# Gondwania

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Gondwania
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Gondwania.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwania
> Source revision: 1297517369
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

***Gondwania*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family [Teloschistaceae](/source/Teloschistaceae).[1][2] It comprises five species of [crustose lichens](/source/Crustose_lichen).

## Taxonomy

The genus was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by the lichenologists Ulrik Søchting, Patrik Frödén, and Ulf Arup in 2013. The [type species](/source/Type_species) is *[G. cribrosa](/source/Gondwania_cribrosa)*, a species that was first named *Polycauliona cribrosa* by [Auguste-Marie Hue](/source/Auguste-Marie_Hue) in 1909. The genus name refers to the ancestral supercontinent [Gondwana](/source/Gondwana), reflecting the predominantly Southern Hemisphere distribution of the genus.[3]

*Gondwania* belongs to the subfamily Xanthorioideae within the family Teloschistaceae. [Molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) analyses place *Gondwania* in a [clade](/source/Clade) with several other Southern Hemisphere genera, including *[Austroplaca](/source/Austroplaca)*, *[Cerothallia](/source/Cerothallia)*, and *[Transdrakea](/source/Transdrakea)*. Within this clade, *Gondwania* forms a well-supported [monophyletic](/source/Monophyletic) group.[4]

## Description

*Gondwania* species are [grow on rock](/source/Saxicolous_lichen), with one exception that is [corticolous](/source/Corticolous_lichen) (growing on bark). They exhibit a variety of [growth forms](/source/Lichen_growth_forms): , somewhat [fruticose](/source/Fruticose_lichen), or [crustose](/source/Crustose_lichen).[5] The thalli of some species feature [pseudocyphellae](/source/Pseudocyphella), which are small pores in the upper cortex that appear as slightly paler spots on the surface. [Apothecia](/source/Apothecia) (fruiting bodies) in *Gondwania* are typically to in form, ranging from 0.5 to 6 mm in diameter. The colour varies from orange to brownish-orange. The margin is often well-developed and can be pseudocyphellate in some species.[4]

Microscopically, *Gondwania* species have [asci](/source/Ascus) of the *[Teloschistes](/source/Teloschistes)*-type, each containing eight spores. The ascospores are (with two cells divided by a [septum](/source/Septum)) and generally [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid). Spore sizes and septum widths vary among species and can be diagnostic features.[4]

Species contain [lichen products](/source/Lichen_product) characteristic of A, with parietin being the dominant [anthraquinone](/source/Anthraquinone) (comprising 92–95% of the total). All yellow, orange or reddish-pigmented parts of the lichen turn purple when exposed to [potassium hydroxide](/source/Potassium_hydroxide) solution (K+ purple reaction).[4]

*[Cerothallis](/source/Cerothallis)*, *[Austroplaca](/source/Austroplaca)*, and *Transdrakea* are closely related genera in the Teloschistaceae. *Gondwania* has a Southern Hemisphere distribution, occurring in Antarctica, southern Australia (particularly Tasmania), New Zealand, and [Patagonia](/source/Patagonia), including the Falkland Islands.[3] This distribution pattern suggests an origin in the ancient Gondwana supercontinent, with subsequent diversification following the breakup of the landmass.[4]

## Species

- *[Gondwania cribrosa](/source/Gondwania_cribrosa)* – [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania); New Zealand
- *[Gondwania inclinans](/source/Gondwania_inclinans)* [4] – New Zealand
- *[Gondwania joannae](/source/Gondwania_joannae)* [4] – Antarctica
- *[Gondwania sejongensis](/source/Gondwania_sejongensis)* [6]
- *[Gondwania sublobulata](/source/Gondwania_sublobulata)* [6] – South America

The proposed [taxon](/source/Taxon) *Gondwania regalis* has since been transferred to a different genus and is now known as *[Polycauliona regalis](/source/Polycauliona_regalis)*.[7]

## References

1. Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332). *Mycosphere*. **13** (1): 53–453. [doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2](https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2). [hdl:10481/76378](https://hdl.handle.net/10481/76378). [S2CID 249054641](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249054641)

1. Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". *Nordic Journal of Botany*. **31** (1): 16–83. [Bibcode:2013NorJB..31...16A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NorJB..31...16A). [doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x)

1. Søchting, Ulrik; Sancho, Leo Garcia; Arup, Ulf (2023). "The lichen genera *Gondwania* and *Transdrakea* gen. nov. (Teloschistaceae) – speciation in three southern continents". *Plant and Fungal Systematics*. **68** (2): 304–319. [doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0015](https://doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0015)

1. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Mishra, G.K.; Ravera, S.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.-H.; Park, J.S.; Hur, J.S. (2017). "New monophyletic branches of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) proved by three gene phylogeny". *Acta Botanica Hungarica*. **59** (1–2): 71–136. [doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.6](https://doi.org/10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.6). [hdl:10447/414429](https://hdl.handle.net/10447/414429)

1. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Jeong, M.-H.; Yu, N.-N.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). "A revised taxonomy for the subfamily Caloplacoideae (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny". *Acta Botanica Hungarica*. **56** (1–2): 93–123. [doi:10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.10](https://doi.org/10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.10)

1. ["Record Details: *Gondwania regalis* (Vain.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, in Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Nordic Jl Bot. 31(1): 47 (2013)"](https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=802081). [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum). Retrieved 20 September 2023.

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gondwania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwania) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwania?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.