eds.) (1989), *Reference grammars and modern linguistic theory*, Linguistische Arbeiten, 226 (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
- Hymes, Dell H. (1974). *Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379.
- Law, Vivien (2003). *The History of Linguistics in Europe: From Plato to 1600*. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–235.
- Leitner, G. (1984), 'English grammaticology', *International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching*, 23, 199–215.
- Leitner, G. (ed.) (1986), *The English reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers* (Tübingen: Niemeyer)
- Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), *English traditional grammars: an international perspective* (Amsterdam: Benjamins)
- Stankiewicz, E. (1984). *Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography*. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Zwartjes, Otto (2011). *Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800*. John Benjamins Publishing.

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