# Good Friday

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Christian holiday

This article is about the holiday. For other uses, see [Good Friday (disambiguation)](/source/Good_Friday_(disambiguation)).

Good Friday Christ Crucified by Diego Velázquez, 1632 Observed by Christians Type Christian Significance Commemoration of the Passion, crucifixion and the death of Jesus Christ Observances Worship services, prayer and vigil services, fasting, almsgiving Date The Friday immediately preceding Easter Sunday 2025 date April 18 (Western) April 18 (Eastern) 2026 date April 3 (Western) April 10 (Eastern) 2027 date March 26 (Western) April 30 (Eastern) 2028 date April 14 (Western) April 14 (Eastern) Related to Passover, Christmas (which celebrates the birth of Jesus), Septuagesima, Quinquagesima, Shrove Tuesday, Ash Wednesday, Lent, Palm Sunday, Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, and Holy Saturday which lead up to Easter, Easter Sunday (primarily), Divine Mercy Sunday, Ascension, Pentecost, Whit Monday, Trinity Sunday, Corpus Christi and Feast of the Sacred Heart which follow it. It is related to the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, which focuses on the benefits, graces, and merits of the Cross, rather than Jesus Christ's death.

The [altar cross](/source/Altar_cross) of [Hedvig Eleonora Evangelical-Lutheran Church](/source/Hedvig_Eleonora_Church) on Good Friday in Östermalm, Sweden

**Good Friday**, also known as **Holy Friday**, **Great Friday**, **Great and Holy Friday**, or **Friday of the Passion of the Lord**,[1][2] is a solemn Christian holy day commemorating the [crucifixion of Jesus](/source/Crucifixion_of_Jesus) and his death at [Calvary](/source/Calvary) (Golgotha). It is observed during [Holy Week](/source/Holy_Week) as part of the [Paschal Triduum](/source/Paschal_Triduum).

Members of many [Christian denominations](/source/Christian_denominations), including the [Catholic](/source/Catholic), [Eastern Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox), [Lutheran](/source/Lutheran), [Anglican](/source/Anglican), [Methodist](/source/Methodist), [Oriental Orthodox](/source/Oriental_Orthodox), [United Protestant](/source/United_Protestant), and some [Reformed traditions](/source/Reformed_tradition) (including certain [Continental Reformed](/source/Continental_Reformed), [Presbyterian](/source/Presbyterian), and [Congregationalist](/source/Congregationalist) churches), observe Good Friday with [fasting](/source/Religious_fasting#Christianity) and [church services](/source/Church_service).[3][4][5] In many Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist churches, the [Service of the Great Three Hours' Agony](/source/Three_Hours'_Agony) is held from noon until 3 p.m.— the hours the [Bible](/source/Bible) records [darkness](/source/Crucifixion_darkness) covering the land until Jesus' death on the cross.[6] In the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions, the [Stations of the Cross](/source/Stations_of_the_Cross) are prayed in the evening of Good Friday, as with other Fridays of [Lent](/source/Lent).[7] Members of the [Moravian Church](/source/Moravian_Church) have a Good Friday tradition of [cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries](/source/God's_Acre).[8]

The [date of Good Friday](/source/Computus) varies from one year to the next in both the [Gregorian](/source/Gregorian_calendar) and [Julian](/source/Julian_calendar) calendars. [Eastern](/source/Eastern_Christianity) and [Western Christianity](/source/Western_Christianity) disagree over the computation of the date of [Easter](/source/Easter) and therefore of Good Friday. Good Friday is a widely instituted [legal holiday](/source/Public_holiday) around the world.[9] Some predominantly [Christian countries](/source/Christian_countries), such as [Germany](/source/Germany), have laws prohibiting certain acts—public dancing, horse racing—in remembrance of the somber nature of Good Friday.[10][11]

## Etymology

The term *Good Friday* comes from the secondary meaning of the word *good* that is defined as '[pious](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pious), holy'.[12] Less common examples of expressions based on this obsolete sense of *good* include 'the good book' for the Bible, 'good tide' for Christmas or [Shrovetide](/source/Shrovetide), and [Good Wednesday](/source/Good_Wednesday) for the Wednesday in Holy Week.[13] A common [folk etymology](/source/Folk_etymology) explains the use of the word *[good](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/good)* in the current sense by the good that has come from Jesus's death on the cross according to Christian belief: "Christians believe that Jesus's death on the cross was the ultimate sacrifice for humanity's sins, saving mankind from death."[14]

Another common folk etymology analyses *Good Friday* incorrectly as a corruption of the hypothetical, imagined term *God Friday*, similarly to the (linguistically correct) derivation of *[goodbye](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goodbye)* from a contraction of 'God be with ye'.[15] In Old English, the day was called *Long Friday* (*langa frigedæg* [\[ˈlɑŋɡɑ ˈfriːjedæj\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English))—referring to the lengthy observances of fasting and religious services,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] making it a day of extended devotion—and equivalents of this term are still used in [Scandinavian](/source/Scandinavia) languages and Finnish.[16]

## Biblical accounts

Main articles: [Passion of Jesus](/source/Passion_of_Jesus), [Crucifixion of Jesus](/source/Crucifixion_of_Jesus), and [Sayings of Jesus on the cross](/source/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross)

*The Judas Kiss* by [Gustave Doré](/source/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9), 1866

Part of a series on Death and Resurrection of Jesus Passion Last Supper Arrest Trials Sanhedrin trial Herod's court Pilate's court Flagellation Mocking Crown of thorns Via Dolorosa Crucifixion and Death Burial Resurrection Empty tomb Biblical accounts (overview) Noli me tangere Road to Emmaus Great Commission Ascension Holy Week Palm Sunday Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Sunday Significance Session of Christ Salvation Jewish eschatology Christian eschatology Visions of Jesus Vision theory Visions Religious experience Empty tomb theories Stolen body Swoon Twin Related Instrument of crucifixion Crucifixion darkness Conversion of Paul the Apostle Islamic view Portals: Christianity Bible v t e

According to the accounts in the Gospels, the royal soldiers, guided by Jesus' disciple [Judas Iscariot](/source/Judas_Iscariot), [arrested](/source/Arrest_of_Jesus) Jesus in the [Garden of Gethsemane](/source/Garden_of_Gethsemane). Judas received money ([30 pieces of silver](/source/30_pieces_of_silver)) [17] for [betraying Jesus](/source/Bargain_of_Judas) and told the guards that whomever [he kisses](/source/Kiss_of_Judas) is the one they are to arrest. Following his arrest, Jesus was taken to the house of [Annas](/source/Annas), the father-in-law of the [high priest](/source/Cohen_Gadol), [Caiaphas](/source/Caiaphas). There he was interrogated with little result and sent bound to Caiaphas the high priest where the [Sanhedrin](/source/Sanhedrin) had assembled.[18]

Conflicting testimony against Jesus was brought forth by many witnesses, to which Jesus answered nothing. Finally the high priest adjured Jesus to respond under solemn oath, saying "I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?" Jesus testified ambiguously, "You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven." The high priest condemned Jesus for [blasphemy](/source/Blasphemy), and the [Sanhedrin concurred with a sentence of death](/source/Sanhedrin_Trial_of_Jesus).[19] Peter, waiting in the courtyard, also [denied Jesus](/source/Denial_of_Peter) three times to bystanders while the interrogations were proceeding just as Jesus had foretold.

In the morning, the whole assembly brought Jesus to the Roman governor [Pontius Pilate](/source/Pontius_Pilate) under charges of subverting the nation, opposing taxes to Caesar, and making himself a king.[20] Pilate authorized the Jewish leaders to judge Jesus according to their own law and execute sentencing; however, the Jewish leaders replied that they were not allowed by the *Romans* to carry out a sentence of death.[21]

[Pilate questioned](/source/Pilate's_court) Jesus and told the assembly that there was no basis for sentencing. Upon learning that Jesus was from Galilee, Pilate referred the case to the ruler of [Galilee](/source/Galilee), [King Herod](/source/Herod_Antipas), who was in [Jerusalem](/source/Jerusalem) for the [Passover](/source/Passover) Feast. [Herod questioned](/source/Jesus_at_Herod's_court) Jesus but received no answer; Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate. Pilate told the assembly that neither he nor Herod found Jesus to be guilty; Pilate resolved to have Jesus whipped and released.[22] Under the guidance of the chief priests, the crowd asked for [Barabbas](/source/Barabbas), who had been imprisoned for committing murder during an insurrection. Pilate asked what they would have him do with Jesus, and they demanded, "Crucify him."[23] [Pilate's wife](/source/Pontius_Pilate's_wife) had seen Jesus in a dream earlier that day, and she forewarned Pilate to "have nothing to do with this righteous man."[24] Pilate had Jesus [flogged](/source/Flagellation_of_Christ) and then brought him out to the crowd to release him. The chief priests informed Pilate of a new charge, demanding Jesus be sentenced to death "because he claimed to be God's son." This possibility filled Pilate with fear, and he brought Jesus back inside the palace and demanded to know from where he came.[25]

[Antonio Ciseri](/source/Antonio_Ciseri)'s depiction of *[Ecce Homo](/source/Ecce_Homo)* with Jesus and [Pontius Pilate](/source/Pontius_Pilate), 19th century

Coming before the crowd one last time, Pilate declared Jesus innocent and washed his own hands in water to show he had no part in this condemnation. Nevertheless, Pilate handed Jesus over to be crucified in order to forestall a riot.[26] The sentence written was "Jesus of [Nazareth](/source/Nazareth), King of the Jews." Jesus carried his cross to the site of execution (assisted by [Simon of Cyrene](/source/Simon_of_Cyrene)), called the "place of the Skull", or "[Golgotha](/source/Golgotha)" in Hebrew and in Latin "Calvary". There he was crucified along with two criminals.[27]

Jesus agonized on the cross for three hours, from noon to 3 pm, [darkness fell over the whole land](/source/Crucifixion_darkness).[28] In the gospels of Mathew and Mark, Jesus is said to have [spoken from the cross](/source/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross), quoting the messianic [Psalm 22](/source/Psalm_22): "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"[29]

With a loud cry, Jesus gave up his spirit. There was an earthquake, tombs broke open, and the curtain in the Temple was torn from top to bottom. The [centurion](/source/Centurion) on guard at the site of crucifixion declared, "Truly this was God's Son!"[30]

[Joseph of Arimathea](/source/Joseph_of_Arimathea), a member of the Sanhedrin and a secret follower of Jesus, who had not consented to his condemnation, went to Pilate to request the body of Jesus.[31] Another secret follower of Jesus and member of the Sanhedrin named [Nicodemus](/source/Nicodemus) brought about a hundred-pound weight mixture of spices and helped wrap the body of Jesus.[32] Pilate asked confirmation from the centurion of whether Jesus was dead.[33] A soldier pierced the side of Jesus with a lance causing blood and water to flow out,[34] and the [centurion](/source/Centurion) informed Pilate that Jesus was dead.[35]

Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus' body, wrapped it in a clean linen shroud, and placed it in his own new tomb that had been carved in the rock[36] in a garden near the site of the crucifixion. Nicodemus[37] also brought 75 pounds of [myrrh](/source/Myrrh) and [aloes](/source/Aloes), and placed them in the linen with the body, in keeping with Jewish burial customs.[32] They rolled a large rock over the entrance of the tomb.[38] Then they returned home and rested, because [Shabbat](/source/Shabbat) had begun at sunset.[39]

## Eastern Orthodox

[Icon](/source/Icon) of the Crucifixion, 16th century, by [Theophanes the Cretan](/source/Theophanes_the_Cretan) ([Stavronikita Monastery](/source/Stavronikita_Monastery), [Mount Athos](/source/Mount_Athos))

Byzantine Christians ([Eastern Christians](/source/Eastern_Christians) who follow the [Rite of Constantinople](/source/Rite_of_Constantinople): [Orthodox Christians](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church), [Eastern Lutherans](/source/Eastern_Lutheranism) and [Greek-Catholics](/source/Greek_Catholic_Church)) call this day "Great and Holy Friday", or simply "Great Friday".[40] Because the sacrifice of Jesus through his crucifixion is recalled on this day, the [Divine Liturgy](/source/Divine_Liturgy) (the sacrifice of bread and wine) is never celebrated on Great Friday, except when this day coincides with the [Great Feast](/source/Great_Feast) of the [Annunciation](/source/Annunciation), which falls on the fixed date of 25 March (for those churches which follow the traditional [Julian Calendar](/source/Julian_Calendar), 25 March currently falls on 7 April of the modern [Gregorian Calendar](/source/Gregorian_Calendar)). Also on Great Friday, the clergy no longer wear the purple or red that is customary throughout [Great Lent](/source/Great_Lent),[41] but instead don [black vestments](/source/Black_vestments). There is no "stripping of the altar" on [Holy and Great Thursday](/source/Maundy_Thursday) as in the West; instead, all of the [church hangings](/source/Antipendia) are changed to black, and will remain so until the Divine Liturgy on [Great Saturday](/source/Great_Saturday).[42][43]

The faithful revisit the events of the day through the public reading of specific [Psalms](/source/Psalms) and the [Gospels](/source/Gospel), and singing [hymns](/source/Hymn) about Christ's death. Rich visual imagery and symbolism, as well as stirring hymnody, are remarkable elements of these observances. In the [Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) understanding, the events of [Holy Week](/source/Holy_Week) are not simply an annual commemoration of past events, but the faithful actually participate in the death and the [resurrection of Jesus](/source/Resurrection_of_Jesus).[44]

Great and Holy Friday is sometimes observed as an absolute [fast](/source/Fasting), and adult [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) Christians are expected to abstain from all food and drink the entire day to the extent that their health permits. "On this Holy day neither a meal is offered nor do we eat on this day of the crucifixion. If someone is unable or has become very old [or is] unable to fast, he may be given bread and water after sunset. In this way we come to the holy commandment of the Holy Apostles not to eat on Great Friday." (cf. *[Black Fast](/source/Black_Fast)*)[44]

### Matins of Holy and Great Friday

The Byzantine Christian observance of Holy and Great Friday, which is formally known as **The Order of Holy and Saving Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ**, begins on Thursday night with the **Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels**. Scattered throughout this [Matins](/source/Matins) service are twelve readings from all four of the Gospels which recount the events of the [Passion](/source/Passion_(Christianity)) from the [Last Supper](/source/Last_Supper) through the [Crucifixion](/source/Crucifixion) and [burial](/source/Holy_Sepulchre) of Jesus. Some churches have a candelabrum with twelve candles on it, and after each Gospel reading one of the candles is extinguished.[45]

Good Friday cross from the [Catholicon](/source/Katholikon) at Holy Trinity Monastery, [Meteora](/source/Meteora), Greece

The first of these twelve readings[46] is the longest Gospel reading of the [liturgical year](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar), and is a [concatenation](/source/Concatenation) from all [four Gospels](/source/Four_Gospels). Just before the sixth Gospel reading, which recounts Jesus being nailed to the cross, a large [cross](/source/Christian_cross) is carried out of the sanctuary by the priest, accompanied by [incense](/source/Incense) and candles, and is placed in the center of the [nave](/source/Nave) (where the congregation gathers) *Sēmeron Kremātai Epí Xýlou*:

Today He who hung the earth upon the waters is hung upon the Cross *(three times)*. He who is King of the angels is arrayed in a crown of thorns. He who wraps the Heavens in clouds is wrapped in the purple of mockery. He who in Jordan set Adam free receives blows upon His face. The Bridegroom of the Church is **transfixed** with nails. The Son of the Virgin is pierced with a spear. We venerate Thy Passion, O Christ *(three times)*. Show us also Thy glorious Resurrection.[47][48]

The readings are:

1. John 13:31–18:1 – Christ's last sermon, Jesus prays for the [apostles](/source/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament)

1. John 18:1–28 – The agony in the [garden](/source/Garden_of_Gethsemane), the mockery and denial of Christ

1. Matthew 26:57–75 – The mockery of Christ, [Peter](/source/Saint_Peter) denies Christ

1. John 18:28–19:16 – [Pilate](/source/Pontius_Pilate) questions Jesus; Jesus is condemned; Jesus is mocked by the Romans.

1. Matthew 27:3–32 – [Judas](/source/Judas) commits suicide; Jesus is condemned; Jesus mocked by the Romans; [Simon of Cyrene](/source/Simon_of_Cyrene) compelled to carry the cross

1. Mark 15:16–32 – Jesus dies

1. Matthew 27:33–54 – Jesus dies

1. Luke 23:32–49 – Jesus dies

1. John 19:25–37 – Jesus dies

1. Mark 15:43–47 – [Joseph of Arimathea](/source/Joseph_of_Arimathea) buries Jesus

1. John 19:38–42 – Joseph of Arimathea buries Jesus

1. Matthew 27:62–66 – The Jews set a guard

During the service, all come forward to kiss the feet of Christ on the cross. After the [Canon](/source/Canon_(hymnography)), a brief, moving hymn, *The Wise Thief* is chanted by singers who stand at the foot of the cross in the center of the nave. The service does not end with the [First Hour](/source/First_Hour), as usual, but with a special [dismissal](/source/Dismissal_(liturgy)) by the priest:

May Christ our true God, Who for the salvation of the world endured spitting, and scourging, and buffeting, and the Cross, and death, through the intercessions of His [most pure Mother](/source/Theotokos), of our holy and [God-bearing fathers](/source/Holy_Fathers), and of all the [saints](/source/Saint), have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and the Lover of mankind.

### Royal Hours

Vigil during the Service of the Royal Hours

Main article: [Royal Hours](/source/Royal_Hours)

The next day, in the [forenoon](/source/Morning) on Friday, all gather again to pray the ***Royal Hours***,[49] a special expanded celebration of the [Little Hours](/source/Little_Hours) (including the First Hour, [Third Hour](/source/Third_Hour), [Sixth Hour](/source/Sext), [Ninth Hour](/source/Ninth_Hour) and [Typica](/source/Typica)) with the addition of scripture readings ([Old Testament](/source/Old_Testament), [Epistle](/source/Epistle) and Gospel) and hymns about the Crucifixion at each of the Hours (some of the material from the previous night is repeated). This is somewhat more festive in character, and derives its name of "Royal" from both the fact that the Hours are served with more solemnity than normal, commemorating Christ the King who humbled himself for the salvation of mankind, and also from the fact that this service was in the past attended by the Emperor and his court.[50]

### Vespers of Holy and Great Friday

The crucified Christ, just before the [Deposition from the Cross](/source/Deposition_from_the_Cross) and the placing of the [Epitaphios](/source/Epitaphios_(liturgical)) in the Sepulchre

In the afternoon, around 3 pm, all gather for the Vespers of the Taking-Down from the Cross,[51] commemorating the [Deposition from the Cross](/source/Deposition_from_the_Cross). Following Psalm 103 (104) and the Great Litany, 'Lord, I call' is sung without a Psalter reading. The first five stichera (the first being repeated) are taken from the Aposticha at Matins the night before, but the final 3 of the 5 are sung in Tone 2. Three more stichera in Tone 6 lead to the Entrance. The Evening [Prokimenon](/source/Prokeimenon) is taken from Psalm 21 (22): 'They parted My garments among them, and cast lots upon My vesture.'

There are then four readings, with Prokimena before the second and fourth:

- Exodus 33:11–23 – God shows Moses His glory

- The second Prokimenon is from Psalm 34 (35): 'Judge them, O Lord, that wrong Me: fight against them that fight against Me.'

- Job 42:12–20 – God restores Job's wealth (note that verses 18–20 are found only in the Septuagint)

- Isaiah 52:13–54:1 – The fourth [Suffering Servant song](/source/Servant_songs)

- The third Prokimenon is from Psalm 87 (88): 'They laid me in the lowest pit: in dark places and in the shadow of death.'

- 1 Corinthians 1:18–2:2 – St. Paul places Christ crucified as the centre of the Christian life

An Alleluia is then sung, with verses from Psalm 68 (69): 'Save Me, O God: for the waters are come in, even unto my soul.'

The Gospel reading is a composite taken from three of the four the Gospels (Matthew 27:1–38; Luke 23:39–43; Matthew 27:39–54; John 19:31–37; Matthew 27:55–61), essentially the story of the crucifixion as it appears according to St. Matthew, interspersed with St. Luke's account of the confession of the Good Thief and St. John's account of blood and water flowing from Jesus' side. During the Gospel, the body of Christ (the *soma*) is removed from the cross, and, as the words in the Gospel reading mention Joseph of [Arimathea](/source/Arimathea), is wrapped in a linen shroud, and taken to the [altar](/source/Altar) in the sanctuary.

The [epitaphios](/source/Epitaphios_(liturgical)) ("winding sheet"), depicting the preparation of the body of Jesus for burial

The Aposticha reflects on the burial of Christ. Either at this point (in the Greek use) or during the troparion following (in the Slav use):

Noble Joseph, taking down Thy most pure body from the Tree, wrapped it in pure linen and spices, and he laid it in a new tomb.[52]

An *[epitaphios](/source/Epitaphios_(liturgical))* or "winding sheet" (a cloth embroidered with the image of Christ prepared for burial) is carried in procession to a low table in the nave which represents the Tomb of Christ; it is often decorated with an abundance of flowers. The epitaphios itself represents the body of Jesus wrapped in a burial shroud, and is a roughly full-size cloth icon of the body of Christ. The service ends with a hope of the Resurrection:

The Angel stood by the tomb, and to the women bearing spices he cried aloud: 'Myrrh is fitting for the dead, but Christ has shown Himself a stranger to corruption.[52]

Then the priest may deliver a [homily](/source/Homily) and everyone comes forward to venerate the epitaphios. In the [Slavic](/source/Slavic_peoples) practice, at the end of Vespers, [Compline](/source/Compline) is immediately served, featuring a special *Canon of the Crucifixion of our Lord and the Lamentation of the Most Holy Theotokos* by Symeon the Logothete.[53]

### Matins of Holy and Great Saturday

The Epitaphios being carried in [procession](/source/Procession) in a church in Greece

On Friday night, the Matins of [Holy and Great Saturday](/source/Holy_and_Great_Saturday), a unique service known as *The [Lamentation](/source/Lamentation_of_Christ) at the Tomb*[54] *(Epitáphios Thrēnos)* is celebrated. This service is also sometimes called *Jerusalem Matins*. Much of the service takes place around the tomb of Christ in the center of the nave. In Greek communities all over the world, the [Epitaphios](/source/Epitaphios_(liturgical)) procession is a ceremonial funeral procession for Christ that takes place in Greek Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic traditions on Good Friday, where a decorated kouvouklion is carried around local cities. The decorated kouvouklion symbolizes the casket or tomb of Jesus Christ, and when it is fully decorated with flowers, candles, and the special iconographic cloth depicting the dead body of Christ known as the epitaphios cloth, the entire object is referred to as the Epitaphios.[55]

Epitaphios adorned for veneration, Church of Saints Constantine and Helen, Hippodromion Sq., Thessaloniki, Greece

A unique feature of the service is the chanting of the Lamentations or Praises (*[Enkōmia](/source/Encomium)*), which consist of verses chanted by the clergy 9 interspersed between the verses of [Psalm 118](/source/Psalm_119) (which is by far the longest [psalm](/source/Psalm) in the Bible). The *Enkōmia* are the best-loved hymns of Greek Byzantine hymnography, both their poetry and their music being uniquely suited to each other and to the spirit of the day.[56]

*[Holy Friday, Greece](/source/Holy_Friday%2C_Greece)* by [Théodore Jacques Ralli](/source/Th%C3%A9odore_Ralli) c. 1893, Greek women decorating the kouvouklion with flowers featuring the iconographic cloth known as the Epitaphios

They consist of 185 [tercet](/source/Tercet) [antiphons](/source/Antiphon) arranged in three parts (*stáseis* or "stops"), which are interjected with the verses of Psalm 118, and nine short *doxastiká* ("[Gloriae](/source/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo)") and *Theotókia* (invocations to the Virgin Mary). The three *stáseis* are each set to its own music, and are commonly known by their initial antiphons: Ἡ ζωὴ ἐν τάφῳ, "Life in a grave", Ἄξιον ἐστί, "Worthy it is", and Αἱ γενεαὶ πᾶσαι, "All the generations". Musically they can be classified as [strophic](/source/Strophic), with 75, 62, and 48 tercet [stanzas](/source/Stanza) each, respectively.[56]

The climax of the *Enkōmia* comes during the third *stásis*, with the antiphon "Ω γλυκύ μου ἔαρ", a lamentation of the Virgin for her dead Child ("O, my sweet spring, my sweetest child, where has your beauty gone?"). Later, during a different antiphon of that stasis ("Early in the morning the [myrrh](/source/Myrrh)-bearers came to Thee and sprinkled myrrh upon Thy tomb"), young girls of the parish place flowers on the Epitaphios and the priest sprinkles it with rose-water. The author(s) and date of the *Enkōmia* are unknown. Their High Attic linguistic style suggests a dating around the 6th century, possibly before the time of [St. Romanos the Melodist](/source/St._Romanos_the_Melodist).[56]

The Epitaphios mounted upon return of procession, at an Orthodox Church in Adelaide, Australia

The Evlogitaria ([Benedictions](/source/Benediction)) of the Resurrection are sung as on Sunday, since they refer to the conversation between the myrrh-bearers and the angel in the tomb, followed by kathismata about the burial of Christ. Psalm 50 (51) is then immediately read, and then followed by a much loved-canon, written by Mark the Monk, Bishop of Hydrous and Kosmas of the Holy City, with irmoi by Kassiani the Nun. The high-point of the much-loved Canon is Ode 9, which takes the form of a dialogue between Christ and the Theotokos, with Christ promising His Mother the hope of the Resurrection. This Canon will be sung again the following night at the Midnight Office.[57][58]

Lauds follows, and its stichera take the form of a funeral lament, while always preserving the hope of the Resurrection. The doxasticon links Christ's rest in the tomb with His rest on the seventh day of creation, and the theotokion ("Most blessed art thou, O Virgin Theotokos...) is the same as is used on Sundays.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

At the end of the [Great Doxology](/source/Great_Doxology), while the [Trisagion](/source/Trisagion) is sung, the epitaphios is taken in [procession](/source/Crucession) around the outside of the church, and is then returned to the tomb. Some churches observe the practice of holding the epitaphios at the door, above waist level, so the faithful must bow down under it as they come back into the church, symbolizing their entering into the death and resurrection of Christ. The epitaphios will lie in the tomb until the *Paschal* Service early Sunday morning. In some churches, the epitaphios is never left alone, but is accompanied 24 hours a day by a reader chanting from the [Psalter](/source/Psalter).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

When the procession has returned to the church, a troparion is read, similar to the ones read at the Sixth Hour throughout Lent, focusing on the purpose of Christ's burial. A series of prokimena and readings are then said:

- The first prokimenon is from Psalm 43 (44): 'Arise, Lord, and help us: and deliver us for Thy Name's sake.'

- Ezekiel 37:1–14 – God tells Ezekiel to command bones to come to life.

- The second prokimenon is from Psalm 9 (9–10), and is based on the verses sung at the kathismata and Lauds on Sundays: 'Arise, O Lord my God, lift up Thine hand: forget not Thy poor forever.'

- 1 Corinthians 5:6–8; Galatians 3:13–14 – St. Paul celebrates the Passion of Christ and explains its role in the life of Gentile Christians.

- The Alleluia verses are from Psalm 67 (68), and are based on the Paschal verses: 'Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered.'

- Matthew 27:62–66 – The Pharisees ask Pilate to set a watch at the tomb.

At the end of the service, a final hymn is sung as the faithful come to venerate the Epitaphios.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Roman Catholic

Good Friday at San Giovannino church in [Alessandria](/source/Alessandria), Italy

In Latin, the name used by the Catholic Church until 1955 was *Feria sexta in Parasceve* ("Friday of Preparation [for the Sabbath]"). In the 1955 reform of Holy Week, it was renamed *Feria sexta in Passione et Morte Domini* ("Friday of the Passion and Death of the Lord"), and in the new rite introduced in 1970, shortened to *Feria sexta in Passione Domini* ("Friday of the Passion of the Lord").[59]

### Day of Fasting

[Crucifix](/source/Crucifix) prepared for veneration

The Catholic Church regards Good Friday and [Holy Saturday](/source/Holy_Saturday) as the Paschal fast, in accordance with Article 110 of [Sacrosanctum Concilium](/source/Sacrosanctum_Concilium).[60] In the [Latin Church](/source/Latin_Church), a [fast day](/source/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church) is understood as having only one full meal and two [collations](/source/Collation_(meal)) (a smaller repast, the two of which together do not equal the one full meal)[61][62] – although this may be observed less stringently on Holy Saturday than on Good Friday.[60]

### Services on the day

At the start of a Good Friday service, the [priest and deacon](/source/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church) (if any) [lie flat on the floor](/source/Prostration) as a sign of humility, grief and sorrow at the sacrifice of Christ on the [cross](/source/Christian_cross).

The [Roman Rite](/source/Roman_Rite) has no celebration of [Mass](/source/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church) between the [Mass of the Lord's Supper](/source/Mass_of_the_Lord's_Supper) on Holy Thursday (Maundy Thursday) evening and the [Easter Vigil](/source/Easter_Vigil) unless a special exemption is granted for rare solemn or grave occasions by the [Vatican](/source/Holy_See) or the [local bishop](/source/Ordinary_(officer)). The only [sacraments](/source/Sacrament) celebrated during this time are [Baptism](/source/Baptism) (for those in danger of death), [Penance](/source/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)), and [Anointing of the Sick](/source/Anointing_of_the_Sick).[63] While there is no celebration of the Eucharist, it is distributed to the faithful only in the **Celebration of the Passion of the Lord**, but can also be taken at any hour to the sick who are unable to attend this celebration.[64]

The [Collection for the Holy Places](/source/Collection_for_the_Holy_Places) is taken up on Good Friday.

The **Celebration of the Passion of the Lord** takes place in the afternoon, ideally at three o'clock; however, for [pastoral](/source/Pastoral_care) reasons (especially in countries where Good Friday is not a public holiday), it is permissible to celebrate the liturgy earlier,[65] even shortly after midday, or at a later hour.[66] The celebration consists of three parts: the liturgy of the word, the adoration of the cross, and the Holy communion.[66] The altar is bare, without cross, candlesticks and [altar cloths](/source/Altar_cloth).[67] It is also customary to empty the [holy water](/source/Holy_water) [fonts](/source/Holy_water_font) in preparation of the blessing of the water at the Easter Vigil.[68] Traditionally, no bells are rung on Good Friday or Holy Saturday until the Easter Vigil.[69]

The [liturgical colour](/source/Liturgical_colour) of the vestments used is red.[70] Before 1970, vestments were black except for the Communion part of the rite when violet was used.[71] If a bishop or [abbot](/source/Abbot) celebrates, he wears a plain [mitre](/source/Mitre) *(mitra simplex)*.[72] Before the reforms of the Holy Week liturgies in 1955, black was used throughout.[73]

Aside from the celebration of the Solemn Liturgy of the Passion the usual offices of the Liturgy of the Hours are said by all those canonically required and celebrated publicly in religious communities. The liturgy consists of the normal major hours of [Matins](/source/Matins) and [Laudes](/source/Lauds) (these first two morning services are often combined to form the office of Good Friday [Tenebrae](/source/Tenebrae)), the [minor hours](/source/Little_Hours) of [Terce](/source/Terce), [Sext](/source/Sext) and [None](/source/None_(liturgy)). It excludes the evening major and minor hours, [Vespers](/source/Vespers) and [Compline](/source/Compline) respectively, which are only prayed by those who are unable to attend a celebration of the [Liturgy](/source/Liturgy) of the Passion, giving the days pattern of worship an abrupt conclusion representing Jesus's death.[74]

### Three Hours' Agony

Main article: [Three Hours' Agony](/source/Three_Hours'_Agony)

The [Three Hours' Devotion](/source/Three_Hours'_Agony) based on the [Seven Last Words from the Cross](/source/Seven_Last_Words_from_the_Cross) begins at noon and ends at 3 pm, the time that the Christian tradition teaches that Jesus died on the cross.[75]

### Liturgy

The Great Intercessions are sung at [Heiligenkreuz Abbey](/source/Heiligenkreuz_Abbey), Austria

The Good Friday liturgy consists of three parts: the [Liturgy of the Word](/source/Liturgy_of_the_Word), the Veneration of the Cross, and the [Holy Communion](/source/Holy_Communion).

- The Liturgy of the Word consists of the clergy and assisting ministers entering in complete silence, without any singing. They then silently make a full [prostration](/source/Prostration). This signifies the abasement ([the fall](/source/Fall_of_man)) of (earthly) humans.[76] It also symbolizes the grief and sorrow of the Church.[77] Then follows the [Collect](/source/Collect) prayer, and the reading or chanting of Isaiah 52:13–53:12, Hebrews 4:14–16, Hebrews 5:7–9, and the [Passion](/source/Passion_(Christianity)) account from the [Gospel of John](/source/Gospel_of_John), traditionally divided between three deacons,[78] yet usually read by the celebrant and two other readers. In the older form of the Mass known as the [Tridentine Mass](/source/Tridentine_Mass) the readings for Good Friday are taken from Exodus 12:1–11 and the Gospel according to St. John (John 18:1–40); (John 19:1–42).

- The Great Intercessions also known as *orationes sollemnes* immediately follows the Liturgy of the Word and consists of a series of prayers for the Church, the Pope, the clergy and laity of the Church, those preparing for baptism, the unity of Christians, the Jews, those who do not believe in Christ, those who do not believe in God, those in public office, and those in special need.[79] After each prayer intention, the deacon calls the faithful to kneel for a short period of private prayer; the celebrant then sums up the prayer intention with a Collect-style prayer. As part of the pre-1955 Holy Week Liturgy, the kneeling was omitted only for the [prayer for the Jews](/source/Good_Friday_prayer_for_the_Jews).[80]

- The Adoration of the Cross has a [crucifix](/source/Crucifix), not necessarily the one that is normally on or near the altar at other times of the year, solemnly unveiled and displayed to the congregation, and then venerated by them, individually if possible and usually by kissing the wood of the cross, while hymns and the [Improperia](/source/Improperia) ("Reproaches") with the [Trisagion](/source/Trisagion) hymn are chanted.[81]

- Holy Communion is bestowed according to a rite based on that of the final part of Mass, beginning with the [Lord's Prayer](/source/Lord's_Prayer), but omitting the ceremony of "[Breaking of the Bread](/source/Fraction_(religion))" and its related acclamation, the [Agnus Dei](/source/Agnus_Dei_(liturgy)). The [Eucharist](/source/Eucharist), consecrated at the evening [Mass of the Lord's Supper](/source/Mass_of_the_Lord's_Supper) on [Maundy Thursday](/source/Maundy_Thursday), is distributed at this service.[82] Before the Holy Week reforms of [Pope Pius XII](/source/Pope_Pius_XII) in 1955, only the priest received Communion in the framework of what was called the [Mass of the Presanctified](/source/Mass_of_the_Presanctified), which included the usual Offertory prayers, with the placing of wine in the chalice, but which omitted the [Canon of the Mass](/source/Canon_of_the_Mass).[80] The priest and people then depart in silence, and the altar cloth is removed, leaving the altar bare except for the crucifix and two or four candlesticks.[83]

### Stations of the Cross

The [Way of the Cross](/source/Way_of_the_Cross), celebrated at the [Colosseum](/source/Colosseum) in Rome on Good Friday

Canopy erected at the "Temple of Venus and Rome" during the "Way of the Cross" ceremony in Rome

In addition to the prescribed [liturgical](/source/Christian_liturgy) service, the [Stations of the Cross](/source/Stations_of_the_Cross) are often prayed either in the church or outside, and a prayer service may be held from midday to 3.00 pm, known as the Three Hours' Agony.[84] In countries such as Malta, Italy, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Spain, processions with statues representing the Passion of Christ are held.[85][86][87][88][89]

In Rome, since the papacy of [John Paul II](/source/John_Paul_II), the heights of the [Temple of Venus and Roma](/source/Temple_of_Venus_and_Roma) and their position opposite the main entrance to the Colosseum have been used to good effect as a public address platform. This may be seen in the photograph below where a red canopy has been erected to shelter the Pope as well as an illuminated cross, on the occasion of the **Way of the Cross** ceremony. The Pope, either personally or through a representative, leads the faithful through meditations on the stations of the cross while a cross is carried from there to the Colosseum.[90]

### Plenary indulgence

In the [Roman Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church), plenary [indulgence](/source/Indulgence) is obtained if the faithful venerates the cross with [piety](/source/Piety) in the solemn Celebration of the Passion of the Lord on Good Friday.[91]

### Novena to the Divine Mercy

The [novena](/source/Novena) to the [Divine Mercy](/source/Divine_Mercy_(Catholic_devotion)) begins on that day and lasts until the Saturday before [Divine Mercy Sunday](/source/Divine_Mercy_Sunday). Both days are linked in terms of content, as the mercy of God flows from the [Sacred Heart of Jesus](/source/Sacred_Heart) that was pierced on the cross.[92][93]

### *Collecta Pro Terra Sancta*

[Paul VI](/source/Paul_VI) established the *Collecta Pro Terra Sancta* to be held on Good Friday, a fundraising that was confirmed by all subsequent popes.[94]

## Protestant

### Lutheran Church

The [chancel](/source/Chancel) of this Lutheran church is adorned with black [paraments](/source/Parament) on Good Friday, the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in the Lutheran Churches.

Good Friday service in a Lutheran church in [Hanover](/source/Hanover), Germany, 2014

In [Lutheran](/source/Lutheranism) tradition from the 16th to the 20th century, as Good Friday is the one of most important religious holidays, abstention from all worldly works was expected. During that time, Lutheranism had no restrictions on the celebration of the Eucharist on Good Friday; on the contrary, it was a prime day on which to receive the Eucharist, and services were often accentuated by special music such as the *[St Matthew Passion](/source/St_Matthew_Passion)* by [Johann Sebastian Bach](/source/Johann_Sebastian_Bach).[95] The [liturgical movement](/source/Liturgical_movement) led to the observance of Good Friday as part of the larger sweep of the great Three Days (Paschal Triduum): Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the Vigil of Easter. The three days remain one liturgy which celebrates the death and resurrection of Jesus. As part of the liturgy of the three days, Lutherans generally fast from the Eucharist on Good Friday. Rather, it is celebrated in remembrance of the Last Supper on Maundy Thursday and at the [Vigil of Easter](/source/Vigil_of_Easter). On Good Friday, the main liturgy ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *Långfredagens gudstjänst*) is that of the Liturgy of the Lord's Passion, usually held at 3 pm.[96][97] In the evening, Lutheran congregations may observe the [Stations of the Cross](/source/Stations_of_the_Cross),[98] or the [tenebrae](/source/Tenebrae#Lutheran_practice), with the latter typically conducted in candlelight and consisting of a collection of passion accounts from the four gospels (though other Lutheran congregations may typically observe the tenebrae on Spy Wednesday).[99][100]

The Good Friday liturgy appointed in *[Evangelical Lutheran Worship](/source/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship)*, the worship book of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, specifies a liturgy similar to the revised Roman Catholic liturgy for Good Friday. A rite for adoration of the crucified Christ includes the optional singing of the [Solemn Reproaches](/source/Improperia#Lutheranism). At noon, a number of Lutheran churches observe the [Three Hours' Agony](/source/Three_Hours'_Agony) service centered on the remembrance of the [Seven Last Words from the Cross](/source/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross), sayings of Jesus assembled from the four gospels.[101][102]

Along with observing a general Lenten fast,[95] many Lutherans emphasize the importance of Good Friday as a day of fasting within the calendar.[4][5] *A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent* recommends the Lutheran guideline to "Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat".[103]

### Anglican Communion

In the Anglican Communion, the [Black Fast](/source/Black_Fast) has been historically observed by devout believers.[104] The Black Fast was especially popular during the 19th century as it sought to imitate "the fasting of the ancient church."[104]

The [1662 *Book of Common Prayer*](/source/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)) did not specify a particular rite to be observed on Good Friday but local custom came to mandate an assortment of services, including the Seven Last Words from the Cross and a three-hour service consisting of Matins, Ante-communion (using the [Reserved Sacrament](/source/Reserved_Sacrament) in [high church](/source/High_church) parishes) and [Evensong](/source/Evening_Prayer_(Book_of_Common_Prayer)). In recent times,[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] revised editions of the Prayer Book and [Common Worship](/source/Common_Worship) have re-introduced pre-[Reformation](/source/Protestant_Reformation) forms of observance of Good Friday corresponding to those in today's Roman Catholic Church, with special nods to the rites that had been observed in the Church of England prior to the [Henrican, Edwardian and Elizabethan reforms](/source/English_Reformation), including Creeping to the Cross.[105]

### Methodist Church

A United Methodist minister [prostrates](/source/Prostration) at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church, in accordance with the rubrics in the [Book of Worship](/source/The_United_Methodist_Book_of_Worship_(1992)). The [processional cross](/source/Processional_cross) is veiled in black, the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches.

[Altar and cross veiled](/source/Stripping_of_the_Altar) in a Methodist church on Maundy Thursday in preparation for Good Friday

Many [Methodist denominations](/source/Methodism) commemorate Good Friday with fasting,[3][106] as well as a [service of worship](/source/Church_service) based on the Seven Last Words from the Cross; this liturgy is known as the [Three Hours Devotion](/source/Three_Hours'_Agony) as it starts at noon and concludes at 3 pm, the latter being the time that Jesus died on the cross.[107][108]

On Maundy Thursday, the altar and the cross [are usually veiled](/source/Stripping_of_the_Altar) in black for Good Friday, as black is the liturgical colour for Good Friday in the United Methodist Church. A wooden cross may sit in front of the bare chancel.[109]

### Moravian Church

[Moravians](/source/Moravian_Church) hold a [Lovefeast](/source/Lovefeast) on Good Friday as they receive Holy Communion on Maundy Thursday.

Communicants of the Moravian Church practice the Good Friday tradition of cleaning [gravestones in Moravian cemeteries](/source/God's_Acre).[8]

### Reformed Churches

In the [Reformed tradition](/source/Reformed_tradition), Good Friday is one of the [evangelical feasts](/source/Evangelical_feast) and is thus widely observed with [church services](/source/Church_service), which feature the Solemn Reproaches in the pattern of [Psalm 78](/source/Psalm_78), towards the end of the liturgy.[110]

### Other Christian traditions

Many [Protestant](/source/Protestant) churches hold an [Interdenominational](/source/Interdenominational) [service](/source/Church_service) with [Lord's Supper](/source/Lord's_Supper).[111]

## Associated customs

Good Friday service in a Catholic church, Ireland

Good Friday procession in [San Lorenzo Maggiore](/source/San_Lorenzo_Maggiore), Italy

Good Friday procession with the mourning women of Romont, Switzerland

In many countries and territories with a strong Christian tradition such as Australia, Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, the countries of the Caribbean, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand,[112][113][114] Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, the Scandinavian countries, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela, the day is observed as a [public or federal holiday](/source/List_of_holidays_by_country). In the United States, 12 states observe Good Friday as state holiday: Connecticut, Texas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Tennessee, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina and North Dakota. One associated custom is strict adherence to the [Black Fast](/source/Black_Fast), where believers fast from food and liquids during the day and after sunset, a [vegetarian](/source/Christian_vegetarianism) meal with water is consumed.[115][116][117] St. [Ambrose](/source/Ambrose), St. [Chrysostom](/source/John_Chrysostom) and St. [Basil](/source/Basil_of_Caesarea) attest to the practice.[118]

The processions of the day, hymns "[Crux fidelis](/source/Crux_fidelis)" by [King John of Portugal](/source/John_I_of_Portugal), and [Eberlin's](/source/Johann_Ernst_Eberlin) "[Tenebrae factae sunt](/source/Tenebrae_factae_sunt)", followed by "[Vexilla Regis](/source/Vexilla_regis_prodeunt)" is sung, translated from Latin as *the standards of the King advance*, and then follows a ceremony that is not a real Mass, it is called the "[Mass of the Pre-Sanctified](/source/Mass_of_the_Presanctified).". This custom is respected also by forgoing the Mass, this is to take heed to the solemnity of the Sacrifice of Calvary. This is where the host of the prior day is placed at the altar, incensed, elevated so "that it may be seen by the people" and consumed. Germany and some other countries have laws prohibiting certain acts, such as dancing and horse racing, that are seen as profaning the solemn nature of the day.[10][11]

### Australia

Good Friday is a holiday under state and territory laws in all states and territories in Australia.[119] Generally speaking, shops in all Australian states (but not in the two territories of the [Northern Territory](/source/Northern_Territory) and the [Australian Capital Territory](/source/Australian_Capital_Territory)) are required to remain closed for the duration of Good Friday, although there are certain shops which are permitted to open and other shops can apply for exemptions. All schools and universities close on Good Friday in Australia, and Good Friday falls within the school holidays in most years in all states and territories except the Northern Territory, although many states now commence their school holidays in early April regardless of Easter. In 2024, for example, when Good Friday fell on 29 March, only [Queensland](/source/Queensland), [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Australia)) and [Western Australia](/source/Western_Australia) had school holidays which coincided with Good Friday.[120] The vast majority of businesses are closed on Good Friday, although many recreational businesses, such as the [Sydney Royal Easter Show](/source/Sydney_Royal_Easter_Show), open on Good Friday as among non-religious families Good Friday is a popular day to indulge in such activities.

**Cameroon**

Easter Fire celebration to mark the resurrection of Jesus and the victory of light over darkness in Cameroon

### Canada

The descent from the cross, commemorated in [Vespers of Holy and Great Friday](#Vespers_of_Holy_and_Great_Friday), Greek Orthodox Cathedral in [Toronto](/source/Toronto), Canada

In Canada, Good Friday is a [federal statutory holiday](/source/Public_holidays_in_Canada). In the province of Quebec "employers can choose to give the day off either on Good Friday or Easter Monday."[121]

### Cuba

In an online article posted on [Catholic News Agency](/source/Catholic_News_Agency) by Alejandro Bermúdez on 31 March 2012, [Cuban President](/source/President_of_Cuba) [Raúl Castro](/source/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro), with the [Communist Party](/source/Communist_Party_of_Cuba) and his advisers, decreed that Good Friday that year would be a holiday. This was Castro's response to a request made personally to him by [Pope Benedict XVI](/source/Pope_Benedict_XVI) during the latter's Apostolic Visitation to the island and [León](/source/Leon%2C_Mexico), [Mexico](/source/Mexico) that month. The move followed the pattern of small advances in Cuba's relations with the Vatican, mirroring Pope John Paul II's success in getting [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro) to declare [Christmas Day](/source/Christmas_Day) a holiday.[122] Both Good Friday and Christmas are now [annual holidays in Cuba](/source/Public_holidays_in_Cuba).

### Germany

In Germany Good Friday is known as *Karfreitag* (*kara* means "sorrow" in [Old High German](/source/Old_High_German)); it is a *Stiller Feiertag* (silent holiday), and there are strict rules banning activities deemed disrespectful to Christians. Rules vary among the sixteen different federal states, but often prohibit dancing and the use of loud appliances such as lawnmowers and leaf blowers. Nightclubs are shut, and films that may be shown in cinemas are restricted.

In recent times the holiday has been informally called *Carfreitag* by extreme car enthusiasts, including those from other countries who visit Germany, who [tune cars](/source/Car_tuning) illegally and hold [illegal races](/source/Street_racing) on public roads. Police seek to prevent unauthorised tuning, illegal races, noise, and pollution. Offenders can be fined and have points put on their licences, and in some cases lose their licences and have their cars confiscated.[123]

### Hong Kong

In [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong), Good Friday was designated a public holiday in the Holidays Ordinance, 1875.[124] Good Friday continues to be a holiday after the [transfer of sovereignty from the UK to China](/source/Handover_of_Hong_Kong) in 1997.[125] Government offices, banks, post offices and most offices are closed on Good Friday.

### Ireland

In the [Republic of Ireland](/source/Republic_of_Ireland), Good Friday is not an official public holiday, but most non-retail businesses close for the day. Up until 2018 it was illegal to sell alcoholic beverages on Good Friday, with some exceptions, so pubs and off-licences generally closed.[126] Critics of the ban included the catering and tourism sector, but surveys showed that the general public were divided on the issue.[127][128] In [Northern Ireland](/source/Northern_Ireland), a similar ban operates until 5 pm on Good Friday.[129]

### Malaysia

Although Malaysia is a [Muslim majority country](/source/Muslim_world), Good Friday is declared as a public holiday in the states of [Sabah](/source/Sabah) and [Sarawak](/source/Sarawak) in [East Malaysia](/source/East_Malaysia) as there is a significant Christian indigenous population in both states.[130]

### Malta

[Holy Week procession](/source/Holy_Week_procession) in Malta

The Holy Week commemorations reach their peak on Good Friday as the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the [Passion of Jesus](/source/Passion_of_Jesus). Solemn celebrations take place in all churches together with processions in different villages around [Malta](/source/Malta) and [Gozo](/source/Gozo). During the celebration, the narrative of the passion is read in some localities, while the Adoration of the Cross follows. Good Friday processions take place in [Birgu](/source/Birgu), [Bormla](/source/Bormla), [Għaxaq](/source/G%C4%A7axaq), [Luqa](/source/Luqa), [Mosta](/source/Mosta), [Naxxar](/source/Naxxar), [Paola](/source/Paola%2C_Malta), [Qormi](/source/Qormi), [Rabat](/source/Rabat%2C_Malta), [Senglea](/source/Senglea), [Valletta](/source/Valletta), [Żebbuġ (Città Rohan)](/source/%C5%BBebbu%C4%A1%2C_Malta) and [Żejtun](/source/%C5%BBejtun). Processions in Gozo occur in [Nadur](/source/Nadur), [Victoria](/source/Victoria%2C_Gozo) (St. George and Cathedral), [Xagħra](/source/Xag%C4%A7ra) and [Żebbuġ, Gozo](/source/%C5%BBebbu%C4%A1%2C_Gozo).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### New Zealand

In New Zealand, Good Friday is a legal holiday[131] and is a day of mandatory school closure for all New Zealand state and integrated schools.[132] Good Friday is also a restricted trading day in New Zealand, which means that unexempted shops are not permitted to open on this day.[133]

### Philippines

In the predominantly [Roman Catholic](/source/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Philippines) [Philippines](/source/Philippines), the day is commemorated with street processions, the [Way of the Cross](/source/Way_of_the_Cross), the chanting of the *[Pasyón](/source/Pasyon)*, *[Siete Palabras](/source/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross)* or the Seven Last Words of Jesus on the Cross, and performances of the *Senákulo* or [Passion play](/source/Passion_play). Some devotees engage in self-[flagellation](/source/Flagellant) and even have themselves [crucified](/source/Crucifixion_in_the_Philippines) as expressions of penance despite health risks and strong disapproval from the Church.[134]

[Station 14: Jesus is laid in the tomb](/source/Stations_of_the_Cross) ([Baliwag Church](/source/Saint_Augustine_Parish_Church_(Baliwag)), 2024)

Church bells are not rung and Masses are not celebrated, while television features movies, documentaries and other shows focused on the religious event and other topics related to the Catholic faith, broadcasting mostly religious content. Malls and shops are generally closed, as are restaurants as it is the second of three public holidays within the week.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

After three o'clock in the afternoon (the time at which Jesus is traditionally believed to have died), the faithful venerate the cross in the local church and follow the procession of the Burial of Jesus.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In [Cebu](/source/Cebu) and many parts of the [Visayan Islands](/source/Visayan_Islands), people usually eat *[binignit](/source/Binignit)* and *[biko](/source/Cuisine_of_the_Philippines#Merienda)* as a form of fasting.[135][136]

### Poland

In Polish churches, a tableau of Christ's Tomb is unveiled in the sanctuary. Many of the faithful spend long hours into the night grieving at the Tomb, where it is customary to kiss the wounds on the Lord's body. A life-size figure of Jesus lying in his tomb is widely visited by the faithful, especially on Holy Saturday. The tableaux may include flowers, candles, figures of angels standing watch, and the three crosses atop Mt Calvary, and much more. Each parish strives to come up with the most artistically and religiously evocative arrangement in which the Blessed Sacrament, draped in a filmy veil, is prominently displayed.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Singapore

Good Friday is a public holiday in [Singapore](/source/Singapore).[137][138]

### Spain

Nazarenos wearing [capirotes](/source/Capirote), in [Málaga](/source/M%C3%A1laga), Spain

Main articles: [Holy Week in Spain](/source/Holy_Week_in_Spain), [Holy Week in Málaga](/source/Holy_Week_in_M%C3%A1laga), [Holy Week in Seville](/source/Holy_Week_in_Seville), [Holy Week in Valladolid](/source/Holy_Week_in_Valladolid), [Holy Week in Viveiro](/source/Holy_Week_in_Viveiro), and [Holy Week in Zamora](/source/Holy_Week_in_Zamora)

### United Kingdom

[Hot cross buns](/source/Hot_cross_bun) are traditionally toasted and eaten on Good Friday in Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[139]

In the UK Good Friday was historically a common law holiday; it is today recognised as an official public holiday[140] ([bank holiday](/source/Bank_holiday)). All state schools are closed and most businesses treat it as a holiday for staff; however, many retail stores remain open. [Government](/source/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Service) services in Northern Ireland operate as normal on Good Friday, closing instead on [Easter Tuesday](/source/Easter_Tuesday).

There has traditionally been no horse racing on Good Friday in the UK. However, in 2008, betting shops and stores opened for the first time on this day,[141] and in 2014 Lingfield Park and Musselburgh staged the UK's first Good Friday race meetings.[142][143] The [BBC Radio 4](/source/BBC_Radio_4) 7 am News broadcast on Good Friday is traditionally introduced with a verse from [Isaac Watts](/source/Isaac_Watts)' hymn "[When I Survey the Wondrous Cross](/source/When_I_Survey_the_Wondrous_Cross)".

The tradition of Easter plays includes 1960 Eastertime performance of [Good Friday: A Play in Verse](/source/Good_Friday%3A_A_Play_in_Verse) (1916) Artists [Ursula O'Leary](/source/Ursula_O'Leary) ([Procula](/source/Procula)), and [William Devlin](/source/William_Devlin_(actor)) as [Pontius Pilate](/source/Pontius_Pilate), perform with the atmospheric sound effects of the [BBC Radiophonic Workshop](/source/BBC_Radiophonic_Workshop). The Hugh Stewart production for the [Home Service](/source/Home_Service) used soundware such as the [EMS Synthi 100](/source/EMS_Synthi_100) and [ARP Odyssey l](/source/ARP_Odyssey_l).[144]

### United States

In the United States, Good Friday is not a federal government holiday.[145] The postal service operates, and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday.[146]

Some states, counties, municipalities, and territories observe the holiday. Good Friday is a state holiday in [Connecticut](/source/Connecticut),[147] [Delaware](/source/Delaware),[148] [Florida](/source/Florida),[149] [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii),[150] [Indiana](/source/Indiana),[151] [Kentucky](/source/Kentucky) (half-day),[152] [Louisiana](/source/Louisiana),[153] [New Jersey](/source/New_Jersey),[154] [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina),[155] [North Dakota](/source/North_Dakota),[156] [Tennessee](/source/Tennessee)[157] and [Texas](/source/Texas),[158][159] and in the territories of [Guam](/source/Guam),[160] [U.S. Virgin Islands](/source/U.S._Virgin_Islands),[161] [American Samoa](/source/American_Samoa), [Northern Mariana Islands](/source/Northern_Mariana_Islands) and [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico).[162]

State and local government offices and courts are closed, as well as some banks and post offices in these states,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and in those counties and municipalities where Good Friday is observed as a holiday.

The stock markets have chosen to be closed on Good Friday,[163][164] but the foreign exchange and bond trading markets open for a partial business day.[165][166] Some public schools and universities are closed on Good Friday if it falls within [spring break](/source/Spring_break).

In some governmental contexts Good Friday has been referred to by a generic name such as "spring holiday".[167][168][169] In 1999, in the case of *Bridenbaugh v. O'Bannon*, an Indiana state employee sued the governor for giving state employees Good Friday as a day off. The US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the plaintiff, stating that the government could give state employees a paid day off when that day is a religious holiday, including Good Friday, but only so long as the state can provide a valid secular purpose that coincides with the obvious religious purpose of the holiday.[170]

## Calculating the date

See also: [Date of Easter](/source/Date_of_Easter)

Dates for Good Friday 2019–2033 In Gregorian dates Year Western Eastern 2019 April 19 April 26 2020 April 10 April 17 2021 April 2 April 30 2022 April 15 April 22 2023 April 7 April 14 2024 March 29 May 3 2025 April 18 2026 April 3 April 10 2027 March 26 April 30 2028 April 14 2029 March 30 April 6 2030 April 19 April 26 2031 April 11 2032 March 26 April 30 2033 April 15 April 22

Good Friday is the Friday before Easter, which is calculated differently in [Eastern Christianity](/source/Eastern_Christianity) and [Western Christianity](/source/Western_Christianity) (see [Computus](/source/Computus) for details). Easter falls on the first Sunday following the Paschal Full Moon, the full moon on or after 21 March, taken to be the date of the vernal [equinox](/source/Equinox). The Western calculation uses the [Gregorian calendar](/source/Gregorian_calendar), while the Eastern calculation uses the [Julian calendar](/source/Julian_calendar), whose 21 March now corresponds to the Gregorian calendar's 3 April. The calculations for identifying the date of the full moon also differ.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In Eastern Christianity, Easter can fall between 22 March and 25 April on Julian Calendar (thus between 4 April and 8 May in terms of the Gregorian calendar, during the period 1900 and 2099), so Good Friday can fall between 20 March and 23 April, inclusive (or between 2 April and 6 May in terms of the Gregorian calendar).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

*Good Friday* and other named days and day ranges around Lent and Easter in Western Christianity, with the fasting days of Lent numbered

## Cultural references

Good Friday assumes a particular importance in the plot of [Richard Wagner](/source/Richard_Wagner)'s music drama *[Parsifal](/source/Parsifal)*, which contains an orchestral interlude known as the "Good Friday Music".[171]

## Memoration on Wednesday of the Holy Week

Some [Baptist](/source/Baptist) congregations,[172] the [Philadelphia Church of God](/source/Philadelphia_Church_of_God),[173] and some [non-denominational](/source/Non-denominational_Christianity) churches oppose the observance of Good Friday, regarding it as a so-called "[papist](/source/Papist)" tradition, and instead observe the [Crucifixion of Jesus](/source/Crucifixion_of_Jesus) on Wednesday to coincide with the Jewish sacrifice of the Passover Lamb (which some/many Christians believe is an Old Testament pointer to Jesus Christ). A Wednesday Crucifixion of Jesus allows for him to be in the tomb ("heart of the earth") for three days and three nights as he told the Pharisees he would be (Matthew 12:40), rather than two nights and a day (by [inclusive counting](/source/Counting#Inclusive_counting), as was the norm at that time) if he had died on a Friday.[174][175]

However, the Associates for Biblical Research, in support of the traditional Christian observance of Good Friday, state that the Wednesday crucifixion theory contradicts the Jewish way of numbering days, as well as the locution of "three days and three nights" as a Jewish idiom.[176]

## See also

- [Christianity portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity)
- [Holidays portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Holidays)

- [Good Friday Prayer](/source/Good_Friday_Prayer)

- [Good Friday Prayer for the Jews](/source/Good_Friday_Prayer_for_the_Jews)

- [Easter season](/source/Easter_season)

- [Passion (music)](/source/Passion_(music))

- [Ascension of Jesus](/source/Ascension_of_Jesus)

- [Life of Jesus in the New Testament](/source/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament)

- [Salvation in Christianity](/source/Salvation_in_Christianity)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Franklin M. Segler; Randall Bradley (2006). [*Christian Worship: Its Theology And Practice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=fSRHbo_RfLoC&pg=PA226). B&H Publishing Group. p. 226. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8054-4067-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4067-6). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004835/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSRHbo_RfLoC&pg=PA226) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (1903). *The New International Encyclopaedia*. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 77. Good Friday is also known as Black Friday in the Western Church, because on that day clerical vestments and altar draperies are black.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-RipleyDana1883_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-RipleyDana1883_3-1) Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1883). *The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge*. D. Appleton and Company. p. 101. The Protestant Episcopal, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, as well as many Methodists, observe the day by fasting and special services.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pfatteicher1990_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pfatteicher1990_4-1) Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). *Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context*. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 223–244, 260. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0800603922](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800603922). The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-JacobsHaas1899_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-JacobsHaas1899_5-1) Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John Augustus William (1899). *The Lutheran Cyclopedia*. Scribner. p. 110. By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["What is the significance of Good Friday?"](https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/what-is-the-significance-of-good-friday). [The Free Press Journal](/source/The_Free_Press_Journal). 2 April 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003013129/https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/what-is-the-significance-of-good-friday) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hill2025_7-0)** Hill, Wesley (4 February 2025). *Easter: The Season of the Resurrection of Jesus*. InterVarsity Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5140-0037-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5140-0037-3). Many Christians are familiar with the so-called Stations of the Cross. If you walk into a Catholic, Lutheran, or Anglican parish church, you are likely to see a series of icons or small carvings set up along the north and south walls of the nave. Each one depicts a moment of Jesus' passion—Jesus' sentencing, his shouldering his cross, his meeting the women of Jerusalem, his stripping, his being nailed to the cross, and so on, continuing through his being laid to rest in the tomb. Originally pilgrims observed these "stations" in Jerusalem, on the Via Dolorosa, the "sorrowful way" from the fortress Antonia in Jerusalem to Golgota outside the city gates, but they exported them around the world so that even those who could not make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land could still pray through them during Lent and Holy Week especially.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WSJ2020_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WSJ2020_8-1) ["PHOTOS: Cleaning Moravian gravestones, a Good Friday tradition"](https://www.journalnow.com/news/local/photos-cleaning-moravian-gravestones-a-good-friday-tradition). [Winston-Salem Journal](/source/Winston-Salem_Journal). 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** *Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 36, Issue 214*. Harper & Brothers. 1868. p. 521. In England Good-Friday and Christmas are the only close holidays of the year when the shops are all closed and the churches opened.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Petre_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Petre_10-1) Petre, Jonathan (21 March 2008). ["Good Friday gambling anger churches"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582366/Good-Friday-gambling-angers-churches.html). *The Telegraph*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211111220353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582366/Good-Friday-gambling-angers-churches.html) from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2018. Bookmakers estimate that thousands of shops will be operating, even though Good Friday is one of three days in the year when no horse racing takes place.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stevens_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stevens_11-1) Stevens, Laura (29 March 2013). ["In Germany, Some Want to Boogie Every Day of the Year"](https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324685104578387084082724670). *The Wall Street Journal*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170711021814/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324685104578387084082724670) from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Every year on Good Friday, Germany becomes a little like the fictional town in the movie 'Footloose' – dancing is verboten. The decades-old 'Tanzverbot,' or dance ban, applies to all clubs, discos and other forms of organized dancing in all German states.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Good Friday – Definition of Good Friday in the American Heritage Dictionary"](http://www.yourdictionary.com/good-friday). Yourdictionary.com. 4 April 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210430172455/https://www.yourdictionary.com/good-friday) from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Home: Oxford English Dictionary"](http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/79925#eid2855682). Oed.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211227231406/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=AC6A96D110D79C6AD2FEA1CCDC2A0C2C?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F79925#eid2855682) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Riggleman2025_14-0)** Riggleman, Heather (11 April 2025). ["What is Good Friday and What is the Meaning of "Good"?"](https://www.crosswalk.com/special-coverage/easter/why-is-it-called-good-friday.html). *[Crosswalk.com](/source/Crosswalk.com)*. Retrieved 18 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Chambers, Robert (7 April 1890). ["Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge"](https://books.google.com/books?id=MptAAAAAYAAJ&dq=good+friday&pg=PA295).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Svensk etymologisk ordbok 434"](https://runeberg.org/svetym/0522.html). *runeberg.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211025212047/http://runeberg.org/svetym/0522.html) from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Matthew 26:14–16](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#26:14))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [John 18:1–24](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#18:1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Matthew 26:57–66](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#26:57)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Luke 23:1–2](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [John 18:31](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#18:31)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Luke 23:3–16](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:3)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Mark 15:6–14](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Matthew 27:19](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:19)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [John 19:1–9](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Matthew 27:24–26](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:24)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [John 19:17–22](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:17))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Matthew 27:45](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:45&version=nrsv); [Mark 15:13](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:13&version=nrsv); [Luke 23:44](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:44&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Matthew 27:45](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:45&version=nrsv); [Mark 15:34](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:34&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [Matthew 27:45–54](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:45)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** [Luke 23:50–52](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:50)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bibleverse||John|19:39–40|KJV_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bibleverse||John|19:39–40|KJV_32-1) [John 19:39–40](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:39)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** [Mark 15:44](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:44)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [John 19:34](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:34)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Mark 15:45](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:45)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Matthew 27:59–60](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:59)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** [John 3:1](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#3:1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Matthew 27:60](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:60)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [Luke 23:54–56](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:54)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Gerald O'Collins, Edward G. Farrugia (2013). *A Concise Dictionary of Theology*. Paulist Press. p. 108. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-587-68236-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-587-68236-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** There is a wide variety of uses regarding the [liturgical colors](/source/Liturgical_colors) worn during Great Lent and Holy Week in the Rite of Constantinople.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Ruth C. Duck (2013). [*Worship for the Whole People of God: Vital Worship for the 21st Century*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VcQ7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA131). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-664-23427-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23427-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Holy Saturday"](http://arhiva.spc.rs/eng/holy_saturday.html). *Serbian Orthodox Church*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bulg_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bulg_44-1) Bulgakov, Sergei V. (1900). "Great Friday". [*Handbook for Church Servers*](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215940/http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf) (PDF) (2nd ed.). Kharkov: Tr. Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris. p. 543. Archived from [the original](http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf) (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Matins for Great and Holy Friday"](https://mci.archpitt.org/sheetmusic/general/Holy_Friday_Matins.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003013131/https://mci.archpitt.org/sheetmusic/general/Holy_Friday_Matins.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [John 13:31–18:1](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#13:31)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Archimandrite Kallistos (Ware) and Mother Mary (2002). "Service of the Twelve Gospels". *The Lenten Triodion*. South Cannan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. p. 587.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [Today He who hung the earth upon the waters](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2QNbTDjvJ0) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211007040503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2QNbTDjvJ0) 7 October 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Chanted by the Byzantine Choir of Athens

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Royal Hours"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRSgOFbH-fQ). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. 26 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211002232857/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRSgOFbH-fQ) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["What happened on Good Friday? The Easter story explained"](https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/30/happened-good-friday-easter-story-explained-7428082/). *Metro*. 30 March 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104530/https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/30/happened-good-friday-easter-story-explained-7428082/) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Vespers of the Taking-Down from the Cross"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTqiy-p7EkA). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. 26 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211002232858/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTqiy-p7EkA) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ware-1977_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ware-1977_52-1) Ware, Kallistos; Mother Mary (1977). *The Lenten Triodion*. South Canaan, PA: St Tikhon's Seminary Press. p. 616. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-878997-51-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878997-51-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Good Friday | Definition, History, & Facts"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Good-Friday). *Encyclopedia Britannica*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200502051925/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Good-Friday) from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["The Lamentation at the Tomb"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2_zMVTcdpg). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. 26 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211005142107/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2_zMVTcdpg) from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["History of Good Friday – Good Friday Story, Eastergoodfriday.com"](http://www.eastergoodfriday.com/history-of-good-friday.html). *www.eastergoodfriday.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004835/http://www.eastergoodfriday.com/history-of-good-friday.html) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Maunder_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Maunder_56-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Maunder_56-2) Maunder, Chris (7 August 2019). [*The Oxford Handbook of Mary*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NgulDwAAQBAJ&dq=good+friday+possibly+before+the+time+of+St.+Romanos+the+Melodist.&pg=PA159). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-879255-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879255-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Smith, William; Cheetham, Samuel (2005). [*Encyclopaedic Dictionary Of Christian Antiquities (in 9 Volumes)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC&dq=%22Ode+9%22+%22saturday%22+%22midnight+office%22&pg=PA1446). Concept Publishing Company. p. 1446. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-7268-111-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7268-111-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Drillock, David; Erickson, John H. (2005). [*Holy Week*](https://books.google.com/books?id=LD3IFU9NklwC&dq=%22Ode+9%22+%22saturday%22+%22Evlogitaria%22&pg=PR5). St Vladimir's Seminary Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-88141-023-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-023-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Compendium of the 1955 Holy Week Revisions of Pius XII: Part 4.1 - Mass of Presanctified, Good Friday, Mass of the Catechumens and the Solemn Prayers"](https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/04/compendium-of-1955-holy-week-revisions.html). Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-vatican.va_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-vatican.va_60-1) ["Sacrosanctum concilium"](https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html) from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["Fast & Abstinence"](http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence.cfm). *United States Conference of Catholic Bishops*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200801042327/http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/liturgical-year/lent/catholic-information-on-lenten-fast-and-abstinence.cfm) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Fasting and Abstinence"](http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Penance/Abstinence.pdf) (PDF). *Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales*. 24 January 1985. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211129125503/http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Penance/Abstinence.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** Roman Missal: Good Friday, 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** The Holy Week Missal, *Friday of the Passion of the Lord* No. 2

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["V. Good Friday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130123115108/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/38/ContentIndex/325/Start/319). *The Catholic Liturgical Library*. Archived from [the original](http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/38/ContentIndex/325/Start/319) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-The_Holy_Week_Missal_66-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-The_Holy_Week_Missal_66-1) The Holy Week Missal, *Friday of the Passion of the Lord* No. 4

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** The Holy Week Missal, *Friday of the Passion of the Lord* No. 3

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** ["Removing Holy Water During Lent. Letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419021227/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/LawText/Index/6/LawIndex/46). 14 March 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/LawText/Index/6/LawIndex/46) on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Good Friday – Easter/Lent"](http://www.catholic.org/lent/friday.php). *Catholic Online*. 12 January 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210906014513/https://www.catholic.org/lent/friday.php) from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** The Holy Week Missal, *Friday of the Passion of the Lord* No. 5

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** [1962 edition of the Roman Missal](http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080326145016/http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf) 26 March 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** *Caeremoniale Episcoporum*, 315.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tribe2023_73-0)** Tribe, Shawn (6 April 2023). ["The Triduum: Variations in the Vestments and Their Colours in the Span of Fifteen Years"](https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2023/04/the-triduum-variations-in-vestments-and.html). Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved 9 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** *The General Instruction on the Liturgy of the Hours*, No. 209

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Barron2019_75-0)** [Robert Barron](/source/Robert_Barron_(bishop)). ["Tre Ore - The Three Hours' Agony"](https://www.wofdigital.org/tre-ore-the-three-hours-agony). [Word on Fire](/source/Word_on_Fire). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211001084734/https://www.wofdigital.org/tre-ore-the-three-hours-agony) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 'The Three Hours' Agony' or Tre Ore is a liturgical service held on Good Friday from noon until 3 o'clock to commemorate the Passion of Christ. Specifically, it refers to the three hours that Jesus hung on the Cross and includes a series of homilies on the seven last words spoken by Christ.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** *Roman Missal*, "Good Friday", Celebration of the Passion of the Lord, n. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** *Circular Letter Concerning the Preparation and Celebration of the Easter Feasts*, [V. Good Friday](http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/6/SubIndex/97/ContentIndex/325/Start/319) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101832/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/6/SubIndex/97/ContentIndex/325/Start/319) 2 April 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), 16 January 1988, Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** Congregation of Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, *Paschale Solemnitatis*, III, n. 66 (cf. n. 33)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** Roman Missal: Good Friday, 7–13.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Compendium_of_the_1955_Holy_Week_Revisions_80-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Compendium_of_the_1955_Holy_Week_Revisions_80-1) ["Compendium of the 1955 Holy Week Revisions"](http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/04/compendium-of-1955-holy-week-revisions_03.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210821081851/https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/04/compendium-of-1955-holy-week-revisions_03.html) from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** Roman Missal: Good Friday, 14–21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** Roman Missal: Good Friday, 22–31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** Roman Missal: Good Friday, 32–33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Baddeley, Nicole (April 2020). ["When is Good Friday 2020 - and why is it celebrated?"](https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/18350899.good-friday-2020---celebrated/). *Bracknell News*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** Edward (4 April 2016). ["Good Friday processions in Malta: What, how and where?"](https://www.maltauncovered.com/culture/good-friday-processions-malta/). *MaltaUncovered.com*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** Bakerjian, Martha. ["Easter Week in Italy"](https://www.marthasitaly.com/articles/119/easter-week-italy). *Martha's Italy*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** ["Eight Filipinos nailed to crosses as Easter crucifixion re-enactments resume"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/07/easter-crucifixion-reenactments-resume-in-philippines-after-three-year-covid-pause). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Associated Press. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** Guadalupe, Patricia (14 April 2017). ["Voices: 'Jesus is crying!' Memories of my island's 'Viernes Santos'"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/voices-jesus-crying-memories-viernes-santos-island-n746251). *NBC News*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** Taylor, Alan (5 April 2023). ["Photos: Holy Week Processions in Spain"](https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2023/04/photos-holy-week-processions-spain/673637/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** ["Traditional Via Crucis at the Colosseum in Rome"](https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/traditional-crucis-colosseum-rome). *ITALY Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211002142350/https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/traditional-crucis-colosseum-rome) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** ["How to obtain plenary indulgence during Holy Week 2024"](https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246665/how-to-obtain-a-plenary-indulgence-during-holy-week).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy"](https://www.milosierdzie.pl/index.php/en/the-devotion-to-the-divine-mercy.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515041244/https://www.milosierdzie.pl/index.php/en/the-devotion-to-the-divine-mercy.html) from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** ["Saint Faustina"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190428125543/http://saint-faustina.net/swieto_milosierdzia/nowenna/novena.htm). Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["Pro Terra Sancta Collection, interview with Cardinal Sandri"](https://cmc-terrasanta.com/en/media/custodia/20828/pro-terra-sancta-collection,-interview-with-cardinal-sandri). 7 September 2020.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GassmannOldenburg2011_95-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GassmannOldenburg2011_95-1) Gassmann, Günther; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2011). *Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism*. Scarecrow Press. p. 229. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0810874824](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810874824). In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (with the exception of Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LivingLutheranTheThreeDays_96-0)** ["The Three Days: traditions of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Vigil of Easter"](https://www.livinglutheran.org/2013/04/three-days-traditions-maundy-thursday-good-friday-vigil-easter/). Living Lutheran. 5 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["Musiken i påskens gudstjänster"](https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/kyrkohandboken/musiken-i-paskens-gudstjanster) (in Swedish). [Church of Sweden](/source/Church_of_Sweden). Retrieved 3 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Stations of the Cross meditations"](https://www.faithlutherancorning.org/sermons/sermon/2020-04-10/good-friday-stations-of-the-cross-meditations). Faith Lutheran Church. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Henson2021_99-0)** Henson, Michael D. (31 March 2021). ["Tenebrae on Holy Wednesday"](https://trinityh.org/live-stream-of-tenebrae-wed-at-3-pm-3-31/). Trinity Lutheran Church. Retrieved 26 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** ["A Word About Tenebrae |"](http://www.historiclectionary.com/2010/03/a-word-about-tenebrae). Historiclectionary.com. 22 March 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211006232713/http://www.historiclectionary.com/2010/03/a-word-about-tenebrae/) from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** ["Good Friday Tre-Ore"](https://www.youtube.com/live/CFRqQ21tZW8). [Historic Trinity Lutheran Church](/source/Historic_Trinity_Lutheran_Church). 7 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** Johnson, Maxwell E. (1 April 2015). [*The Church in Act: Lutheran Liturgical Theology in Ecumenical Conversation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2l93BwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Evangelical+Lutheran+Worship%22+%22good+friday+liturgy%22&pg=PT124). Fortress Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4514-9668-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-9668-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ELCA1978_103-0)** Weitzel, Thomas L. (1978). ["A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent"](http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf) (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164940/http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_104-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_104-1) Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). *An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church*. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 139. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780898697018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898697018).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-105)** [*Preaching in the Age of Chaucer: Selected Sermons in Translation (Medieval Texts in Translation Series)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=9KelyELTFVwC&dq=%22Creeping+to+the+Cross%22+%22good+friday+liturgy%22&pg=PA95). CUA Press. 2008. p. 95. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8132-1529-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1529-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BaysWacker2010_106-0)** Bays, Daniel H; Wacker, Grant (2010). *The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History*. University of Alabama Press. p. 277. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0817356408](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817356408).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** *The United Methodist Book of Worship: Regular Edition Black*. United Methodist Publishing House. 2016. p. 365. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1426735004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426735004).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Reflector-Good_Friday_108-0)** ["Christians mark Good Friday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080330184414/http://www.reflector.com/local/content/news/stories/2008/03/21/GoodFriday.html). The Daily Reflector. Archived from [the original](http://www.reflector.com/local/content/news/stories/2008/03/21/GoodFriday.html) on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** *The United Methodist Book of Worship: Regular Edition Black*. United Methodist Publishing House. 2016. p. 363. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1426735004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426735004). ...a plain wooden cross may now be brought into the church and placed in the sight of the people. ... During Silent Meditation and The Reproaches, persons may be invited to come forward informally to kneel briefly before the cross or touch it.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** ["Good Friday"](https://www.rca.org/resources/good-friday). [Reformed Church in America](/source/Reformed_Church_in_America). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170619233420/https://www.rca.org/resources/good-friday) from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** Britannica, *Encyclopedia of World Religions*, Encyclopaedia Britannica, USA, 2008, p. 309

1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** Holidays Act 2003 (New Zealand), Section 17 [Days that are public holidays](http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0129/latest/DLM237120.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090505010517/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0129/latest/DLM237120.html) 5 May 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-113)** Shop Trading Hours Act Repeal Act 1990 (New Zealand), Section 3 [Shops to be closed on Anzac Day morning, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, and Christmas Day](http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0057/latest/DLM212363.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090418062410/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0057/latest/DLM212363.html) 18 April 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** Broadcasting Act 1989 (New Zealand), Section 79A [Hours during which election programmes prohibited](http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0025/latest/DLM158495.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110426042920/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0025/latest/DLM158495.html) 26 April 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Section 81 [Advertising hours](http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0025/latest/DLM158916.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090418061337/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0025/latest/DLM158916.html) 18 April 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cléir2017_115-0)** Cléir, Síle de (2017). *Popular Catholicism in 20th-Century Ireland: Locality, Identity and Culture*. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 101. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1350020603](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350020603). Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context, stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent, which originally involved just one meal a day, not to be eaten until after sunset.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Butler_116-0)** Butler, Alban (1839). *The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church*. [Dublin](/source/Dublin): James Duffy. pp. 144–146. The primitive Christians in Lent broke their fast only after sunset, and then usually only with herbs, roots, and bread. At least all were obliged to abstain not only from flesh meat, but also from fish, and whatever had life; also whatever is derived from flesh, as eggs, milk, cheese, butter, according to the ancient canon. Likewise from wine, which in the primitive ages was no less forbidden on all fasting days than the use of flesh meat itself ... Some mitigations were introduced in part of abstinence in the sixth century ... Fish was in the same age allowed, but not of the dearer and more dainty kinds.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kiernan_117-0)** Butler, Alban (1774). *The Moveable Feasts, Fasts, and Other Annual Observances of the Catholic Church*. C. Kiernan. p. 257. It is undoubted, that anciently to drink on fasting days was no less forbid than to eat, only in the refection after sunset.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-118)** ["The Black Fast"](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02590c.htm). Catholic Encyclopedia. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211117155814/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02590c.htm) from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-119)** ["Public holidays – australia.gov.au"](http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/special-dates-and-events/public-holidays). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200414132759/https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/special-dates-and-events/public-holidays) from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/when-to-go/australian-school-holidays.html_120-0)** ["Australian school holidays"](https://www.australia.com/en/facts-and-planning/when-to-go/australian-school-holidays.html). 21 December 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-121)** ["Statutory holidays in Canada both national and provincial"](http://www.statutoryholidays.com). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110624212954/http://www.statutoryholidays.com/) from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-122)** ["Cuban authorities declare Good Friday 2012 a holiday"](https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/24658/cuban-authorities-declare-good-friday-2012-a-holiday). Catholic News Agency. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000459/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/cuban-authorities-declare-good-friday-2012-a-holiday/) from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-123)** Connolly, Kate (18 April 2025). ["German police crack down on illegal street car tuning as season begins"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/18/german-police-crack-down-on-street-car-tuning-as-its-season-begins). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-124)** ["The Holidays Ordinance, 1875"](https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/868d03477ec3ff8ccc1270c68dd37ed2.pdf) (PDF). 7 July 1875. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210405051037/https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/868d03477ec3ff8ccc1270c68dd37ed2.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-125)** ["GovHK: General holidays for 2007 – 2022"](https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/holiday/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180313145530/https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/holiday/) from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ie-wheretolook_126-0)** Gleeson, Colin (2 April 2010). ["You can have a pint today – if you know where to look"](http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/you-can-have-a-pint-today-if-you-know-where-to-look-26646201.html). *Irish Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211217123339/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/you-can-have-a-pint-today-if-you-know-where-to-look-26646201.html) from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-independent-goodfridayalcohol_127-0)** Hade, Emma Jane (2 April 2015). ["Good Friday alcohol ban still splits public as only half want it abolished"](http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/good-friday-alcohol-ban-still-splits-public-as-only-half-want-it-abolished-31112720.html). *Irish Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210501215422/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/good-friday-alcohol-ban-still-splits-public-as-only-half-want-it-abolished-31112720.html) from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-128)** ['Times have changed a lot' – one of Ireland's oldest barmaids (98) pulls pints for the first time on Good Friday](https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/times-have-changed-a-lot-one-of-irelands-oldest-barmaids-98-pulls-pints-for-the-first-time-on-good-friday-36759366.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004835/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/times-have-changed-a-lot-one-of-irelands-oldest-barmaids-98-pulls-pints-for-the-first-time-on-good-friday-36759366.html) 3 October 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) independent.ie, 30 March 2018

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc-restrictionsni_129-0)** Coulter, Peter (23 March 2016). ["Pub owners frustrated at assembly failure to change Easter opening hours"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-35877628). *BBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003013126/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-35877628) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-130)** Ipgrave, Michael (2008). [*Building a Better Bridge: Muslims, Christians, and the Common Good : a Record of the Fourth Building Bridges Seminar Held in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, May 15–18, 2005*](https://books.google.com/books?id=O109P8UHP2wC&pg=PA109). Georgetown University Press. p. 109. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58901-731-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-731-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210504123421/https://books.google.com/books?id=O109P8UHP2wC&pg=PA109) from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-131)** ["Public holidays and anniversary dates"](https://www.govt.nz/browse/work/public-holidays-and-work/public-holidays-and-anniversary-dates). NZ Government. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211219202841/https://www.govt.nz/browse/work/public-holidays-and-work/public-holidays-and-anniversary-dates/) from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-132)** ["PMore information on setting term dates, holidays and closing days"](https://education.govt.nz/ministry-of-education/school-terms-and-holidays/more-information-about-setting-term-dates/#must). 31 July 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181115080635/http://www.education.govt.nz/ministry-of-education/school-terms-and-holidays/more-information-about-setting-term-dates/#must) from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-133)** ["Restricted shop trading days » Employment New Zealand"](https://www.employment.govt.nz/leave-and-holidays/public-holidays/restricted-shop-trading-days/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211105124616/https://www.employment.govt.nz/leave-and-holidays/public-holidays/restricted-shop-trading-days/) from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-134)** Marks, Kathy (22 March 2008). ["Dozens ignore warnings to re-enact crucifixion"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/dozens-ignore-warnings-to-reenact-crucifixion-799322.html). *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*. London. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211111215207/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/dozens-ignore-warnings-to-reenact-crucifixion-799322.html) from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-135)** Izobelle T. Pulgo, "[Binignit: A Good Friday Cebuano soul food](http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/90044/90044) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515175138/https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/90044/90044) 15 May 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)", *Cebu Daily News*, 23 March 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-136)** Deralyn Ramos, "[Holy Week in the Philippines](http://www.thici.com/sites/default/files/news/thibalita_march2013.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212430/http://www.thici.com/sites/default/files/news/thibalita_march2013.pdf) 27 March 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)", *Tsuneishi Balita*, March 2013, p. 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-137)** ["Holidays Act (Chapter 126)"](https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HA1998?ProvIds=Sc-#Sc-). *Singapore Statutes Online*. 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211107054157/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HA1998?ProvIds=Sc-#Sc-) from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-138)** ["Holidays Act (Chapter 126), Legislative History"](https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HA1998?ProvIds=xv-#xv-). *Singapore Statutes Online*. 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211107002000/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HA1998?ProvIds=xv-#xv-) from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-139)** Rohrer, Finlo (1 April 2010). ["How did hot cross buns become two a penny?"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8598312.stm). *BBC News magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613213448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8598312.stm) from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-140)** ["Bank holidays and British Summer Time"](http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_073741). Directgov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020958/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_073741) from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-141)** Petre, Jonathan (21 March 2008). ["Good Friday gambling angers churches"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582366/Good-Friday-gambling-angers-churches.html). *The Telegraph*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211111220353/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582366/Good-Friday-gambling-angers-churches.html) from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-142)** ["Lingfield: £1m Good Friday fixture to be held at Surrey racecourse"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/24458664). *BBC News*. 9 October 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131031075930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/24458664) from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-143)** Brown, Craig (11 October 2013). ["Musselburgh to host historic Good Friday racing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150559/http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland/top-stories/musselburgh-to-host-historic-good-friday-racing-1-3136748). *The Scotsman*. Archived from [the original](http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland/top-stories/musselburgh-to-host-historic-good-friday-racing-1-3136748) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-JMSYT_144-0)** [John Masefield Society](/source/John_Masefield_Society): *[Good Friday: A Play in Verse (1916)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmp_IDlvzPw) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211212204952/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmp_IDlvzPw) 12 December 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-145)** ["American holidays"](https://www.usa.gov/holidays). *USAGov*. U.S. General Services Administration. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024. Many government offices and some private businesses close on annual federal holidays. **If the holiday falls during the weekend, the government may observe it on a different day.** [emphasis added]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-146)** ["Federal Holidays"](https://www.opm.gov/operating_status_schedules/fedhol/2012.asp). Opm.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116022207/http://www.opm.gov/Operating_Status_Schedules/fedhol/2012.asp) from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-147)** Government of Connecticut. ["Legal State Holidays"](https://portal.ct.gov/About/Legal-Holidays-in-the-State/). *Ct.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website*. CT.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211003011204/https://portal.ct.gov/About/Legal-Holidays-in-the-State/) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-148)** ["Delaware – Office of Management and Budget – State of Delaware Holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120118025425/http://www.delawarepersonnel.com/labor/holidays/2012.shtml). Delawarepersonnel.com. Archived from [the original](http://delawarepersonnel.com/labor/holidays/2012.shtml) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-149)** ["Title XXXIX Commercial Relations Section 683.01 Legal holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113002/http://law2.onecle.com/florida/commercial-relations/683.01.html). *onecle.com*. Archived from [the original](http://law2.onecle.com/florida/commercial-relations/683.01.html) on 2 February 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-150)** ["Hawaii State Holidays for 2014"](http://www.miraclesalad.com/webtools/holidays.php). Miraclesalad.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211208192726/http://www.miraclesalad.com/webtools/holidays.php) from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-151)** ["Secretary of State: 2011 Indiana State Holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181213021322/https://www.in.gov/sos/2369.htm). In.gov. Archived from [the original](http://www.in.gov/sos/2369.htm) on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-152)** ["Holidays"](https://personnel.ky.gov/pages/leave.aspx). Personnel.ky.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211216090915/https://personnel.ky.gov/pages/leave.aspx) from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-153)** Sandra G. Gillen, CPPB. ["2014 State Holidays Calendar Observed by OSP"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220849/http://doa.louisiana.gov/osp/aboutus/holidays.htm). Doa.louisiana.gov. Archived from [the original](http://doa.louisiana.gov/osp/aboutus/holidays.htm) on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-154)** ["The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey | State Holidays"](http://www.nj.gov/nj/about/facts/holidays/). Nj.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210912145005/https://nj.gov/nj/about/facts/holidays/) from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-155)** ["N.C. State Government Holiday Schedule for 2013 and 2014"](http://www.ic.nc.gov/ncic/pages/holiday.htm). Ic.nc.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210211000249/http://www.ic.nc.gov/ncic/pages/holiday.htm) from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-156)** ["North Dakota State Holidays 2014"](http://www.theholidayschedule.com/north-dakota-state-holidays.html). The Holiday Schedule. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210818004429/http://www.theholidayschedule.com/north-dakota-state-holidays.html) from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-157)** ["Official State Holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130529191633/http://www.tn.gov/state-holidays.html). TN.gov. Archived from [the original](http://www.tn.gov/state-holidays.html) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-158)** In addition to holidays where offices are closed, Texas also has "partial staffing holidays" (where offices are required to be open for public business, but where employees may take it off as a holiday) and "optional holidays" (where an employee may take off in lieu of taking off on a partial staffing holiday; Good Friday is an optional holiday).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-159)** ["Texas State Holidays"](https://www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/holidays.html). The State of Texas. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132906/https://www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/holidays.html) from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-160)** ["Guam Public Holidays 2012 (Oceania)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083620/http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/guam.htm). Qppstudio.net. Archived from [the original](http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/guam.htm) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-161)** ["US Virgin Islands Public Holidays 2012 (Americas/Caribbean)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083622/http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/virgin_islands__u_s_.htm). Qppstudio.net. Archived from [the original](http://www.qppstudio.net/publicholidays2012/virgin_islands__u_s_.htm) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-162)** ["Puerto Rican Holidays"](http://www.topuertorico.org/reference/holi.shtml). Topuertorico.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190514184108/http://www.topuertorico.org/reference/holi.shtml) from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-163)** ["NYSE: Holidays and Trading Hours"](https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars#holidays). *nyse.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170509070356/https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars#holidays) from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-164)** ["Stock Market Holidays"](http://www.money-zine.com/Investing/Stocks/Stock-Market-Holidays/). Money-zine.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170825050658/http://www.money-zine.com/investing/stocks/stock-market-holidays/) from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-165)** ["CME Group Chicago Trading Floor Holiday Schedule for 2015"](https://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/holiday-calendar/files/2015-chicago-trading-floor-holiday-schedule.pdf) (PDF). *CME Group*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104531/https://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/holiday-calendar/files/2015-chicago-trading-floor-holiday-schedule.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-166)** ["Holiday Schedule"](http://www.sifma.org/services/holiday-schedule/#us2015). *sifma.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170718090250/http://www.sifma.org/services/holiday-schedule/#us2015) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-167)** [\[1\]](http://www.co.rock.wi.us/current-news/1195-spring-holiday-office-closing-friday-april-18) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140414081148/http://www.co.rock.wi.us/current-news/1195-spring-holiday-office-closing-friday-april-18) 14 April 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-168)** Goldman, Russell (29 March 2010). ["Iowa Town Renames Good Friday to 'Spring Holiday'"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/iowa-town-renames-good-friday/story?id=10233061). *ABC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211002232857/https://abcnews.go.com/US/iowa-town-renames-good-friday/story?id=10233061) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-169)** Villarreal, Abe (17 April 2014). ["Spring Holiday – Western New Mexico University"](http://wnmu.edu/events/spring-holiday/). *Western New Mexico University*. Wnmu.edu. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511132128/https://wnmu.edu/events/spring-holiday/) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-170)** ["Good Friday in the United States"](http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/good-friday). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190803000248/https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/good-friday) from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-171)** ["Good Friday Music – Dictionary definition of Good Friday Music"](http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/good-friday-music). Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210430061412/https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/good-friday-music) from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-172)** Landis, L. K. (8 June 1998). ["Proof for a Wednesday Crucifixion"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090822070329/http://www.kjbbc.com/wednesdaycrucifix.html). King James Bible Baptist Church, Ladson, South Carolina. Archived from [the original](http://www.kjbbc.com/wednesdaycrucifix.html) on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-173)** ["The Resurrection Was Not on Sunday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090418010828/http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=4758.3049.102.0). *thetrumpet.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=4758.3049.102.0) on 18 April 2009.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lanser2024_176-0)** Lanser, Rick (21 February 2024). ["What Did Jesus Mean by "Three Days and Three Nights"?"](https://biblearchaeology.org/abr-projects/the-daniel-9-24-27-project-2/5134-what-did-jesus-mean-by-three-days-and-three-nights). Associates for Biblical Research. Retrieved 9 April 2026.

## Further reading

- [Bellarmine, Robert](/source/Robert_Bellarmine) (1902). ["Good Friday: The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ."](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_24). *Sermons from the Latins*. Benziger Brothers.

- Gilmartin, Thomas Patrick (1909). ["Good Friday"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Good_Friday). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). *[Catholic Encyclopedia](/source/Catholic_Encyclopedia)*. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Good Friday](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_Friday).

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Good Friday](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Good_Friday)***.

- [The Eastern Orthodox commemoration of Holy Friday](https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102453/http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=74) (archived 7 June 2011)

- [Great Friday](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215940/http://transfig.orthodoxws.com/files/Bulgakov/0543.pdf) instructions from S. V. Bulgakov's *Handbook for Church Servers* ([Russian Orthodox Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church)) (archived 3 March 2016)

- [Episcopal Good Friday Service](http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/GoodFriday.htm)

- [Who, What, Why: Why is Good Friday called Good Friday?](https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-27067136)

- [Good Friday](https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/common/good-friday)

v t e Easter and its cycle Lent Pre-Lent Septuagesima Sexagesima Quinquagesima Carnival (Shrovetide) Fat Thursday Tsiknopempti Shrove Monday Rosenmontag Shrove Tuesday Mardi Gras Holy Face of Jesus Fastelavn Maslenitsa Lent proper Ash Wednesday Great Lent Temptation of Christ First Sunday of Lent Ember days Laetare Sunday (Mothering Sunday) Passiontide Passion Sunday (Lenten veil, Lenten shrouds) Friday of Sorrows Music Ave Regina caelorum Passion (music) Passion hymns Stabat Mater Holy Week Palm Sunday Triumphal entry into Jerusalem Gloria, laus et honor Hosanna filio David "Singt dem König Freudenpsalmen" Ferias Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Triduum Tenebrae Maundy Thursday Chrism Mass Last Supper Crotalus Art Farewell Discourse Mass of the Lord's Supper Foot washing Stripping of the Altar Good Friday Passion of Jesus Arma Christi Stations of the Cross Crucifixion of Jesus Descent from the Cross Lamentation Epitaphios Encomia Pietà Burial of Jesus Tomb of Jesus Easter Sepulchre Good Friday prayer for the Jews Gorzkie żale Holy Saturday Harrowing of Hell Święconka Easter Vigil Paschal candle Holy Fire Lumen Christi Exsultet Artos Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults Traditions Burning of Judas Processions By location Colombia Popayán Guatemala Italy Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Ruvo di Puglia Malta Mexico Taxco Philippines Portugal Braga Spain Cuenca Málaga Salamanca San Cristóbal de La Laguna Santa Cruz de La Palma Seville Valladolid Viveiro Zamora Easter Day Resurrection of Jesus Art Myrrhbearers Road to Emmaus appearance Paschal Homily Sunrise service Date List of dates Calculation Season Liturgical features Alleluia Pentecostarion Trikirion Octave Bright Week Easter Sunday Easter Monday Śmigus-dyngus Easter whip Easter Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Second Sunday of Easter Doubting Thomas Divine Mercy Sunday Radonitsa Third Sunday of Easter Fourth Sunday of Easter Mid-Pentecost Fifth Sunday of Easter Rogation days Ascensiontide Ascension of Jesus Art Feast of the Ascension Cenacle Novena Matthias the Apostle Traditions Basket Bonnet Bunny Bilby Cavallo di fuoco Easter seals Food Greeting Parade Pace Egg play Postcard Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Virvonta Easter witch Easter eggs Dance Decorating in Slavic culture Rolling Hunt Osterbrunnen Tapping Tree Tossing By country Croatia Poland Ukraine By country Ethiopia and Eritrea Italy Latvia Poland Pre-Christian Ēostre Music Easter Oratorio I Will Mention the Loving-kindnesses Russian Easter Festival Overture Salzburg Easter Festival Liturgical Regina caeli Troparion Victimae paschali laudes Cantatas Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6 Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4 Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158 Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret, BWV 31 Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß, BWV 134 Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66 Ich lebe, mein Herze, zu deinem Ergötzen, BWV 145 Hymns Christ the Lord Is Risen Today Jesus Christ Is Risen Today O filii et filiae The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done Choral music Surrexit a mortuis Film and TV Films Television episodes Pentecost Season Octave Pentecost Sunday Whitsun Whit Monday Whit Tuesday Ember days Feast of Christ the Priest Trinity Sunday Feast of Corpus Christi Feast of the Sacred Heart

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Patrick's Day Tartan Day Valentine's Day White Ribbon Day Alberta Family Day British Columbia Family Day Manitoba Louis Riel Day New Brunswick Family Day Loyalist Day Newfoundland & Labrador Discovery Day Memorial Day Orangemen's Day Saint George's Day Nova Scotia Davis Day Heritage Day Natal Day Nunavut Nunavut Day Ontario Family Day Loyalist Day Prince Edward Island Gold Cup Parade Day Islander Day Québec Construction Holiday Goose Break National Patriots' Day Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day Saskatchewan Family Day Yukon Discovery Day v t e Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year's Day Lunar New Year (first 3 days of the period) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day v t e Public holidays in Indonesia State holidays Joint holiday Independence Day Labour Day New Year's Day Pancasila Day Religious holidays Ascension Day Chinese New Year Christmas Easter Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr Good Friday Islamic New Year Isra' and Mi'raj Mawlid Nyepi Vesak v t e Public holidays in Malaysia National holidays Chinese New Year Labour Day Wesak Day Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Islamic New Year Merdeka Day Muharram Agong's Birthday Malaysia Day Muhammad's Birthday Christmas State holidays (differ by states) New Year's Day Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday Sultan of Kedah's Birthday Thaipusam Federal Territory Day Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu Sultan of Johor's Birthday Isra and Mi'raj Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City Good Friday Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday First Day of Ramadan Day of Nuzul Al-Quran Tadau Kaamatan Gawai Dayak Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site Penang State Governor's Birthday Raja of Perlis's Birthday Sarawak Day Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor Sabah State Governor's Birthday Malacca State Governor's Birthday Sarawak State Governor's Birthday Sultan of Pahang's Birthday Deepavali Sultan of Perak's Birthday Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday Sultan of Selangor's Birthday Christmas Eve v t e Public holidays in New Zealand New Year's Day January 2 Waitangi Day Good Friday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Anzac Day King's Birthday Matariki Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day v t e Public holidays in the Philippines Regular holidays New Year's Day Maundy Thursday Good Friday Day of Valor Labor Day Independence Day Eid'l Fitr National Heroes Day Eid'l Adha Bonifacio Day Christmas Rizal Day Special non-working days Chinese New Year Black Saturday Ninoy Aquino Day All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day Feast of the Immaculate Conception Christmas Eve Last day of the year Special working days EDSA Revolution Anniversary Italicized: Movable holiday See also: Holiday economics v t e Public holidays in South Africa New Year's Day Human Rights Day Good Friday Family Day Freedom Day Workers' Day Youth Day National Women's Day Heritage Day Day of Reconciliation Christmas Day Day of Goodwill v t e Public holidays in Sri Lanka Jan–Mar Thai Pongal Duruthu Poya Day Independence Day Navam Poya Day Maha Shivratri Madin Poya Day Apr–Jun Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day eve Sinhalese New Year/Tamil New Year Bak Poya Day Good Friday May Day Vesak Poya Day Day following Vesak Poya Day Id-Ul-Fitr (Ramazan Festival Day) Poson Jul–Sep Esala Poya Day Id-Ul-Alha (Hadji Festival Day) Nikini Poya Day Binara Poya Day Oct–Dec Vap Poya Day Deepavali Festival Day Milad-Un-Nabi (Holy Prophet’s Birthday) Ill Poya Day Unduvap Poya Day Christmas Day v t e Public holidays in the United Kingdom All regions New Year's Day May Bank Holiday August Bank Holiday Christmas Day Boxing Day England and Wales Good Friday Easter Monday Spring Bank Holiday Northern Ireland Saint Patrick's Day Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Spring Bank Holiday Battle of the Boyne (Orangemen's Day) Scotland 2nd January Good Friday St Andrew's Day (optional) v t e Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States January New Year's Day (federal) Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (federal) Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos (PR) Confederate Heroes Day (TX) Eve of Three Kings' Day (PR, religious) Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany (religious) Fred Korematsu Day (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA) Idaho Human Rights Day (ID) Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial) Kansas Day (KS) Makar Sankranti / Pongal (religious) Robert E. Lee Day (FL) Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36) National Religious Freedom Day The Eighth (LA) Three Kings' Day (PR, VI, religious) World Religion Day (religious) January–February Chinese New Year / Lunar New Year (NY, cultural, religious) Vasant Panchami (religious) February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington's Birthday (federal) Valentine's Day Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín (PR) Candlemas (religious) Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day (CA, DE) Day of Remembrance (CA, OR, WA, cultural) Georgia Day (GA) Groundhog Day Imbolc (religious) Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day (36) Nirvana Day (religious) Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple (religious) Promised Reformer Day (religious) Ronald Reagan Day (CA) Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO) Saviours' Day (religious) Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal) Tu B’shvat (religious) February–March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday (PR, religious) Carnival (PR, VI, religious) Clean Monday (religious) Courir de Mardi Gras (religious) Intercalary Days (religious) Mahashivaratri (religious) Purim (religious) Shrove Tuesday (religious) Super Tuesday March Irish-American Heritage Month Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women's History Month Saint Patrick's Day (cultural) Spring break (week) Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos (religious) Casimir Pulaski Day (IL) Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal) Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico (PR, cultural) Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA) Harriet Tubman Day (NY) Hola Mohalla (religious) Holi (NY, religious) Lailat al-Mi'raj (religious) Liberation and Freedom Day (Charlottesville, VA, cultural) Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA) Maryland Day (MD) Medal of Honor Day National Poison Prevention Week (week) Nowruz (cultural, religious) Ostara (religious) Pi Day Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI) Promised Messiah Day (religious) Saint Joseph's Day (religious) Seward's Day (AK) Texas Independence Day (TX) Town Meeting Day (VT) Transfer Day (VI) U.S. Hostage and Wrongful Detainee Day (36) Trans Day of Visibility (cultural) March–April Easter (religious) Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious) Hanuman Jayanti (religious) Holy Thursday (PR, VI, religious) Holy Week (PR, religious, week) Lazarus Saturday (religious) Mahavir Janma Kalyanak (religious) Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year (religious) Palm Sunday (PR, religious) Passover (religious, week) Easter Monday / Bright Monday (VI, religious) Ramnavami (religious) Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi (religious) April Arab American Heritage Month Confederate History Month 420 April Fools' Day Arbor Day Birthday of José de Diego (PR) Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week) DNA Day Earth Day Emancipation Day (cultural) Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL) Lag B’Omer (religious) Last Friday of Great Lent (religious) National First Ladies Day Pascua Florida (FL) Patriots' Day (MA, ME) Ridván (religious) San Jacinto Day (TX) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night (religious) Yom Ha'atzmaut (cultural, religious) May Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Military Appreciation Month Memorial Day (federal) Mother's Day (36) Cinco de Mayo Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Ascension of Our Lord (religious) Caliphate Day (religious) Declaration of the Bab (religious) Harvey Milk Day (CA) International Workers' Day / May Day (CA, unofficial, proposed state) Law Day (36) Loyalty Day (36) Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal) Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer (36) National Day of Reason National Defense Transportation Day (36) National Maritime Day (36) Peace Officers Memorial Day (36) Pentecost (religious) Shavuot (religious) Truman Day (MO) Vesak / Buddha's Birthday (religious) June Pride Month Juneteenth (federal, cultural) Father's Day (36) Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA) Carolina Day (SC) Don Young Day (AK) Fast of the Holy Apostles (religious) Flag Day (36, proposed federal) Helen Keller Day (PA) Honor America Days (3 weeks) Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL) Kamehameha Day (HI) Litha (religious) Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib (religious) Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA, cultural) Senior Week (week) Saint John's Day (PR, religious) West Virginia Day (WV) Women Veterans Day July Independence Day (federal) Asalha Puja Day (religious) Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (PR) Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (PR) Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands (VI, cultural) Guru Purnima (religious) Khordad Sal (religious) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of the Báb (religious) Parents' Day (36) Pioneer Day (UT) Puerto Rico Constitution Day (PR) July–August Summer vacation Tisha B'Av (religious) August American Family Day (AZ) Barack Obama Day in Illinois (IL) Bennington Battle Day (VT) Dormition of the Theotokos (religious) Eid-e-Ghadeer (religious) Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus (religious) Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (religious) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI) Krishna Janmashtami (religious) Lammas (religious) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX) Naga Panchami (religious) National Aviation Day (36) Paryushana (religious) Raksha Bandhan (religious) Transfiguration of the Lord (religious) Victory Day (RI) Women's Equality Day (36) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Childhood Cancer Awareness Month Gospel Music Heritage Month Labor Day (federal) Brazilian Day (NY, cultural) California Admission Day (CA) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36) Constitution Day and Citizenship Day (36) Constitution Week Defenders Day (MD) Elevation of the Holy Cross (religious) Feast of San Gennaro (NY, cultural, religious) Ganesh Chaturthi (religious) Gold Star Mother's Day (36) His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday (religious) Mabon (religious) National Grandparents Day (36) National Payroll Week (week) Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos (religious) Native American Day (proposed federal, culture) Patriot Day (36) Von Steuben Day September–October Hispanic Heritage Month Chehlum Imam Hussain (religious) Oktoberfest Pitri Paksha (religious) Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets (TX, NY, religious) Shemini Atzeret (religious) Simchat Torah (religious) Vijaya Dashami (religious) Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement (TX, NY, religious) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day (federal) Halloween Alaska Day (AK) Child Health Day (36) General Pulaski Memorial Day German-American Day Indigenous Peoples' Day (cultural) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day (36) Missouri Day (MO) Nanomonestotse (cultural) National School Lunch Week (week) Native American Day in South Dakota (SD) Nevada Day (NV) Spirit Day (cultural) Sweetest Day Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles (religious, week) Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day (PR, VI) White Cane Safety Day (36) October–November Birth of the Báb (religious) Birth of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Day of the Dead (VI) Diwali (NY, religious) Mawlid al-Nabi (religious) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day (federal) Thanksgiving (federal) Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha (religious) All Saints' Day (religious) Beginning of the Nativity Fast (religious) Beltane / Samhain (religious) Barack Obama Day in Alabama (Perry County, AL) D. Hamilton Jackson Day (VI) Day after Thanksgiving (24) Day of the Covenant (religious) Discovery of Puerto Rico Day (PR) Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal) Family Day (NV) Friendsgiving Guru Nanak Gurpurab (religious) Hanukkah (religious) Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (religious) Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA, cultural) Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple (religious) Trans Day of Remembrance (cultural) Unthanksgiving Day (cultural) December Christmas (religious, federal) New Year's Eve Advent Sunday (religious) Alabama Day (AL) Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (religious) Bodhi Day (religious) Chalica (religious) Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI) Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI) Festivus HumanLight Hanukkah (religious, week) Immaculate Conception (religious) Indiana Day (IN) Kwanzaa (cultural, week) Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (religious) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36) Nativity of Jesus (religious) Old Year's Night (VI) Pan American Aviation Day (36) Pancha Ganapati (religious, week) Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR) Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (religious) Wright Brothers Day (36) Yule (religious) Zartosht No-Diso (religious) Varies (year round) Eid al-Adha (NY, religious) Eid al-Fitr (NY, religious) Islamic New Year (religious) Yawm al-Arafa (religious) Laylat al-Qadr (religious) Navaratri (religious, four times a year) Obon (religious) Onam (religious) Ramadan (religious, month) Ghost Festival (religious) Yawm Aashura (religious) Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, Public holidays in the United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Good Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.