# Gondor

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Fictional kingdom in Tolkien's Middle-earth

Not to be confused with [Gondar](/source/Gondar) or [Gondour](/source/Gondour).

Gondor J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium location Coat of arms bearing the white tree, Nimloth the fair[T 1] First appearance The Lord of the Rings In-universe information Other name The South-kingdom Type Southern Númenórean realm in exile Ruled by Kings of Gondor; Stewards of Gondor Location Northwest Middle-earth Capital Osgiliath, then Minas Tirith Founder Isildur and Anárion

**Gondor** is a fictional kingdom in [J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien)'s writings, described as the greatest realm of [Men](/source/Man_(Middle-earth)) in the west of [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth) at the end of the [Third Age](/source/Third_Age). The third volume of *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*, *[The Return of the King](/source/The_Return_of_the_King)*, is largely concerned with the events in Gondor during the [War of the Ring](/source/War_of_the_Ring) and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book.

Gondor was founded by the brothers [Isildur](/source/Isildur) and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor). Along with [Arnor](/source/Arnor_(Middle-earth)) in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the [Men of the West](/source/D%C3%BAnedain). After an early period of growth under the [House of Elendil](/source/House_of_Elendil), Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord [Sauron](/source/Sauron). By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, and its principalities and fiefdoms instead pay deference to the [regency](/source/Regency) of the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy is restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of [Aragorn](/source/Aragorn) as king.

Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended [his legendarium](/source/Tolkien's_legendarium) while writing *The Lord of the Rings*. Critics have noted the contrast between the cultured but lifeless Stewards of Gondor, and the simple but vigorous leaders of the Kingdom of [Rohan](/source/Rohan_(Middle-earth)), modelled on Tolkien's favoured [Anglo-Saxons](/source/Anglo-Saxons). Scholars have noted parallels between Gondor and the [Normans](/source/Normans), [Ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome), the [Vikings](/source/Vikings), the [Goths](/source/Goths), the [Langobards](/source/Langobards), and the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire).

## Literature

### In-fiction etymology

Tolkien intended the name *Gondor* to be [Sindarin](/source/Sindarin) for "Stone-land".[T 2][T 3] This is echoed in the text of *The Lord of the Rings* by the name for Gondor among the [Rohirrim](/source/Rohirrim), Stoningland.[T 4] Tolkien's early writings suggest that this was a reference to the highly developed masonry of Gondorians in contrast to their rustic neighbours.[T 5] This view is supported by the [Drúedain](/source/Dr%C3%BAedain) terms for Gondorians and [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith)—Stonehouse-folk and Stone-city.[T 6] Tolkien denied that the name *Gondor* had been inspired by the ancient Ethiopian citadel of [Gondar](/source/Gondar), stating that the root *Ond* went back to an account he had read as a child mentioning *ond* ("stone") as one of only two words known of the [pre-Celtic](/source/Pre-Celtic) languages of Britain.[T 7] Gondor is also called the South-kingdom or Southern Realm, and together with Arnor as the Númenórean Realms in Exile. Researchers [Wayne G. Hammond](/source/Wayne_G._Hammond) and [Christina Scull](/source/Christina_Scull) have proposed a [Quenya](/source/Quenya) translation of *Gondor*: *Ondonórë*.[1] The Men of Gondor are nicknamed "Tarks" (from Quenya *tarkil* "High Man", Númenórean)[T 8] by the [orcs](/source/Orc_(Middle-Earth)) of Mordor.[T 9]

### Fictional geography

Further information: [Geography of Middle-earth](/source/Geography_of_Middle-earth)

#### Country

Sketch map of Gondor in the Third Age, bordered by [Rohan](/source/Rohan_(Middle-earth)) and [Mordor](/source/Mordor)

Gondor's geography is illustrated in [the maps](/source/Middle-earth#Maps) for *The Lord of the Rings* made by [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) on the basis of his father's sketches, and geographical accounts in *The Rivers and Beacon-Hills of Gondor*, *[Cirion and Eorl](/source/Cirion_and_Eorl)*, and *The Lord of the Rings*. Gondor lies in the west of [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth), on the northern shores of Anfalas[T 10][T 11] and the Bay of Belfalas[T 12] with the great port of Pelargir near the river Anduin's delta in the fertile[T 13] and populous[T 11] region of Lebennin,[T 14] stretching up to the White Mountains (Sindarin: *Ered Nimrais*, "Mountains of White Horns"). Near the mouths of Anduin was the island of Tolfalas.[T 15]

To the north-west of Gondor lies Arnor; to the north, Gondor is bordered by [Wilderland](/source/Rhovanion) and [Rohan](/source/Rohan_(Middle-earth)); to the north-east, by Rhûn; to the east, across the great river Anduin and the province of Ithilien, by [Mordor](/source/Mordor); to the south, by the deserts of northern [Harad](/source/Harad). To the west lies the Great Sea.[2]

The wide land to the west of Rohan was Enedwaith; in some of Tolkien's writings it is part of Gondor, in others not.[T 16][T 17][T 18][T 19] The hot and dry region of South Gondor, or Harondor was by the time of the War of the Ring "a debatable and desert land", contested by the men of Harad.[T 14]

The region of Lamedon and the uplands of the prosperous Morthond, with the desolate Hill of Erech,[T 20] lay to the south of the White Mountains, while the populous[T 4] valleys of Lossarnach were just south of Minas Tirith. The city's port was also a few miles south at Harlond, where the great river [Anduin](/source/Anduin) made its closest approach to Minas Tirith. Ringló Vale lay between Lamedon and Lebennin.[T 21]

The region of Calenardhon lay to the north of the White Mountains; it was granted independence as the kingdom of [Rohan](/source/Rohan_(Middle-earth)).[T 19] To the northeast, the river Anduin enters the hills of the Emyn Muil and passes the Sarn Gebir, dangerous straits, above a large river-lake, Nen Hithoel. Its entrance was once the northern border of Gondor, and is marked by the Gates of Argonath, an enormous pair of kingly statues, as a warning to trespassers. At the southern end of the lake are the hills of Amon Hen (the Hill of Seeing) and Amon Lhaw (the Hill of Hearing) on the west and east shores; below Amon Hen is the lawn of Parth Galen, where the Fellowship disembarked and was then broken, with the capture of Merry and Pippin, and the death of Boromir. Between the two hills is a rocky islet, Tol Brandir, which partly dams the river; just below it is an enormous waterfall, the Falls of Rauros, over which Boromir's funeral-boat is sent. Further down the river are the hills of Emyn Arnen.[T 22]

#### Capital, Minas Tirith

Main article: [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith)

The lifeless White Tree of Gondor has been compared to the [Dry Tree](/source/Dry_Tree) of medieval legend.[3] Medieval manuscript illustration of the Dry Tree (centre) with the [Phoenix](/source/Phoenix_(mythology)), flanked by the [Trees of the Sun and the Moon](/source/Trees_of_Sun_and_Moon). Both the Dry Tree and the Phoenix are symbols of [resurrection](/source/Resurrection_of_Jesus) and new life. [Rouen](/source/Rouen) 1444–1445[4]

The capital of Gondor at the end of the Third Age, Minas Tirith (Sindarin: "Tower of Guard"[5]), lay at the eastern end of the White Mountains, built around a shoulder of Mount Mindolluin.[T 23] The city had seven walls: each held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction from the next.[T 24] The city was surrounded by the [Pelennor](#Pelennor_Fields), an area of farmlands ringed by a wall.[T 11] Inside the seventh wall was the Citadel, topped by the White Tower. Behind the tower, reached from the sixth level, was a [saddle](/source/Mountain_pass) leading to the necropolis of the Kings and Stewards, with a street of tombs, Rath Dínen.[a]

Within the Court of the Fountain stood the White Tree, the symbol of Gondor. It was dry throughout the centuries that Gondor was ruled by the Stewards; Aragorn brought a sapling of the White Tree into the city on his return as King.[6] [John Garth](/source/John_Garth_(author)) writes that the White Tree has been likened to the [Dry Tree](/source/Dry_Tree) of the 14th century *[Travels of Sir John Mandeville](/source/Travels_of_Sir_John_Mandeville)*.[7][3] The tale runs that the Dry Tree had been dry since the [crucifixion of Christ](/source/Crucifixion_of_Christ), but that it would flower afresh when "a prince of the west side of the world should sing a mass beneath it".[3][4]

Tolkien's map-notes for the illustrator [Pauline Baynes](/source/Pauline_Baynes) indicate that the city had the [latitude](/source/Latitude) of [Ravenna](/source/Ravenna), an [Italian](/source/Italy) city on the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea), though it lay "900 miles east of Hobbiton more near [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade)".[8][9][b] The [Warning beacons of Gondor](/source/Warning_beacons_of_Gondor) were atop a line of foothills running back west from Minas Tirith towards Rohan.[T 25]

#### Dol Amroth

Dol Amroth ([Sindarin](/source/Sindarin): "the Hill of Amroth"[11]) was a fortress-city on a peninsula jutting westward into the Bay of Belfalas, on Gondor's southern shore. It is also the name of the port city, one of the five great cities of Gondor, and the seat of the [principality](/source/Principality) of the same name, founded by prince Galador.[T 26] The whimsical poem "[The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon](/source/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Came_Down_Too_Soon)" in *[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil](/source/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil)* tells how the Man in the Moon fell one night into "the windy Bay of Bel"; his fall is marked by the tolling of a bell in the Seaward Tower (*Tirith Aear*) of Dol Amroth, and he recovers at an inn in the city.[T 27]

Flag of the Prince of Dol Amroth

Its ruler, the Prince of Dol Amroth, is subject to the sovereignty of Gondor.[T 28] The principality's boundaries are not explicitly defined, though the Prince ruled Belfalas as a fief, as well as an area to the east on the map labelled Dor-en-Ernil ("The Land of the Prince").[T 12] Imrahil, Prince of Dol Amroth in *The Return of the King*, was linked by marriage both to the [Stewards of Gondor](/source/Stewards_of_Gondor) and to the Kings of Rohan.[12] He was the brother of Lady Finduilas and uncle to her sons [Boromir](/source/Boromir) and [Faramir](/source/Faramir);[T 29] a kinsman of [Théoden](/source/Th%C3%A9oden);[T 30] and the father of [Éomer](/source/%C3%89omer)'s wife Lothíriel.[12][T 31] Imrahil played a major part in the defence of [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith); the soldiers whom Imrahil led to Minas Tirith formed the largest contingent from the hinterland to the defence of the city.[13][T 11] They marched under a banner "silver upon blue",[T 1] bearing "a white ship like a swan upon blue water".[T 32]

Some like Finduilas are of Númenórean descent,[14] and still speak the Elvish language.[T 2] Tolkien wrote about the city's protective sea-walls and described Belfalas as a "great fief".[T 20] Prince Imrahil's castle is by the sea; Tolkien described him as "of high blood, and his folk also, tall men and proud with sea-grey eyes".[T 11] Local tradition claimed that the line's forefather, Imrazôr the Númenórean had married an Elf, though the line remained mortal.[T 24][15][16]

### Fictional history

#### Pre-Númenórean

The [first people](/source/First_people) in the region were the [Drúedain](/source/Dr%C3%BAedain), a hunter-gatherer group of [Men](/source/Man_(Middle-earth)) who arrive in the [First Age](/source/First_Age). They were pushed aside by later settlers and came to live in the pine-woods of the Druadan Forest[T 6] by the north-eastern [White Mountains](/source/White_Mountains_(Middle-earth)).[T 33] The next people settled in the [White Mountains](/source/White_Mountains_(Middle-earth)), and became known as the Men of the Mountains. They built a subterranean complex at Dunharrow, later known as the Paths of the Dead, which extended through the mountain range from north to south.[T 13] They became subject to [Sauron](/source/Sauron) in the Dark Years. Fragments of pre-Númenórean languages survive in later ages in place-names such as *Erech*, *Arnach*, and *Umbar*.[T 34]

#### Númenórean kingdom

Further information: [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor)

The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the [Númenóreans](/source/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans) from the middle of the [Second Age](/source/Second_Age), especially by Elf-friends loyal to [Elendil](/source/Elendil).[T 35] His sons [Isildur](/source/Isildur) and Anárion landed in Gondor after the drowning of Númenor, and co-founded the Kingdom of Gondor. Isildur brought with him a seedling of Nimloth (Sindarin: *nim*, "white" and *loth*, "blossom"[17]) the Fair, the white tree from Númenor. This tree and its descendants came to be called the White Tree of Gondor, and appears on the kingdom's [coat of arms](/source/Coat_of_arms). Elendil, who founded the Kingdom of Arnor to the north, was held to be the [High King](/source/High_King) of all the lands of the [Dúnedain](/source/D%C3%BAnedain).[T 17] Isildur established the city of [Minas Ithil](/source/Minas_Morgul) (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").[T 17]

Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath.[T 35] Elendil and the [Elven](/source/Elf_(Middle-earth))-king [Gil-galad](/source/Gil-galad) formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor.[T 35] Sauron was overthrown; but the [One Ring](/source/One_Ring) that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.[T 36]

Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining [suzerainty](/source/Suzerainty) over Gondor as High King of the Dúnedain. Isildur and his three elder sons were ambushed and killed by [Orcs](/source/Orc_(Middle-earth)) in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.[T 36]

#### Third Age, under the Stewards

Seal of the Stewards of Gondor[c]

[James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton](/source/James_Hamilton%2C_2nd_Marquess_of_Hamilton) holding the white staff of the Lord Steward of the King's Household, Scotland, the same symbol as that of the Stewards of Gondor. Portrait by unknown artist after [Daniël Mijtens](/source/Dani%C3%ABl_Mijtens), 1622

During the early years of the [Third Age](/source/Third_Age), Gondor was victorious and wealthy, and kept a careful watch on Mordor, but the peace ended with Easterling invasions.[T 38] Gondor established a powerful navy and captured the southern port of Umbar from the [Black Númenóreans](/source/Black_N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans),[T 38] becoming rich.[T 17]

As time went by, Gondor neglected the watch on [Mordor](/source/Mordor). A civil war gave Umbar the opportunity to declare independence.[T 38] The kings of [Harad](/source/Harad) grew stronger, leading to fighting in the south.[T 39] With a Great [Plague](/source/Plague_(disease)) the population began a steep decline.[T 38] The capital was moved from Osgiliath to the less affected Minas Anor, and evil creatures returned to the mountains bordering Mordor. There was war with the Wainriders, a confederation of Easterling tribes, and Gondor lost its line of kings.[T 40] The [Ringwraiths](/source/Ringwraiths) captured and occupied Minas Ithil[T 35] which became [Minas Morgul](/source/Minas_Morgul), "the Tower of Black Sorcery".[T 41][T 35][T 17] At this time Minas Anor was renamed to Minas Tirith, in constant watch of its now defiled twin city.

Without kings, Gondor was ruled by Stewards for many generations, father to son; despite their exercise of power and hereditary status, they were never accepted as Kings, nor did they sit on the high throne.[T 42] The badge of office of the Stewards is a white rod.[T 11][18]

Faramir reports that Boromir as a boy had asked his father Denethor how many centuries it would take for a steward to become a king. Denethor replied "Few years, maybe, in other places of less royalty. In Gondor ten thousand years would not suffice."[T 42] Shippey reads this as a reproach to [Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare)'s *[Macbeth](/source/Macbeth)*, noting that in Scotland, and [in Britain](/source/Lord_Steward), a [Stewart/Steward](/source/House_of_Stuart) like [James I of England](/source/James_I_of_England) (James VI of Scotland) could metamorphose into a king.[19]

After attacks by evil forces, the province of Ithilien[T 11] and the city of Osgiliath were abandoned.[T 17][T 38] Late in the Third Age, the forces of Gondor, led by [Aragorn](/source/Aragorn) (under the alias Thorongil) attacked Umbar and destroyed the Corsair fleet, allowing Ecthelion II to devote his attention to Mordor.[T 37][20][T 38]

#### War of the Ring and restoration

Further information: [Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields) and [Heraldry of Middle-earth § Men](/source/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth#Men)

Denethor sent his son [Boromir](/source/Boromir) to [Rivendell](/source/Rivendell) for advice as war loomed. There, Boromir attended the [Council of Elrond](/source/Council_of_Elrond), saw the [One Ring](/source/One_Ring), and suggested it be used as a weapon to save Gondor. Elrond rebuked him, explaining the danger of such use, and instead, the hobbit [Frodo](/source/Frodo_Baggins) was made ring-bearer, and a [Fellowship](/source/Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(characters)), including Boromir, was sent on a quest to destroy the Ring.[T 43] Growing in strength, [Sauron](/source/Sauron) attacked Osgiliath, forcing the defenders to leave, destroying the last bridge across the Anduin behind them. [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith) then faced direct land attack from [Mordor](/source/Mordor), combined with naval attack by the Corsairs of Umbar. The [hobbits](/source/Hobbit) Frodo and [Sam](/source/Samwise_Gamgee) travelled through Ithilien, and were captured by [Faramir](/source/Faramir), Boromir's brother, who held them at the hidden cave of Henneth Annûn, but helped them to continue their quest.[T 42] [Aragorn](/source/Aragorn) summoned the Dead of Dunharrow to destroy the forces from [Umbar](/source/Umbar), freeing men from the southern provinces of Gondor such as Dol Amroth[T 11][T 12] to come to the aid of Minas Tirith.

[Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields)

During the [Battle of the Pelennor Fields](/source/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields), the Great Gate was breached by [Sauron](/source/Sauron)'s forces led by the [Witch-king of Angmar](/source/Witch-king_of_Angmar). He spoke "words of power" as the [battering ram](/source/Battering_ram) named [Grond](/source/Middle-earth_weapons_and_armour#Grond) attacked the Great Gate; it burst asunder as if "stricken by some blasting spell", with "a flash of searing lightning, and the doors tumbled in riven fragments to the ground".[T 24] The Witch-king rode through the Gate where [Gandalf](/source/Gandalf) awaited him, but left shortly afterwards to meet the Riders of Rohan in battle. Gondor, with the support of [Rohirrim](/source/Rohirrim) as cavalry, repelled the invasion by Mordor. Following the death of [Denethor](/source/Denethor) and the incapacity of Faramir, Prince Imrahil became the effective lord of Gondor.[21]

When Imrahil declined to send the entirety of Gondor's army against Mordor, Aragorn led a smaller army to the [Black Gate](/source/Black_Gate_(Middle-earth)) of Mordor to distract Sauron from Frodo's quest.[21] Sauron encircled the army at the [Battle of the Morannon](/source/Battle_of_the_Morannon), but the hobbits succeeded, defeating Sauron and bringing the war and the Third Age to an end. The Great Gate was rebuilt with *[mithril](/source/Mithril)* and steel by [Gimli](/source/Gimli_(Middle-earth)) and Dwarves from the [Lonely Mountain](/source/Lonely_Mountain). Aragorn's coronation was held on the Gateway, where he was pronounced King Elessar of both Gondor and Arnor, the sister kingdom in the north.[T 44][T 39][T 45][T 46]

## Concept and creation

### Writing

Tolkien's original thoughts about the later ages of Middle-earth are outlined in his first, mid-1930s, sketches for the legend of [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor); these already contain a semblance of Gondor.[T 47] The appendices to *The Lord of the Rings* were brought to a finished state in 1953–54, but a decade later, during preparations for the release of the Second Edition, Tolkien elaborated the events that had led to Gondor's civil war, introducing the regency of Rómendacil II.[T 48] The final development of the history and geography of Gondor took place around 1970, in the last years of Tolkien's life, when he invented justifications for the place-names and wrote full narratives for the stories of Isildur's death and of the battles with the Wainriders and the Balchoth (published in *[Unfinished Tales](/source/Unfinished_Tales)*).[T 49]

### In-universe

Tolkien describes an early population of [elves](/source/Elf_(Middle-earth)) in the Dol Amroth region, writing many accounts of its early history. In one version, a haven and a small settlement were founded in the [First Age](/source/First_Age) by seafaring [Sindar](/source/Sindar) from the west havens of [Beleriand](/source/Beleriand) who fled in three small ships when the power of [Morgoth](/source/Morgoth) overwhelmed the [Eldar](/source/Sundering_of_the_Elves#Eldar); the Sindar were joined later by Silvan Elves who came down Anduin seeking the sea.[T 50] Another account states that the haven was established in the [Second Age](/source/Second_Age) by Sindarin Elves from Lindon, who learned the craft of shipbuilding at the Grey Havens and then settled at the mouth of the [Morthond](/source/Morthond).[T 50] Other accounts say that Silvan Elves accompanied [Galadriel](/source/Galadriel) from [Lothlórien](/source/Lothl%C3%B3rien) to this region after the defeat of [Sauron](/source/Sauron) at [Eriador](/source/Eriador) in the middle of the Second Age,[T 50] or that Amroth ruled among the Nandorin Elves here in the Second Age.[T 51] Elves continued to live there well into the Third Age, until the last ship departed from Edhellond for the [Undying Lands](/source/Undying_Lands). Amroth, King of Lothlórien from the beginning of the Third Age,[T 50] left his realm behind in search of his beloved Nimrodel, a Nandorin who had fled from the [horror](/source/Balrog) unleashed by the [Dwarves](/source/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)) in [Moria](/source/Moria_(Middle-earth)). He waited for her at Edhellond, for their final voyage together into the West. But Nimrodel, who loved [Middle-earth](/source/Middle-earth) as much as she did Amroth, failed to join him. When the ship was blown prematurely out to sea, he jumped overboard in a futile attempt to reach the shore to search for her, and drowned in the bay.[T 50] Mithrellas, a Silvan Elf and one of the companions of Nimrodel, is said to have become the foremother of the line of the Princes of Dol Amroth.[T 50][22]

According to an alternate account about the line of the Princes of Dol Amroth cited in *Unfinished Tales*, they were descendants of a family of the Faithful from [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor) who had ruled over the land of [Belfalas](/source/Belfalas) since the [Second Age](/source/Second_Age), before [Númenor was destroyed](/source/Akallab%C3%AAth). This family of [Númenóreans](/source/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans) were akin to the [Lords of Andúnië](/source/Lords_of_And%C3%BAni%C3%AB), and thus related to [Elendil](/source/Elendil) and descended from the House of Elros. After the [Downfall of Númenor](/source/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor), they were created the "Prince of Belfalas" by [Elendil](/source/Elendil).[T 19] *Unfinished Tales* provides an account of "Adrahil of Dol Amroth" who fought under King Ondoher of Gondor against the [Wainriders](/source/Wainriders).[T 40]

Tom Shippey's comparison of Gondor and its neighbour, Rohan[23] Situation Gondor Rohan Leader's behaviour on meeting trespassers Faramir, son of Ruling Steward Denethor courteous, urbane, civilised Éomer, nephew of King Théoden "compulsively truculent" Ruler's palace Great Hall of Minas Tirith large, solemn, colourless Mead hall of Meduseld, simple, lively, colourful State "A kind of Rome", subtle, selfish, calculating Anglo-Saxon, vigorous

Bold colourful Rohan, modelled on the [Anglo-Saxons](/source/Anglo-Saxons) (here in an 11th-century illustration), "the bit that Tolkien knew best",[23] is contrasted by critics with the solemn but colourless Gondor.

The critic [Tom Shippey](/source/Tom_Shippey) compares Tolkien's characterisation of Gondor with that of Rohan. He notes that men from the two countries meet or behave in contrasting ways several times in *The Lord of the Rings*: when Éomer and his Riders of Rohan twice meet Aragorn's party in the Mark, and when Faramir and his men imprison Frodo and Sam at Henneth Annun in Ithilien. Shippey notes that while Éomer is "compulsively truculent", Faramir is courteous, urbane, civilised: the people of Gondor are self-assured, and their culture is higher than that of Rohan. The same is seen, Shippey argues, in the comparison between the [mead hall](/source/Mead_hall) of [Meduseld](/source/Meduseld) in Rohan, and the great hall of Minas Tirith in Gondor. Meduseld is simple, but brought to life by tapestries, a colourful stone floor, and the vivid picture of the rider, his bright hair streaming in the wind, blowing his horn. The Steward Denethor's hall is large and solemn, but dead, colourless, in cold stone. Rohan is, Shippey suggests, the "bit that Tolkien knew best",[24] Anglo-Saxon, full of vigour; Gondor is "a kind of Rome", over-subtle, selfish, calculating.[24]

The critic [Jane Chance Nitzsche](/source/Jane_Chance_Nitzsche) contrasts the "good and bad Germanic lords [Théoden](/source/Th%C3%A9oden) and Denethor", noting that their names are almost anagrams. She writes that [both men receive the allegiance of a hobbit](/source/Feudal_allegiance_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings), but very differently: Denethor, Steward of Gondor, undervalues [Pippin](/source/Peregrin_Took) because he is small, and binds him with a formal oath, whereas Théoden, King of Rohan, treats [Merry](/source/Meriadoc_Brandybuck) with love, which the hobbit responds to.[25]

In his analysis of the historical lore of Númenor, Michael N. Stanton said close affinities are demonstrated between Elves and the descendants of Men of the West, not only in terms of blood heritage but also in "moral probity and nobility of demeanor", which gradually weakened over time due to "time, forgetfulness, and, in no small part, the machinations of Sauron".[26] The cultural ties between the Men of Gondor and Elves are reflected in the names of certain characters: for instance, Finduilas of Dol Amroth (the wife of Denethor and the sister of Prince Imrahil) shares her name with an [Elf princess of the First Age](/source/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin#Finduilas).[27]

Leslie A. Donovan, in *[A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien)*, compares the siege of Gondor with the alliance of Elves and Men in their fight against Morgoth and other co-operative ventures in *The Silmarillion*, making the point that none of these would have succeeded without collaboration; further that one such success comes from another shared effort, as when the Rohirrim were only able to come to the aid of Gondor because of the joint efforts of Legolas, Gimli, and Aragorn; and that they in turn collaborated with the oathbreakers from the Paths of the Dead.[28]

## Influences

Further information: [Tolkien and the classical world](/source/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world) and [Tolkien and the medieval](/source/Tolkien_and_the_medieval)

[Sandra Ballif Straubhaar](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar), a scholar of Germanic studies, notes in *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)* that readers have debated the real-world prototypes of Gondor. She writes that like the [Normans](/source/Normans), their founders the Númenóreans arrived "from across the sea", and that Prince Imrahil's armour with a "burnished [vambrace](/source/Vambrace)" recalls late-medieval [plate armour](/source/Plate_armour). Against this theory, she notes Tolkien's direction of readers to Egypt and Byzantium. Recalling that Tolkien located Minas Tirith at the latitude of Florence, she states that "the most striking similarities" are with [ancient Rome](/source/Ancient_Rome). She identifies several parallels: [Aeneas](/source/Aeneas), from [Troy](/source/Troy), and Elendil, from Númenor, both survive the destruction of their home countries; the brothers [Romulus and Remus](/source/Romulus_and_Remus) found Rome, while the brothers Isildur and Anárion found the Númenórean kingdoms in Middle-earth; and both Gondor and Rome experienced centuries of "[decadence and decline](/source/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire)".[20]

[Dimitra Fimi](/source/Dimitra_Fimi), a scholar of fantasy and children's literature, draws a parallel between the seafaring Númenóreans and the [Vikings](/source/Vikings) of the Norse world, noting that in *[The Lost Road and Other Writings](/source/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings)*, Tolkien describes their [ship-burials](/source/Ship-burial),[T 52] matching those in *[Beowulf](/source/Beowulf)* and the *[Prose Edda](/source/Prose_Edda)*.[29] She notes that Boromir is given a boat-funeral in *The Two Towers*.[T 53][29] Fimi further compares the helmet and crown of Gondor with the romanticised "headgear of the [Valkyries](/source/Valkyries)", despite Tolkien's denial of a connection with [Wagner's *Ring* cycle](/source/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen), noting the "likeness of the wings of a sea-bird"[T 41] in his description of Aragorn's coronation, and his drawing of the crown in an unused dust jacket design.[T 54][29]

Miryam Librán-Moreno's comparison of Gondor with the Byzantine Empire[30] Situation Gondor Byzantine Empire Older state echoed Elendil's unified kingdom of Gondor and Arnor Roman Empire Weaker sister kingdom Arnor, the Northern kingdom Western Roman Empire Powerful enemies to East and South Easterlings, Haradrim, Mordor Persians, Arabs, Turks Final siege from the East Survives Falls

The classical scholar Miryam Librán-Moreno writes that Tolkien drew heavily on the general history of the [Goths](/source/Goths), [Langobards](/source/Langobards) and the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), and their mutual struggle. Historical names from these peoples were used in drafts or the final concept of the internal history of Gondor, such as Vidumavi, wife of king Valacar (in [Gothic](/source/Gothic_language)).[30] The Byzantine Empire and Gondor were both, in Librán-Moreno's view, only echoes of older states (the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) and the unified kingdom of Elendil), yet each proved to be stronger than their sister-kingdoms (the [Western Roman Empire](/source/Western_Roman_Empire) and Arnor, respectively). Both realms were threatened by powerful eastern and southern enemies: the Byzantines by the [Persians](/source/Sassanid_Empire) and the Muslim armies of the [Arabs](/source/Arabs) and the [Turks](/source/Turkish_people), as well as the Langobards and Goths; Gondor by the Easterlings, the Haradrim, and the hordes of Sauron. Both realms were in decline at the time of a final, all-out siege from the East; however, Minas Tirith survived the siege whereas [Constantinople did not](/source/Fall_of_Constantinople).[30] In a 1951 letter, Tolkien himself wrote about "the Byzantine City of Minas Tirith."[31]

Tolkien visited the [Malvern Hills](/source/Malvern_Hills) with [C. S. Lewis](/source/C._S._Lewis),[32][33] and recorded excerpts from *[The Hobbit](/source/The_Hobbit)* and *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)* in Malvern in 1952, at George Sayer's home.[34] Sayer wrote that Tolkien relived the book as they walked, comparing the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor.[33]

		- [Sandra Ballif Straubhaar](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar) notes that in [Roman legend](/source/Roman_legend), [Aeneas](/source/Aeneas) escapes the ruin of [Troy](/source/Troy), while [Elendil](/source/Elendil) escapes that of [Númenor](/source/N%C3%BAmenor).[20] Painting *Aeneas flees burning Troy* by [Federico Barocci](/source/Federico_Barocci), 1598

		- [Dimitra Fimi](/source/Dimitra_Fimi) compares Gondor's bird-winged helmet-crown to the romanticised headgear of the [Valkyries](/source/Valkyries). Illustration for *The Rhinegold and the Valkyrie* by [Arthur Rackham](/source/Arthur_Rackham), 1910[29]

		- Tolkien called Minas Tirith a "[Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) City" ([Constantinople](/source/Constantinople) shown).[31]

		- The [Malvern Hills](/source/Malvern_Hills) may have inspired Tolkien to create parts of the White Mountains.[32]

		- New Zealand's [Southern Alps](/source/Southern_Alps) served as Gondor's White Mountains in [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s [*The Lord of the Rings* trilogy](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)).[35]

## Adaptations

### Film

Black-sailed [dromund](/source/Dromund) ships of the [Corsairs of Umbar](/source/Corsairs_of_Umbar) at Harlond, the port of [Minas Tirith](/source/Minas_Tirith), as depicted with a domed building in [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s [*The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series))

Gondor, as it appeared in [Peter Jackson](/source/Peter_Jackson)'s [film adaptation of *The Lord of the Rings*](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)), has been compared to the Byzantine Empire.[36] The production team noted this in DVD commentary, explaining their decision to include Byzantine domes into Minas Tirith's architecture and to have civilians wear Byzantine-styled clothing.[37] However, the appearance and structure of the city was based upon the inhabited [tidal island](/source/Tidal_island) and [abbey](/source/Abbey) of [Mont Saint-Michel](/source/Mont_Saint-Michel), France.[38] In the films, the towers of the city, designed by the artist [Alan Lee](/source/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)), are equipped with [trebuchets](/source/Trebuchet).[39] The film critic [Roger Ebert](/source/Roger_Ebert) called the films' interpretation of Minas Tirith a "spectacular achievement", and compared it to the [Emerald City](/source/Emerald_City) from *[The Wizard of Oz](/source/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film))*. He praised the filmmakers' ability to blend digital and real sets.[40]

### Games

The setting of Minas Tirith has appeared in video game adaptations of *The Lord of the Rings*, such as the 2003 video game *[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game))* where it is directly modelled on Jackson's film adaptation.[41]

Several locations in Gondor were featured in the 1982 [role-playing game](/source/Role-playing_game) *[Middle-earth Role Playing](/source/Middle-earth_Role_Playing)* game and its expansions.[42]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Map #40 in Barbara Strachey's *[Journeys of Frodo](/source/Journeys_of_Frodo)* is a plan of Minas Tirith. [Fonstad 1991](#CITEREFFonstad1991), pp. 138–139 shows a different plan of the city. The only maps by Tolkien are sketches.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** The Tolkien scholar Judy Ann Ford writes that there is also an architectural connection with Ravenna in Pippin's description of the great hall of Denethor, which in her view suggests a Germanic myth of a restored Roman Empire.[10]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** The seal of the stewards consisted of the three letters: R.ND.R (standing for *Arandur*, king's servant), surmounted by three stars.[T 37]

## References

### Primary

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT_Field_of_Cormallen_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT_Field_of_Cormallen_1-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 6, ch. 4 "The Field of Cormallen": "a great standard was spread in the breeze, and there a white tree flowered upon a sable field beneath a shining crown and seven glittering stars"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AppF_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AppF_2-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) Appendix F, "Of Men"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Etym_3-0)** [Tolkien 1987](#CITEREFTolkien1987) entries GOND-, NDOR-

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields_4-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 5 ch. 6 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RS379-81_5-0)** [Tolkien 1988](#CITEREFTolkien1988) ch. 22 "New Uncertainties and New Projections"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ride_of_the_Rohirrim_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ride_of_the_Rohirrim_6-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 5 ch. 5 "The Ride of the Rohirrim"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #324 to Graham Tayar 4–5 June 1971

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) Gilson, Christopher (ed.). ["Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings"](http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma17.html). *[Parma Eldalamberon](/source/Parma_Eldalamberon)* (17): 101.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-falas_11-0)** [Tolkien 1987](#CITEREFTolkien1987) entries ÁNAD-, PHÁLAS-, TOL2-

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Minas_Tirith_12-7) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5, ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT-AN_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT-AN_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UT-AN_13-2) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn": "Amroth and Nimrodel"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Last_Debate_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Last_Debate_14-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 5 ch. 9 "The Last Debate"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT-map_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT-map_15-1) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) map of the West of Middle-earth

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PM-TYSA_16-0)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 6 "The Tale of Years of the Second Age"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PM-DM_18-0)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 10 "Of Dwarves and Men", and notes 66, 76

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-AppA_19-5) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) Appendix A, I (iv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UT-HGCApp_20-0)** [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn"; Appendices C and D

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT-BFI_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT-BFI_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UT-BFI_21-2) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) "The Battles of the Fords of Isen", Appendix (ii)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Passing_of_the_Grey_Company_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Passing_of_the_Grey_Company_22-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 1 ch. 2 "The Passing of the Grey Company"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Map_of_Gondor_23-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) map of Gondor

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Fonstad 1991](#CITEREFFonstad1991), pp. 83–89

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Houses_of_Healing_28-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Siege_of_Gondor_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Siege_of_Gondor_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Siege_of_Gondor_29-2) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5, ch. 4 "The Siege of Gondor"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Beacon-Hills_37-0)** Tolkien, J. R. R.; [Hostetter, Carl F.](/source/Carl_F._Hostetter); [Tolkien, Christopher](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (2001). ["The Rivers and Beacon - hills of Gondor"](https://epdf.pub/the-rivers-and-beacon-hills-of-gondor105fd73767942352604c470bca4fe66679457.html). EPDF.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Founder_39-0)** [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980), "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [The Adventures of Tom Bombadil](/source/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil), Introduction and Poem 6

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Letters244_41-0)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #244 to a reader, draft, c. 1963

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A, "The Stewards"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980), "Disaster of the Gladden Fields".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), Appendix A, "The House of Eorl"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955), book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Many_Partings_51-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 6 ch. 6 "Many Partings"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) Appendix F part 1

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-OtRoP_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-OtRoP_53-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-OtRoP_53-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-OtRoP_53-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-OtRoP_53-4) [Tolkien 1977](#CITEREFTolkien1977) "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gladden_Fields_55-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gladden_Fields_55-1) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 3 ch. 1 "Disaster of the Gladden Fields"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Seal_of_the_Stewards_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Seal_of_the_Stewards_56-1) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 3 ch. 2 "Cirion and Eorl", note 25

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-AppB_58-5) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) Appendix B "The Third Age"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PM-HE_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PM-HE_59-1) [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 7 "The Heirs of Elendil"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT-CE1_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT-CE1_60-1) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980) part 3 ch. 2 "Cirion and Eorl", (i)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Steward_and_the_King_61-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Steward_and_the_King_61-1) [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing"; book 6 ch. 5 "The Steward and the King"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TT-WW_62-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TT-WW_62-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TT-WW_62-2) [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954) book 4, ch. 5 "The Window on the West"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Council_of_Elrond_66-0)** [Tolkien 1954a](#CITEREFTolkien1954a) book 2 ch. 2 "[The Council of Elrond](/source/The_Council_of_Elrond)"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AppAII_68-0)** [Tolkien 1955](#CITEREFTolkien1955) Appendix A, II

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PM_Tale_of_Years_and_the_Third_Age_69-0)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 8 "The Tale of Years of the Third Age"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** [Carpenter 2023](#CITEREFCarpenter2023), #256 to Colin Bailey 13 March 1964, #338 to Father Douglas Carter, 6? June 1972

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** [Tolkien 1987](#CITEREFTolkien1987) ch. 2 "The Fall of Númenor"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PM-258-61_72-0)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 9 "The Making of Appendix A". Letter *c* in names is used for original *k*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** [Tolkien 1996](#CITEREFTolkien1996) ch. 13 "Last Writings"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-UT_History_of_Celeborn_and_Galadriel_74-5) [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980), part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UT_Aldarion_and_Erendis_75-0)** [Tolkien 1980](#CITEREFTolkien1980), "Aldarion and Erendis".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** [Tolkien 1987](#CITEREFTolkien1987) ch. 2 "The Fall of Númenor"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** [Tolkien 1954](#CITEREFTolkien1954) book 3, ch. 1 "The Departure of Boromir"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** *The Winged Crown of Gondor*. [Bodleian Library](/source/Bodleian_Library), Oxford, MS. Tolkien Drawings 90, fol. 30.

### Secondary

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Hammond & Scull 2005](#CITEREFHammondScull2005), "The Great River", p. 347

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Fonstad 1991](#CITEREFFonstad1991), p. 191

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Garth_2020_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Garth_2020_25-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Garth_2020_25-2) [Garth, John](/source/John_Garth_(author)) (2020). *The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien: The Places that Inspired Middle-earth*. [Frances Lincoln Publishers](/source/Frances_Lincoln_Publishers) & [Princeton University Press](/source/Princeton_University_Press). p. 41. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7112-4127-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-4127-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-British_Library_2020_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-British_Library_2020_26-1) Drieshen, Clark (31 January 2020). ["The Trees of the Sun and the Moon"](https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2020/01/the-trees-of-the-sun-and-the-moon.html). [British Library](/source/British_Library). Retrieved 24 February 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Noel, Ruth S. (1974). *The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth*. [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). p. 170. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-29129-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-29129-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Vaccaro_2004_31-0)** Vaccaro, Christopher T. (August 2004). "'And one white tree': the cosmological cross and the arbor vitae in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion"". *[Mallorn](/source/Mallorn_(journal))* (42): 23–28. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [45320503](https://www.jstor.org/stable/45320503).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gusick2013_32-0)** Gasse, Rosanne (2013). ["The Dry Tree Legend in Medieval Literature"](https://books.google.com/books?id=KNZGXEfXIOEC&pg=PA73). In Gusick, Barbara I. (ed.). *Fifteenth-Century Studies 38*. [Camden House](/source/Camden_House_Publishing). pp. 65–96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57113-558-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-558-2). *Mandeville* also includes a prophecy that when the Prince of the West conquers the Holy Land for Christianity, this tree will become green again, rather akin to the White Tree of Arnor [sic] in the Peter Jackson film version of *The Lord of the Rings*, if not in Tolkien's original novel, which sprouts new green leaves when Aragorn first arrives in Gondor at [sic, i.e. after] the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Flood, Alison (23 October 2015). ["Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings"](https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library"](https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/tolkien-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-acquired-by-bodleian-library/). [Exeter College, Oxford](/source/Exeter_College%2C_Oxford). 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ford2005_35-0)** Ford, Judy Ann (2005). "The White City: The Lord of the Rings as an Early Medieval Myth of the Restoration of the Roman Empire". *[Tolkien Studies](/source/Tolkien_Studies)*. **2** (1): 53–73. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/tks.2005.0016](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2005.0016). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1547-3163](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1547-3163). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [170501240](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170501240).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Foster, Robert (1978). *[A Guide to Middle-earth](/source/A_Guide_to_Middle-earth)*. [Ballantine Books](/source/Ballantine_Books). p. 60. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0345275479](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345275479).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lothiriel_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lothiriel_42-1) Viars, Karen (2015). ["Constructing Lothiriel: Rewriting and Rescuing the Women of Middle-Earth From the Margin"](https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=mythlore). *[Mythlore](/source/Mythlore)*. **33**. article 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chivalry_46-0)** [Honegger, Thomas](/source/Thomas_Honegger) (2017). ["Riders, Chivalry, and Knighthood in Tolkien"](https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=journaloftolkienresearch). *[Journal of Tolkien Research](/source/Journal_of_Tolkien_Research)*. **4**. article 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Boromir_48-0)** Davis, Alex (2013) [2006]. "Boromir". In [Michael D.C. Drout](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 412–413. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-86511-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [Hammond & Scull 2005](#CITEREFHammondScull2005), "The Great River", pp. 683–684

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Arwen_50-0)** Armstrong, Helen (2013) [2006]. "Arwen". In Michael D.C. Drout (ed.). *[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia](/source/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia)*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 38–39. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-86511-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Foster_1978_p186_54-0)** Foster, Robert (1978). *The Complete Guide to Middle-earth*. [Ballantine Books](/source/Ballantine_Books). p. 186. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-345-44976-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-44976-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-EB_lord_high_steward_63-0)** ["lord high steward: English honorific office"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/lord-high-steward). Britannica. Retrieved 27 May 2025. On ceremonial occasions he carries a white staff

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005206_64-0)** [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), p. 206.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2007248–249_65-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2007248–249_65-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraubhaar2007248–249_65-2) [Straubhaar 2007](#CITEREFStraubhaar2007), pp. 248–249.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-O'Connor_2017_67-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-O'Connor_2017_67-1) O'Connor, David (2017). ["For What May We Hope? An Appreciation of Peter Simpson's Political Illiberalism"](https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=journaloftolkienresearch). *The American Journal of Jurisprudence*. **62** (1): 111–117. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/ajj/aux014](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajj%2Faux014).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Martinez_76-0)** De Rosario Martínez, Helios (22 November 2005). ["Light and Tree A Survey Through the External History of Sindarin"](https://www.elvish.org/Tengwestie/articles/DeRosarioMartinez/lightandtree.phtml). *[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship](/source/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149_77-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005146–149_77-1) [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), pp. 146–149.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_pp146–149_78-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_pp146–149_78-1) [Shippey 2005](#CITEREFShippey2005), pp. 146–149 "Whether one thinks of them as Anglo-Saxons or as Goths, they represent the bit that Tolkien knew best"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENitzsche1980119–122_79-0)** [Nitzsche 1980](#CITEREFNitzsche1980), pp. 119–122.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Stanton_2015_80-0)** Stanton, Michael (2015). [*Hobbits, Elves and Wizards: The Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings"*](https://books.google.com/books?id=V_RoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143). [St. Martin's Publishing Group](/source/St._Martin's_Publishing_Group). p. Pt 143. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-2500-8664-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-8664-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_81-0)** Day, David (1993). *Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopaedia*. [Simon & Schuster](/source/Simon_%26_Schuster). p. 248. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-6848-3979-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-3979-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Donovan_2020_p100_82-0)** Donovan, Leslie A. (2020) [2014]. "Middle-earth Mythology: An Overview". In [Lee, Stuart D.](/source/Stuart_D._Lee) (ed.). [*A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien*](/source/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien). Wiley. p. 100. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1119656029](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119656029).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi200784–99_84-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi200784–99_84-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi200784–99_84-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFimi200784–99_84-3) [Fimi 2007](#CITEREFFimi2007), pp. 84–99.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Libran-Moreno_87-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Libran-Moreno_87-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Libran-Moreno_87-2) Librán-Moreno, Miryam (2011). ["'Byzantium, New Rome!' Goths, Langobards and Byzantium in *The Lord of the Rings*"](https://books.google.com/books?id=98VQ3gHsVsMC&q=Gondor+Byzance&pg=PA98). In [Fisher, Jason](/source/Jason_Fisher) (ed.). *Tolkien and the Study of his Sources*. [McFarland & Company](/source/McFarland_%26_Company). pp. 84–116. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-6482-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6482-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hammond_Scull_p570_88-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hammond_Scull_p570_88-1) [Hammond & Scull 2005](#CITEREFHammondScull2005), p. 570

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Duriez_89-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Duriez_89-1) [Duriez 1992](#CITEREFDuriez1992), p. 253

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sayer_90-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sayer_90-1) [Sayer 1979](#CITEREFSayer1979)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** [Carpenter 1977](#CITEREFCarpenter1977)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King: 2003"](https://www.movie-locations.com/movies/l/Lord-Of-The-Rings-The-Return-Of-The-King.php). *Movie Locations*. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Ben Ohau Station, in the Mackenzie Basin, in the Southern Alps, ... provided the 'Pelennor Fields', and the foothills of the 'White Mountains', for the climactic battle scenes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** Puig, Claudia (24 February 2004). ["With third film, 'Rings' saga becomes a classic"](https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2003-12-16-return-of-the-king_x.htm). *[USA Today](/source/USA_Today)*. In the third installment, for example, Minas Tirith, a seven-tiered city of kings, looks European, Byzantine and fantastical at the same time.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** *[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_The_Return_of_the_King)* (special extended DVD ed.). December 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Morrison_2014_95-0)** Morrison, Geoffrey (27 June 2014). ["The real-life Minas Tirith from 'Lord of the Rings': A tour of Mont Saint-Michel"](https://www.cnet.com/news/take-a-tour-of-mont-saint-michel/). CNET.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Russell2004_96-0)** Russell, Gary (2004). [*The Art of The Lord of the Rings*](https://archive.org/details/artoflordofth00gary). [Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). pp. [103](https://archive.org/details/artoflordofth00gary/page/n104)–105. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-618-51083-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-51083-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ebert_97-0)** [Ebert, Roger](/source/Roger_Ebert) (17 December 2003). ["Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111211075754/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20031217%2FREVIEWS%2F312170301%2F1023). *[Chicago Sun-Times](/source/Chicago_Sun-Times)*. Archived from [the original](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20031217/REVIEWS/312170301/1023) on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GS_diary6_98-0)** Dobson, Nina (28 October 2003). ["The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Designer Diary #6"](http://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-return-of-the-king-designer-diary-6/1100-6077465/). [GameSpot](/source/GameSpot). Retrieved 15 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** ["Assassins of Dol Amroth"](http://index.rpg.net/display-entry.phtml?mainid=2523). *[RPGnet](/source/RPGnet)*. Skotos. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

## Sources

- [Carpenter, Humphrey](/source/Humphrey_Carpenter) (1977). *[J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien%3A_A_Biography)*. New York: [Ballantine Books](/source/Ballantine_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-04-928037-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3).

- [Duriez, Colin](/source/Colin_Duriez) (1992). *The J.R.R. Tolkien handbook*. [Baker Book House](/source/Baker_Book_House). p. 253. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0801030145](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801030145).

- [Carpenter, Humphrey](/source/Humphrey_Carpenter), ed. (2023) [1981]. *[The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien](/source/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien): Revised and Expanded Edition*. New York: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-35-865298-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4).

- [Fimi, Dimitra](/source/Dimitra_Fimi) (2007). "Tolkien and Old Norse Antiquity". In Clark, David; Phelpstead, Carl (eds.). [*Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture*](https://web.archive.org/web/20200226212500/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d8c7/c29c5fa7e794e73861e1e1a0a9e4ceb6d878.pdf) (PDF). London: Viking Society for Northern Research: [University College London](/source/University_College_London). pp. 84–99. [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [163015967](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163015967). Archived from [the original](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d8c7/c29c5fa7e794e73861e1e1a0a9e4ceb6d878.pdf) (PDF) on 2020-02-26.

- [Fonstad, Karen Wynn](/source/Karen_Wynn_Fonstad) (1991). *[The Atlas of Middle-earth](/source/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin Harcourt](/source/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-618-12699-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-12699-6).

- [Hammond, Wayne G.](/source/Wayne_G._Hammond); [Scull, Christina](/source/Christina_Scull) (2005). *[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings%3A_A_Reader's_Companion)*. London: [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-720907-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-720907-X).

- [Nitzsche, Jane Chance](/source/Jane_Chance) (1980) [1979]. *[Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'](/source/Tolkien's_Art%3A_'A_Mythology_for_England')*. Papermac. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-333-29034-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-29034-8).

- Sayer, George (1979) [August 1952 recording]. "Liner notes". *J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his 'The Hobbit' and 'The Fellowship of the Ring'*. Caedmon.

- [Shippey, Tom](/source/Tom_Shippey) (2005) [1982]. *[The Road to Middle-Earth](/source/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth)* (Third ed.). Grafton ([HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0261102750](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750).

- [Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif](/source/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar) (2007). "Gondor". In [Drout, Michael D. C.](/source/Michael_D._C._Drout) (ed.). [*The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment*](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia). [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 248–249. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-96942-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1954a). *[The Fellowship of the Ring](/source/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [9552942](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1954). *[The Two Towers](/source/The_Two_Towers)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1042159111](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1955). *[The Return of the King](/source/The_Return_of_the_King)*. *[The Lord of the Rings](/source/The_Lord_of_the_Rings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [519647821](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1977). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Silmarillion](/source/The_Silmarillion)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-25730-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1980). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[Unfinished Tales](/source/Unfinished_Tales)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-29917-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1987). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Lost Road and Other Writings](/source/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). *[The Etymologies](/source/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien))*, pp. 341–400. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-45519-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-45519-7).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1988). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Return of the Shadow](/source/The_Return_of_the_Shadow)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-49863-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-49863-7).

- [Tolkien, J. R. R.](/source/J._R._R._Tolkien) (1996). [Christopher Tolkien](/source/Christopher_Tolkien) (ed.). *[The Peoples of Middle-earth](/source/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth)*. Boston: [Houghton Mifflin](/source/Houghton_Mifflin). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-395-82760-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4).

v t e Middle-earth J. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Canon Legendarium Outline Works In Tolkien's lifetime The Hobbit (1937) The Lord of the Rings (1954–55) The Fellowship of the Ring "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" The Two Towers The Return of the King "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) Posthumous The Silmarillion (1977) "Ainulindalë" Unfinished Tales (1980) The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) Bilbo's Last Song (1990) The three "Great Tales" The Children of Húrin (2007) Beren and Lúthien (2017) The Fall of Gondolin (2018) The Fall of Númenor (2022) History of composition History of Middle-earth [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84) Ælfwine [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985) [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986) [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987) The Etymologies Lhammas [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–1992) The Notion Club Papers [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993) [11] The War of the Jewels (1994) [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996) Others John D. Rateliff The History of The Hobbit (2007) Carl F. Hostetter The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) Fictional universe Peoples, monsters Ainur Maiar Balrogs Wizards Valar Dragons Ancalagon Smaug Dwarves Eagles Elves Half-elven Noldor Sundering Ents Hobbits Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Orcs Trolls Characters First and Second Ages Celebrimbor Eärendil and Elwing Elendil Fëanor Fingolfin Finwë and Míriel Gil-galad Húrin Isildur Lúthien and Beren Melian Morgoth Thingol Tuor and Idril Túrin Turambar Ungoliant Third Age Elrond Galadriel Gandalf Glorfindel Goldberry Gollum Saruman Sauron Tom Bombadil Places First and Second Ages Beleriand Númenor Valinor Third Age Bree Esgaroth Gondor Harad Isengard Lonely Mountain Lothlórien Mirkwood Mordor Moria Rivendell Rohan The Shire Bag End Objects Mithril Palantír Red Book of Westmarch Rings of Power One Ring Silmarils Two Trees of Valinor List of weapons and armour Analysis Elements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Adûnaic Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Valarin Westron Maps Tolkien's poetry Scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Themes Anachronism Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Cosmology Round World dilemma Death and immortality Decline and fall Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil First World War Forests Frame stories Hell Heroism Light Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Modernism Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Old Straight Road Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Sound and language Time Trees Literary Tolkien's impact on fantasy Influences Beowulf Celtic Classical world Finnish language and literature Medieval Modern William Morris Norse Philology Shakespeare Prose style Ambiguity A mythology for England Geographic Geology The Atlas of Middle-earth Journeys of Frodo A Map of Middle-earth Adaptations, legacy Illustrators Pauline Baynes Cor Blok Anke Eißmann Brothers Hildebrandt Jenny Dolfen Mary Fairburn Donato Giancola John Howe Tove Jansson Alexander Korotich Alan Lee Tom Loback Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Composers Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings Leonard Rosenman Music of The Lord of the Rings, 1978 Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings Howard Shore Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Music of The Hobbit film series Music of The Rings of Power TV series Bear McCreary Music of The Rings of Power TV series Stephen Gallagher Music of The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim Blind Guardian Nightfall in Middle-Earth Settings Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Poems and Songs of Middle Earth The Tolkien Ensemble An Evening in Rivendell A Night in Rivendell At Dawn in Rivendell Leaving Rivendell Other media Impact Middle-earth Enterprises Works inspired by Tolkien Fan fiction Film Calendars Video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Literary criticism The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien Interrupted Music Master of Middle-Earth Picturing Tolkien A Question of Time J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Perilous Realms The Road to Middle-Earth Splintered Light Tolkien and the Invention of Myth Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings A Tolkien Compass Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Legendarium Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

v t e The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien Constructing The Lord of the Rings About Volumes The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Stories "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" Translating list Swedish Reception Impact Literary Fandom Fan fiction Oxonmoot Tolkienmoot Works inspired Tolkien's impact on fantasy Annotation A Reader's Companion Elements Languages Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Westron Poetry A Elbereth Gilthoniel Namárië Song of Eärendil The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late The Road Goes Ever On A Walking Song Other Artwork Family trees Heraldry Maps Proverbs Scripts Cirth Tengwar Analysis Themes Addiction to power Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Company of the Ring Death and immortality Decline and fall Divination Dreams and visions Economy England Environmentalism Evil Feudal allegiance Forests Geology Hell Heroism Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Paganism Plants Prophecy Psychological journeys Quests Race Sexuality Sound and language Time Trees Women Influences Antiquarianism Beowulf Celtic Christianity Classical world Edwardian adventure stories First World War Norse Medieval Modern sources Modernism William Morris A mythology for England Philology Shakespeare Techniques Anachronism Character pairing Editorial framing Frame stories Pseudotranslation Impression of depth Narrative structure Interlacing Storytelling Prose style Ambiguity Epic Pooh Peoples Maiar Balrogs Sauron Wizards Gandalf Radagast Saruman Free peoples Dwarves Balin Gimli Elves Galadriel Glorfindel Half-elven Arwen Elrond Legolas Thranduil Ents Treebeard Hobbits Bilbo Frodo Merry Pippin Sam Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Aragorn of Gondor Boromir Denethor Faramir of Rohan Éomer Éowyn Théoden Wormtongue Monsters Barrow-wight Gollum Nazgûl Witch-king of Angmar Old Man Willow Orcs Shelob Trolls Wargs Watcher in the Water Other Eagles Goldberry Tom Bombadil World Geography Middle-earth Eriador Bree Old Forest Rivendell The Shire Bag End Gondor Minas Tirith Harad Lothlórien Mirkwood Moria Mordor Rohan Isengard Undying Lands Battles Helm's Deep Pelennor Fields Morannon Things Mithril Oliphaunts Palantírs Phial of Galadriel Rings of Power One Ring List of weapons and armour Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Errantry Fastitocalon The Sea-Bell Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin The Nature of Middle-earth Adaptations and derivative works Books Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Illustrations A Map of Middle-earth Pauline Baynes Barbara Remington John Howe Alan Lee Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Theatre Fellowship! (2005) The Lord of the Rings (2006) Music Bo Hansson Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972) Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988) Led Zeppelin "Ramble On" (1969) "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971) "The Battle of Evermore" (1971) Radio The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955) The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978) The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980) The War of the Rohirrim (Kamiyama, 2024) Peter Jackson series The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Two Towers (2002) The Return of the King (2003) Music "Concerning Hobbits" "Into the West" "May It Be" The Music of the Lord of the Rings Films (2010 book) Approach Production Hobbiton Movie Set Peter Jackson's interpretation Picturing Tolkien Tolkien on Film Other Sagan om ringen (1971) Khraniteli (1991) Hobitit (1993) The Rings of Power (2022) music Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Vol. II: The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age Game Boy Advance The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Shadow of Mordor Shadow of War Gollum Return to Moria The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Mordor Minas Morgul War of Three Peaks Fate of Gundabad Before the Shadow Tabletop role- playing games Middle-earth Role Playing The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game The One Ring Roleplaying Game Adventures in Middle-earth Board games Middle Earth War of the Ring Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith Sauron Lord of the Rings War of the Ring Card games Middle-earth Collectible Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game Other games Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game Lego The Lord of the Rings

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gondor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.