# Gold rush

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Gold discovery triggering an onrush of miners seeking fortune

For other uses, see [Gold rush (disambiguation)](/source/Gold_rush_(disambiguation)).

This article is about gold rushes in general. For the most notable example, see [California gold rush](/source/California_gold_rush).

The fastest [clipper ships](/source/Clipper_ships) cut the travel time from New York to San Francisco from seven months to four months in the 1849 [California Gold Rush](/source/California_Gold_Rush).[1]

A **gold rush** or **gold fever** is a discovery of [gold](/source/Gold)—sometimes accompanied by other [precious metals](/source/Precious_metals) and [rare-earth minerals](/source/Rare-earth_mineral)—that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in [Australia](/source/Australia), [Greece](/source/Greece), [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela), [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand), [Brazil](/source/Brazil), [Chile](/source/Chile), [South Africa](/source/South_Africa), the [United States](/source/United_States), and [Canada](/source/Canada) while smaller gold rushes took place elsewhere.

In the 19th century, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced [migration](/source/Human_migration) costs and low barriers to entry. While [gold mining](/source/Gold_mining) itself proved unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made large fortunes, and [merchants](/source/Merchant) and transportation facilities made large profits. The resulting increase in the world's gold supply stimulated global trade and investment. Historians have written extensively about the mass migration, trade, colonization, and environmental history associated with gold rushes.[2]

Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free-for-all" in [income mobility](/source/Income_mobility), in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly, as expressed in the [California Dream](/source/California_Dream).

Gold rushes helped spur waves of immigration that often led to the permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian and [North American frontiers](/source/American_frontier). At a time when the world's money supply was based on [gold](/source/Gold_standard), the newly-mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the goldfields, feeding into local and wider [economic booms](/source/Economic_boom).

The Gold Rush was a topic that inspired many TV shows and books considering it was a very important topic at the time. During various gold rushes, many books were published including *[The Call of the Wild](/source/The_Call_of_the_Wild)*, which had much success during the period.

Gold rushes occurred as early as the times of [ancient Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece), whose gold mining was described by [Diodorus Siculus](/source/Diodorus_Siculus) and [Pliny the Elder](/source/Pliny_the_Elder).

## Surviving the gold rush

A man leans over a wooden sluice. Rocks line the outside of the wood boards that create the sluice.

Swedish gold panners by the [Blackfoot River](/source/Blackfoot_River_(Montana)), [Montana](/source/Montana) in the 1860s

Jets of water at a placer mine in [Dutch Flat, California](/source/Dutch_Flat%2C_California) sometime between 1857 and 1870

Within each mining rush there is typically a transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge.

A rush typically begins with the discovery of [placer gold](/source/Placer_gold) made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a gold pan or similar simple instrument. Once it is clear that the volume of gold-bearing sediment is larger than a few cubic metres, the [placer miners](/source/Placer_mining) will build rockers or sluice boxes, with which a small group can wash gold from the sediment many times faster than using gold pans. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a simple pan or equipment that may be built on the spot, and only simple organisation. The low investment, the high value per unit weight of gold, and the ability of gold dust and gold nuggets to serve as a medium of exchange, allow placer gold rushes to occur even in remote locations.

After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations and higher capital expenditures. Small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels. Water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of [ground sluicing](/source/Ground_sluicing), [hydraulic mining](/source/Hydraulic_mining) and [dredging](/source/Gold_dredge) may be used.

Typically the heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by prospecting for veins of [lode](/source/Lode) gold that were the original source of the placer gold. Hard rock mining, like placer mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital and technology. The surface outcrop of a gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, and the ore needs only to be crushed and washed (free milling ore). The first miners may at first build a simple [arrastra](/source/Arrastra) to crush their ore; later, they may build [stamp mills](/source/Stamp_mill) to crush ore at greater speed. As the miners venture downwards, they may find that the deeper part of vein contains gold locked in [sulfide](/source/Sulfide_mineral) or [telluride minerals](/source/Telluride_mineral), which will require [smelting](/source/Smelting). If the ore is still sufficiently rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter (direct shipping ore). Lower-grade ore may require on-site treatment to either recover the gold or to produce a concentrate sufficiently rich for transport to the smelter. As the district turns to lower-grade ore, the mining may change from underground mining to large [open-pit mining](/source/Open-pit_mining).

Many [silver rushes](/source/Silver_rush) followed upon gold rushes. As transportation and infrastructure improve, the focus may change progressively from gold to silver to base metals. In this way, [Leadville, Colorado](/source/Leadville%2C_Colorado) started as a placer gold discovery, achieved fame as a silver-mining district, then relied on lead and zinc in its later days. [Butte, Montana](/source/Butte%2C_Montana) began mining placer gold, then became a silver-mining district, then became for a time the world's largest copper producer.

## By region

### Australia and New Zealand

Main article: [Australian gold rushes](/source/Australian_gold_rushes)

[Ballarat](/source/Ballarat)'s tent city in the summer of 1853–54, oil painting from an original sketch by [Eugene von Guerard](/source/Eugene_von_Guerard)

Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over the second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the [New South Wales gold rush](/source/New_South_Wales_gold_rush) and [Victorian gold rush](/source/Victorian_gold_rush) in 1851,[3] and the [Western Australian gold rushes](/source/Western_Australian_gold_rushes) of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought many immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support the new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming.

A chart showing the great nuggets of Victoria at [Museums Victoria](/source/Museums_Victoria)

Gold rushes happened at or around:

- [Ballarat](/source/Ballarat), [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Australia))

- [Bathurst, New South Wales](/source/Bathurst%2C_New_South_Wales)

- [Beechworth](/source/Beechworth), Victoria

- [Bendigo](/source/Bendigo), Victoria

- [Canoona, Queensland](/source/Canoona%2C_Queensland)

- [Charters Towers](/source/Charters_Towers), Queensland

- [Coolgardie, Western Australia](/source/Coolgardie%2C_Western_Australia)

- [Gympie](/source/Gympie), Queensland

- [Gulgong, New South Wales](/source/Gulgong%2C_New_South_Wales)

- [Halls Creek, Western Australia](/source/Halls_Creek%2C_Western_Australia)

- [Hill End, New South Wales](/source/Hill_End%2C_New_South_Wales)

- [Kalgoorlie](/source/Kalgoorlie), Western Australia

- [Queenstown, Tasmania](/source/Queenstown%2C_Tasmania)

In New Zealand the [Otago gold rush](/source/Otago_gold_rush) from 1861 attracted prospectors from the [California gold rush](/source/California_gold_rush) and the [Victorian gold rush](/source/Victorian_gold_rush) and many moved on to the [West Coast gold rush](/source/West_Coast_gold_rush) from 1864.

### Finland

Main article: [Lapland Gold Rush](/source/Lapland_Gold_Rush)

Gold prospecting at the [Ivalo River](/source/Ivalojoki) in 1898

The first references of gold in the [Finnish Lapland](/source/Lapland_(Finland)) date back to the early 16th century, when gold was discovered from [Utsjoki](/source/Utsjoki), but its presence not widely known until the 19th century.[4] The [actual gold rush](/source/Lapland_gold_rush) started in the valley of the [Ivalo River](/source/Ivalojoki) in 1870 and lasted for a few years. Although the scale of the gold rush is not comparable to the major 19th century gold rushes, the Lapland gold rush has great local significance in Lapland and across Finland;[5] during the spring and the summer in 1870, about 500 gold prospectors, who traveled hundreds of kilometers by ski, foot, or boat to the gold prospecting area, made their way through Lapland to the Ivalo River.[6]

To regulate the rush, the government of [Grand Duchy of Finland](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland), then part of [Imperial Russia](/source/Imperial_Russia), established a headquarters for the authorities and service point for the prospectors, called the "Kultala Crown Station." In Kultala (lit. 'town of gold'), the officials issued licenses for prospectors and purchased their gold, and there were also law enforcement officers and cartographers, as well as a restaurant and post office.[5] At its largest, the number of government officials and gold prospectors was approximately 600 people. This was a significant community, as Lapland was mostly uninhabited wilderness, and the largest populated places contained only up to few hundred people.[6]

Another famous gold prospecting sites were the [Lemmenjoki River](/source/Lemmenjoki_(river)) in the [Inari](/source/Inari%2C_Finland) municipality and the [Tankavaara](/source/Tankavaara) village (founded in 1934) in the [Sodankylä](/source/Sodankyl%C3%A4) municipality.[5]

### North America

Further information: [Gold mining in the United States](/source/Gold_mining_in_the_United_States) and [Klondike Gold Rush](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush)

The first significant gold rush in the United States was in [Cabarrus County, North Carolina](/source/Cabarrus_County%2C_North_Carolina) (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's [Reed's Gold Mine](/source/Reed's_Gold_Mine).[7] Thirty years later, in 1829, the [Georgia Gold Rush](/source/Georgia_Gold_Rush) in the southern [Appalachians](/source/Appalachian_Mountains) occurred. It was followed by the [California Gold Rush](/source/California_Gold_Rush) of 1848–55 in the [Sierra Nevada](/source/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)), which captured the popular imagination. The California Gold Rush led to an influx of gold miners and newfound gold wealth, which led to California's rapid industrialization, as businesses sprung up to serve the increased population and financial and political institutions to handle the increased wealth.[8] One of these political institutions was statehood; the need for new laws in a sparsely-governed land led to the state's rapid entry into the Union in 1850.[9]

The gold rush in 1849 also stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, leading to further rushes in Australia, South Africa, Wales and Scotland. Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America: [Fraser Canyon](/source/Fraser_Canyon), the [Cariboo](/source/Cariboo) district and other parts of British Columbia, in [Nevada](/source/Nevada), in the [Rocky Mountains](/source/Rocky_Mountains) in [Colorado](/source/Colorado), [Idaho](/source/Idaho), [Montana](/source/Montana), eastern [Oregon](/source/Oregon), and western [New Mexico Territory](/source/New_Mexico_Territory) and along the lower [Colorado River](/source/Colorado_River). There was a [gold rush in Nova Scotia](/source/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia) (1861–1876) which produced nearly 210,000 ounces of gold.[10] [Resurrection Creek](/source/Resurrection_Creek), near [Hope, Alaska](/source/Hope%2C_Alaska) was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in the mid–1890s.[11] Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were [Nome](/source/Nome_Gold_Rush), [Fairbanks](/source/Fairbanks), and the [Fortymile River](/source/Fortymile_River).

Miners and prospectors ascend the [Chilkoot Trail](/source/Chilkoot_Trail) during the Klondike Gold Rush.

One of the last "great gold rushes" was the [Klondike Gold Rush](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush) in the [Yukon Territory](/source/Yukon_Territory) (1896–99). This gold rush is featured in the novels of [Jack London](/source/Jack_London), and [Charlie Chaplin](/source/Charlie_Chaplin)'s film *[The Gold Rush](/source/The_Gold_Rush)*. [Robert William Service](/source/Robert_William_Service) depicted in his poetries the Gold Rush, especially in the book *[The Trail of '98](/source/The_Trail_of_'98)*.[12] The main goldfield was along the south flank of the [Klondike River](/source/Klondike_River) near its confluence with the [Yukon River](/source/Yukon_River) near what was to become [Dawson City](/source/Dawson_City) in Yukon Territory, but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of [Alaska](/source/Alaska) to exploration and settlement, and promoted the discovery of other gold finds.

The most successful of the North American gold rushes was the [Porcupine Gold Rush](/source/Porcupine_Gold_Rush) in [Timmins, Ontario](/source/Timmins%2C_Ontario) area. This gold rush was unique compared to others by the method of extraction of the gold. Placer mining techniques were not able to be used to access the gold in the area due to it being embedded into the [Canadian Shield](/source/Canadian_Shield), so larger mining operations involving significantly more expensive equipment was required. While this gold rush peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, it is still active today with over 200 million[13] ounces of gold having been produced from the region. The gold deposits in this area are identified as one of the largest in the world.[14]

### Africa

In South Africa, the [Witwatersrand Gold Rush](/source/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush) in the [Transvaal](/source/South_African_Republic) was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of [Johannesburg](/source/Johannesburg) and tensions between the [Boers](/source/Boer) and British settlers as well as the Chinese miners.[15]

South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At the time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, [the MacArthur-Forrest process](/source/Gold_cyanidation), of using [potassium cyanide](/source/Potassium_cyanide) to extract gold from low-grade ore.[16]

### South America and the Caribbean

5-gram gold coin from [Tierra del Fuego](/source/Tierra_del_Fuego) issued by [Julius Popper](/source/Julius_Popper)

Further information: [Brazilian Gold Rush](/source/Brazilian_Gold_Rush) and [Tierra del Fuego gold rush](/source/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush)

With the arrival of [Nicolás de Ovando](/source/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando)'s settlement expedition in 1502, the construction of the first colonial society in the Hispaniola island began, focused on the search for and exploitation of gold of [Cibao](/source/Cibao) valley. The influx of immigrants was massive until 1510, when the island's gold production reached its peak. The mining industry rested on the forced work of the Taíno indigenous, who quickly became extinct. With the decline of the Taíno labor force and the depletion of deposits, gold production also declined, surpassing that of Puerto Rico and Cuba by the second decade of the century.[17]

The gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory.

Between 1883 and 1906 [Tierra del Fuego](/source/Tierra_del_Fuego) experienced a gold rush attracting many Chileans, Argentines and Europeans to the archipelago. The gold rush began in 1884 following discovery of gold during the rescue of the French steamship *Arctique* near [Cape Virgenes](/source/Cape_Virgenes).[18]

## Mining industry today

There are about 10 to 30 million small-scale miners around the world, according to Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM). Approximately 100 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on small-scale mining. For example, there are 800,000 to 1.5 million [artisanal miners](/source/Artisanal_mining) in [Democratic Republic of Congo](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo), 350,000 to 650,000 in [Sierra Leone](/source/Sierra_Leone), and 150,000 to 250,000 in [Ghana](/source/Ghana), with millions more across Africa.[19]

In an exclusive report, [Reuters](/source/Reuters) accounted the smuggling of billions of dollars' worth of gold out of [Africa](/source/Africa) through the [United Arab Emirates](/source/United_Arab_Emirates) in the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), which further acts as a gateway to the markets in the [United States](/source/United_States), [Europe](/source/Europe) and more. The news agency evaluated the worth and magnitude of illegal gold trade occurring in African nations like [Ghana](/source/Ghana), [Tanzania](/source/Tanzania), and [Zambia](/source/Zambia), by comparing the total gold imports recorded into the UAE with the exports affirmed by the African states. According to Africa's industrial mining firms, they have not exported any amount of gold to the UAE – confirming that the imports come from other, illegal sources. As per customs data, the UAE imported gold worth $15.1 billion from Africa in 2016, with a total weight of 446 tons, in variable degrees of purity. Much of the exports were not recorded in the African states, which means a huge volume of gold imports were carried out with no taxes paid to the states producing it.[20]

## By date

### Before 1860

- El [Cibao](/source/Cibao) valley at Hispaniola island (1494)

- [Zacatecas](/source/Zacatecas) Gold Rush, [Viceroyalty of New Spain](/source/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain) (1546)

- [Parral](/source/Parral%2C_Chihuahua), [Chihuahua](/source/Chihuahua_(state)) (1631)

- [Brazilian Gold Rush](/source/Brazilian_Gold_Rush), [Minas Gerais](/source/Minas_Gerais) (1695)[21]

- El Oro Gold Rush, [El Oro de Hidalgo](/source/El_Oro_de_Hidalgo) (1787)

- [Carolina Gold Rush](/source/Carolina_Gold_Rush), [Cabarrus County, North Carolina](/source/Cabarrus_County%2C_North_Carolina), US (1799)[7]

- [Georgia Gold Rush](/source/Georgia_Gold_Rush), [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(U.S._state)), US (1828)

- [California Gold Rush](/source/California_Gold_Rush) (1848–55) - [Lena Gold Mining Partnership](/source/Lena_Gold_Mining_Partnership)

- [Queen Charlottes Gold Rush](/source/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush), [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), [Canada](/source/Canada) (1850); the first of many [British Columbia gold rushes](/source/British_Columbia_gold_rushes)

- Northern Nevada Gold Rush (1850–1934)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

- [Victorian gold rush](/source/Victorian_gold_rush), [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(Australia)), Australia (1851–late 1860s). Known as the Golden Triangle, it incorporated areas such as [Ararat](/source/Ararat%2C_Victoria), [Castlemaine](/source/Castlemaine%2C_Victoria), [Marybororgh](/source/Maryborough%2C_Queensland), [Clunes](/source/Clunes%2C_Victoria), [Bendigo](/source/Bendigo), [Ballarat](/source/Ballarat), [Daylesford](/source/Daylesford%2C_Victoria), [Beechworth](/source/Beechworth), and [Eldorado](/source/Eldorado%2C_Victoria).

- [Kern River Gold Rush](/source/Stockton_%E2%80%93_Los_Angeles_Road#Kern_River_Gold_Rush), [California](/source/California) (1853–58)

- Idaho Gold Rush, near [Colville, Washington](/source/Colville%2C_Washington) (1855; also known as the [Fort Colville](/source/Fort_Colville) Gold Rush)

- [Gila Placers Rush](/source/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River#Mohave_War_and_the_first_gold_rush_on_the_Colorado), [New Mexico Territory](/source/New_Mexico_Territory) (present-day [Arizona](/source/Arizona); 1858–59)

- [Fraser Canyon Gold Rush](/source/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1858–61)

- [Rock Creek Gold Rush](/source/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1859–60s)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

- [Pike's Peak Gold Rush](/source/Pike's_Peak_Gold_Rush), [Pikes Peak](/source/Pikes_Peak), [Kansas Territory](/source/Kansas_Territory) (present-day Colorado; 1859)

### 1860s

- [Holcomb Valley Gold Rush](/source/Holcomb_Valley_Gold_Rush), California (1860–61)

- Clearwater Gold Rush, [Idaho](/source/Idaho) (1860)

- [Otago gold rush](/source/Otago_gold_rush), New Zealand (1861)

- [Eldorado Canyon Rush](/source/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River#Eldorado_Canyon_Rush), [New Mexico Territory](/source/New_Mexico_Territory) (present-day [Nevada](/source/Nevada); 1861)

- [Colorado River Gold Rush](/source/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River#Colorado_River_Gold_Rush), [Arizona Territory](/source/Arizona_Territory) (1862–64)

- [Boise Basin Gold Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boise_Basin_Gold_Rush&action=edit&redlink=1), Idaho (1862)

- [Cariboo Gold Rush](/source/Cariboo_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1862–65)

- [Montana Gold Rush](/source/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City#Initial_gold_discovery) (1862–69), including:[22] - [Bannack](/source/Bannack%2C_Montana), [Virginia City](/source/Virginia_City%2C_Montana) ([Alder Gulch](/source/Alder_Gulch)), and [Helena](/source/Helena%2C_Montana) ([Last Chance Gulch](/source/Last_Chance_Gulch)) (1862–64) - [Confederate Gulch](/source/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City) (1864–69)

- [Stikine Gold Rush](/source/Stikine_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1863)

- [Owyhee Gold Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owyhee_Gold_Rush&action=edit&redlink=1), [Southeastern Oregon](/source/Southeastern_Oregon), [Southwestern Idaho](/source/Southwestern_Idaho) (1863)

- [Owens Valley Rush](/source/Owens_Valley_Indian_War#Apparent_peace.2C_mining_rush.2C_new_settlements_and_minor_incidents), [Owens Valley](/source/Owens_Valley), California (1863–64)

- [Leechtown](/source/Leechtown) Gold Rush, (south of [Sooke Lake](/source/Sooke_Lake)), Leech River, [Vancouver Island](/source/Vancouver_Island) (1864–65)

- [West Coast gold rush](/source/West_Coast_gold_rush), South Island, New Zealand (1864–67)

- [Big Bend Gold Rush](/source/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1865–66)

- [Francistown](/source/Francistown) Gold Rush, [British Protectorate of Bechuanaland](/source/Bechuanaland_Protectorate) (1867)[23]

- [Omineca Gold Rush](/source/Omineca_Gold_Rush), British Columbia (1869)

- Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, British Columbia (1860s)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

- Eastern Oregon Gold Rush (1860s–70s)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*]

- [Kildonan Gold Rush](/source/Kildonan_Gold_Rush), [Sutherland](/source/Sutherland), Scotland (1869)[24]

### 1870s

- [Lapland gold rush](/source/Lapland_gold_rush), Finland, 1870

- [El Callao](/source/El_Callao) Gold Rush, Venezuela, 1871

- [Cassiar Gold Rush](/source/Cassiar_Gold_Rush), British Columbia, 1871

- [Palmer River Gold Rush](/source/Palmer_River_Gold_Rush), [Palmer River](/source/Palmer_River), [Queensland](/source/Queensland), Australia (1872)

- [Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa](/source/Pilgrim's_Rest%2C_South_Africa) (1873)

- [Black Hills Gold Rush](/source/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush), [Black Hills](/source/Black_Hills) of [South Dakota](/source/South_Dakota) and [Wyoming](/source/Wyoming) (1874–78)

- Bodie Gold Rush, [Bodie, California](/source/Bodie%2C_California) (1876)

- Kumara Gold Rush, [Kumara](/source/Kumara%2C_New_Zealand) and Dillmanstown, New Zealand (1876)[25]

- [Millwood, South Africa](/source/Millwood%2C_South_Africa) (1876)

### 1880s

- [Barberton](/source/Barberton%2C_Mpumalanga) Gold Rush, South Africa (1883)

- [Witwatersrand Gold Rush](/source/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush), [Transvaal](/source/South_African_Republic), South Africa (1886); discovery of the [largest deposit](/source/Witwatersrand_Basin) of gold in the world. The resulting influx of miners became one of the triggers of the [Second Boer War](/source/Second_Boer_War) of 1899–1902.

- [Cayoosh Gold Rush](/source/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush) in [Lillooet, British Columbia](/source/Lillooet%2C_British_Columbia) (1884–87)

- [Tulameen Gold Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulameen_Gold_Rush&action=edit&redlink=1), near [Princeton, British Columbia](/source/Princeton%2C_British_Columbia)[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

- [Tierra del Fuego Gold Rush](/source/Tierra_del_Fuego_Gold_Rush), southernmost [Chile](/source/Chile) and [Argentina](/source/Argentina) (1884–1906)

- [Baja California Gold Rush](/source/Baja_California_Gold_Rush), in the [Santa Clara mountains](/source/Sierra_de_San_Pedro_M%C3%A1rtir) about sixty miles southeast of [Ensenada](/source/Ensenada%2C_Baja_California) (1889)[26]

- [Amur](/source/Amur) gold rush, on the China-Russia border. Some miners in the region formed independent proto-states such as the [Zheltuga Republic](/source/Zheltuga_Republic).

### 1890s

- [Cripple Creek Gold Rush](/source/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush), [Cripple Creek, Colorado](/source/Cripple_Creek%2C_Colorado) (1891)

- [Western Australian gold rushes](/source/Western_Australian_gold_rushes), [Kalgoorlie](/source/Kalgoorlie) and [Coolgardie](/source/Coolgardie), Western Australia (1893, 1896)

- [Mount Baker Gold Rush](/source/Mount_Baker_Gold_Rush), [Whatcom County, Washington](/source/Whatcom_County%2C_Washington), United States (1897–1920s)

- [Klondike Gold Rush](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush), centered on [Dawson City](/source/Dawson_City), [Yukon](/source/Yukon), Canada (1896–99)

- [Atlin Gold Rush](/source/Atlin_Gold_Rush), [Atlin, British Columbia](/source/Atlin%2C_British_Columbia) (1898)

- [Nome Gold Rush](/source/Nome_Gold_Rush), [Nome, Alaska](/source/Nome%2C_Alaska) (1899–1909)

- Fairview Goldrush, Oliver (Fairview), British Columbia, Canada

### 20th century

- [Fairbanks Gold Rush](/source/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush), [Fairbanks, Alaska](/source/Fairbanks%2C_Alaska) (1902–05)

- Goldfield Gold Rush, [Goldfield, Nevada](/source/Goldfield%2C_Nevada)[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

- [Porcupine Gold Rush](/source/Porcupine_Gold_Rush), 1909–11, [Timmins, Ontario](/source/Timmins%2C_Ontario), Canada – little known, but one of the largest in terms of gold mined, 67 million ounces as of 2001

- [Iditarod Gold Rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iditarod_Gold_Rush&action=edit&redlink=1), [Flat, Alaska](/source/Flat%2C_Alaska), 1910–12, where gold was discovered by [John Beaton](/source/John_Beaton_(miner)) and William A. Dikeman in 1908

- Soviet gold rush - notably involving [Gulag](/source/Gulag) slave labor in the [Kolyma](/source/Kolyma) region[27]

- [Andacollo](/source/Andacollo) gold rush, Chile, 1932–1938[28]

- [Kakamega gold rush](/source/Kakamega_gold_rush), Kenya, 1932

- [Vatukoula](/source/Vatukoula) Gold Rush, Fiji, 1932

- [Serra Pelada](/source/Serra_Pelada), [Brazil](/source/Brazil)

- [Mount Diwata](/source/Mount_Diwata) Gold Rush, [Monkayo](/source/Monkayo), [Philippines](/source/Philippines), 1983–1987[29]

- Amazon Gold Rush, [Amazon](/source/Amazon_Rainforest) region, Brazil[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*][30]

- Mount Kare Gold Rush, [Enga Province](/source/Enga_Province), [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea)[31][32]

### 21st century

- Great Mongolian Gold Rush, [Mongolia](/source/Mongolia) (2001)[33]

- [Bouaflé](/source/Bouafl%C3%A9) Gold Rush, [Ivory Coast](/source/Ivory_Coast) (2005)[34]

- Apuí Gold Rush, [Apuí](/source/Apu%C3%AD), [Amazonas](/source/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)), Brazil (2006);[35] approximately 500,000 miners are thought to work in the Amazon's gold mines ([Brazilian Portuguese](/source/Brazilian_Portuguese_language): *garimpos*).[36]

- [Peruvian Amazon](/source/Peruvian_Amazon) gold rush, [Madre de Dios](/source/Madre_de_Dios_Region) (2009)[37]

- [Tibesti Mountains](/source/Tibesti_Mountains) gold rush, [Chad](/source/Chad), [Libya](/source/Libya) and [Niger](/source/Niger) (2012)[38]

- [Djado Plateau](/source/Djado_Plateau) Gold Rush, Ténéré Desert and Aïr Massif, [Niger](/source/Niger) (2014)[39]

- Gold rush in [South Kivu](/source/South_Kivu), [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (2021)[40][41]

## See also

- [Bandwagon effect](/source/Bandwagon_effect)

- [Diamond rush](/source/Diamond_rush)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ralph K. Andrist (2015). [*The Gold Rush*](https://books.google.com/books?id=s8JPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29). New Word City. p. 29. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1612308975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612308975).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Reeves, Keir; Frost, Lionel; Fahey, Charles (22 June 2010). "Integrating the Historiography of the Nineteenth-Century Gold Rushes". *Australian Economic History Review*. **50** (2): 111–128. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00296.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8446.2010.00296.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Wendy Lewis](/source/Wendy_Lewis), Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006). *Events That Shaped Australia*. New Holland. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-74110-492-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Shining gold](http://www.lapland.fi/en/lapland/nature/gold?textsize=2) Lapland – Above Ordinary. Retrieved 29 September 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-museum_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-museum_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-museum_5-2) [A SHORT GOLD HISTORY OF FINLAND](http://www.kultamuseo.fi/en/historia.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161030182609/http://www.kultamuseo.fi/en/historia.htm) 2016-10-30 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Gold Prospector Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-partanen_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-partanen_6-1) [Lapin kullan kimallus elokuvan taustoja](http://www.kultahippu.fi/tarinat-2/lapin-kullankaivun-historia/lapin-kullan-kimallus-elokuvan-taustoja/) Kultahippu. Retrieved 29 September 2015. (in Finnish)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-The_North_Carolina_Gold_Rush_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-The_North_Carolina_Gold_Rush_7-1) ["The North Carolina Gold Rush"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131001410/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/4374). *Tar Heel Junior Historian 45, no. 2 (Spring 2006) copyright North Carolina Museum of History*. Archived from [the original](http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-newnation/4374) on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2009-10-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Nash, Gerald D. (1998). ["A Veritable Revolution: The Global Economic Significance of the California Gold Rush"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462518). *California History*. **77** (4): 276–292. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25462518](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462518).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** McPherson, James M. (1988). *Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-503863-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Gold Rushes: The First Gold Rush"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220130232226/http://novascotiagold.ca/theme/exploitation_de_lor-mining/ruee_vers_lor_un-gold_rush_one-eng.php/). *Art Gallery of Nova Scotia*. Archived from [the original](http://novascotiagold.ca/theme/exploitation_de_lor-mining/ruee_vers_lor_un-gold_rush_one-eng.php/) on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Halloran, Jim (September 2010). ["Alaska's Hope-Sunrise Mining District"](http://www.icmj.com/article.php?id=901). *Prospecting and Mining Journal*. **80** (1). Retrieved 28 November 2016.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Biographie"](http://robertwservice.blogspot.com/p/biographie.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["The gold exploration surge continues in Timmins"](https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/mining/the-gold-exploration-surge-continues-in-timmins-5723008). 22 August 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Turner, Bob; Quat, Marianne; Debicki, Ruth; Thurston, Phil (2015), ["Timmins: Canada's greatest goldfields!"](https://files.ontario.ca/ndmnrf-geotours-3/ndmnrf-geotours-timmins-en-2021-12-13.pdf) (PDF), *Natural Resources Canada and Ontario Geological Survey 2015*, GeoTours Northern Ontario series

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Ngai, Mae M. (2021). *The Chinese question : the gold rushes and global politics*. New York. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-393-63416-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63416-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1196176649](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1196176649).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MicheloudCrime_16-0)** Micheloud, François (2004). ["The Crime of 1873: Gold Inflation this time"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060520104428/http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Crime/Gold.htm). *FX Micheloud Monetary History*. François Micheloud: www.micheloud.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/MH/Crime/Gold.htm) on 2006-05-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Moya Pons, Frank. El oro en la historia dominicana. Primera edicion 1944. Series Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Santo Domingo, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Martinic_18-0)** Martinic Beros, Mateo. *Crónica de las Tierras del Canal Beagle*. 1973. Editorial Francisco de Aguirre S.A. pp. 55–65

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Soaring prices drive a modern, illegal gold rush](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/world/africa/14iht-mine.1.14477935.html), *New York Times*, July 14, 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Gold worth billions smuggled out of Africa"](https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/gold-africa-smuggling/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 24 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Gold rush"](https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-237388/gold-rush). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)*. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MaloneRoederLangChap4_22-0)** Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B.; Lang, William L. (1991). "Chapter 4, The Mining Frontier". [*Montana : a history of two centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=p-P59FkOPg0C) (Rev. ed.). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 64–91. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-295-97129-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97129-2). Retrieved 19 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Bainbridge, James; Firestone, Matthew D. (January 27, 2010). [*Southern Africa*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA85). Lonely Planet. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781740595452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740595452) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["*The Baile an Or project– Scotland's Gold Rush* Retrieved: 2010-03-31"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110625002621/http://baileanor.org/). Archived from [the original](http://www.baileanor.org/) on 2011-06-25. Retrieved 2010-03-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ENZ1966_25-0)** Dollimore, Edward Stewart. – ["Kumara, Westland"](https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/K/KumaraWestland/KumaraWestland/en) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065427/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/K/KumaraWestland/KumaraWestland/en) 2007-10-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). – *[Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966)](/source/Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand_(1966))*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Flanigan_26-0)** Flanigan, Sylvia K. (Winter 1980). Thomas L. Scharf (ed.). ["The Baja California gold rush of 1889"](https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1980/january/gold). *The Journal of San Diego History*. **26** (1). San Diego Historical Society Quarterly.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Levitan, Gregory (2008). "1: History of gold exploration and mining in the CIS". [*Gold Deposits Of The CIS*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H24TvKS9qGcC). Xlibris Corporation. p. 24. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781462836024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462836024). Retrieved 2017-10-29. The early 1930s were marked by the decision of the Communist Party Politburo to reinstate the institution of prospectors who had been banned as antisocialist elements in the second half of the 1920s. [Littlepage](/source/Jack_Littlepage) described in his book (1938) that by 1933 all plans to put prospectors back to work in the field had been worked out and implemented as rapidly as possible. Regulations to govern relations between prospectors and Gold Thrust were drawn up, setting in motion a Soviet gold rush.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Millán, Augusto (2006). *La minería metálica en Chile en el siglo XX* [*Metal Mining in Chile in the Twentieth Century*] (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: [Editorial Universitaria](/source/Editorial_Universitaria). pp. 13–14. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [956-11-1849-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-11-1849-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Rationalizing Mining Operations at the Diwalwal Gold Rush Area, Monkayo, Compostela Valley](https://www.geolsocphil.org/geocon_abstracts/geocon2005_47.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Marlise Simons (1988-04-25). ["In Amazon Jungle, a Gold Rush Like None Before"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D91038F936A15757C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Henton, Dave, and Andi Flower. 2007. *Mount Kare Gold Rush: Papua New Guinea 1988 – 1994*. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0646482811](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0646482811).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Ryan, Peter. 1991. *Black Bonanza: A Landslide of Gold*. [Hyland House](/source/Hyland_House_Museum). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0947062804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0947062804).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Grainger David (December 22, 2003). ["The Great Mongolian Gold Rush The land of Genghis Khan has the biggest mining find in a very long time. A visit to the core of a frenzy in the middle of nowhere"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060520203845/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/12/22/356094/index.htm). *[CNNMoney.com](/source/CNNMoney.com)*. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/12/22/356094/index.htm) on May 20, 2006. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:3_34-0)** Yassin Ciyow (2021-07-06). ["In Côte d'Ivoire, the precarious life of women gold prospectors"](https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/07/06/en-cote-d-ivoire-la-vie-precaire-des-chercheuses-d-or_6087252_3212.html). *Le Monde.fr*. Retrieved 2022-02-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Jens Glüsing (February 9, 2007). ["Gold Rush in the Rainforest: Brazilians Flock to Seek their Fortunes in the Amazon"](http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,464732,00.html). *[Der Spiegel](/source/Der_Spiegel)*. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Tom Phillips (January 11, 2007). ["Brazilian goldminers flock to 'new Eldorado'"](https://www.theguardian.com/brazil/story/0,,1987511,00.html). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Lauren Keane (December 19, 2009). ["Rising prices spark a new gold rush in Peruvian Amazon"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121804139.html). *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)*. Retrieved 2011-04-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Chamberlain, Gethin (January 17, 2018). ["The deadly African gold rush fuelled by people smugglers' promises"](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jan/17/deadly-african-gold-rush-people-smugglers-northern-chad-mines). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 2019-02-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Alissa Descotes-Toyosaki (2 April 2018). ["Niger: the gold rush"](https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Niger-la-ruee-vers-l-or-1489445). *Paris Match*. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["In Congo's gold rush, the money is in beer and brothels"](https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/12/19/in-congos-gold-rush-the-money-is-in-beer-and-brothels). *The Economist*. 2020-12-19. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0013-0613](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613). Retrieved 2021-03-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Congo bans mining in South Kivu village after gold rush"](https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-mining-idUSL5N2L27AI). *Reuters*. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-03-29.

## Further reading

- Ngai, Mae. *The Chinese Question: The Gold Rushes and Global Politics* (2021), Mid 19c in California, Australia and South Africa [*[ISBN missing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*]

- White, Franklin.*Miner with a Heart of Gold – Biography of a Mineral Science and Engineering Educator*. FriesenPress. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).

## External links

[Wikimedia Commons](/source/Wikimedia_Commons) has media related to:

[Gold rush](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush) ([category](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gold_rushes))

- [Object of History: the Gold Nugget](http://objectofhistory.org/objects/intro/goldnugget/)

- [*PBS' American Experience: The Gold Rush*](https://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-the-gold-rush-preview/)

- [Exploring the California Gold Rush](http://www.library.ca.gov/goldrush/)

- [The Australian Gold Rush](https://web.archive.org/web/20050923200923/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/goldrush/)

- [Off to the Klondike! The Search for Gold](http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P2_5_EN.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160402151908/http://www.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P2_5_EN.html) 2016-04-02 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) – illustrated historical essay

v t e Gold rushes of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries United States Carolina (1800s) Georgia (1829) California (1848) Pike's Peak (1858) Black Hills (1876) Nome (1899) Fairbanks (1902) Canada Queen Charlottes (1851) Fraser Canyon (1858–1860) Rock Creek (1860) Similkameen (1860) Stikine (1861–1862) Cariboo (1861–1866) Nova Scotia (1861–1874, 1896–1903, 1932–1942) Wild Horse Creek (1863–1865) Leechtown (1864–1865) Big Bend (1865) Omineca (1869) Cassiar (1871–?) Cayoosh (1884) Klondike (1897–1903) Porcupine (1911) Australia Victorian (1851) New South Wales (1851) Western Australian (1880s–1890s) New Zealand Otago (1861–1863) West Coast (1864–1867) Coromandel (1860s–1870s) Latin America Brazilian gold rush (began 1690s) Ouro Preto, Brazil (1750) Tierra del Fuego (Chile-Argentina) (1883) Andacollo, Chile (1930) Serra Pelada, Brazil (1980) Europe Wicklow, Ireland (1795) Kildonan, Scotland (1869) Lapland, Finland (1870) Africa Witwatersrand, South Africa (1886) Kakamega, Kenya (1930s) Part of a series on Gold mining

v t e American frontier 1776 to 1912 Native Nations Apache Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Kumeyaay Kutenai Lakota Lenape Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Muscogee Navajo Nez Perce Northern Paiute Nuu-chah-nulth Ojibwe Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pequot Pima Pueblo Seminoles Shoshone Sioux Southern Paiute Tohono Oʼodham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yakama Yaqui Yavapai Yuma (Quechan) Notable people Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Degataga Crazy Bear Crazy Horse Crazy Snake Dasoda-hae Geronimo Ganundalegi Irataba Kiliahote Manuelito Massai Plenty Coups Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Seattle Sitting Bull Smallwood Snapping Turtle Standing Bear Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Washakie Explorers and pioneers Antonio Armijo Daniel Boone John Bozeman Jim Bridger Tomás Vélez Cachupín William Clark Davy Crockett Donner Party John C. Frémont Liver-Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis Joe Mayer William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Juan Rivera Raphael Rivera Levi Ruggles Jedediah Smith Jack Swilling Trinidad Swilling Ora Rush Weed Richens Lacey Wootton Henry Wickenburg "Old Bill" Williams Brigham Young Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm "Wild Bill" Hickok Bat Masterson "Mysterious Dave" Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William "Bill" Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart "Curly Bill" Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Dalton Brothers (Grat, Bill, Bob, Emmett) Bill Doolin Bill Downing John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Frank James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Tiburcio Vásquez Younger Brothers (Cole, Bob, Jim, John) Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson "Buffalo Bill" Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Alexis Godey Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C. S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Andrew Jackson Zephaniah Kingsley Seth Kinman Octaviano Larrazolo Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Sedona Schnebly Thomas William Sweeny Peter Lebeck Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One-room schoolhouse Rocky Mountain Rendezvous Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First transcontinental railroad Folklore Dead man's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Long Tom's treasure Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River Bear Flag Revolt Chimayó Rebellion First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Mexican War Sand Creek massacre Seminole Wars Texas Revolution Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp-Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton–Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Bibliography of the American frontier Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Ghost towns Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Cuisine of the Western United States Chuckwagon Californian Native American New Mexican New Mexico chile Pacific Northwestern Rocky Mountain oysters Tex-Mex Gothic Western Weird West Western genre Western lifestyle Western music New Mexico Red Dirt Tejano Texas country Western wear Cowboy boots Cowboy hat Jeans Snap fastener Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Window Rock Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Fort Yates Pine Ridge Rapid City Standing Rock Yankton Florida Territory Angola Negro Fort Pensacola Prospect Bluff St. Augustine St. Marks Tallahassee Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Whiteclay Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Gibson Fort Sill Oklahoma City Okmulgee Pawhuska Tahlequah Tishomingo Tuskahoma Wewoka Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Kilgore Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Category

v t e Economic history of the United States and Commonwealth of Nations countries Commercial revolution (1000–1760) Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500) Great Slump (1430–1490) The Great Debasement (1544–1551) Financial Revolution (1690–1800) Slump of 1706 Great Frost of 1709 South Sea bubble (1713–1720) Mississippi bubble (1717–1720) Economic impact of the Seven Years' War (1754–1763) 1st Industrial Revolution/ Market Revolution (1760–1870) Industrial Revolution Scotland United States Wales Bengal Bubble of 1769 (1769–1784) British credit crisis of 1772–1773 American Revolutionary War inflation (1775–1783) Panic of 1785 (1785–1788) Copper Panic of 1789/Panic of 1792 (1789–1793) Canal Mania (c. 1790–c. 1810) Panic of 1796–1797 (1796–1799) 1802–1804 recession Carolina gold rush (1802–1825) Depression of 1807 (1807–1810) 1810s Alabama real estate bubble Alabama Fever 1812 recession Post-Napoleonic Depression (1815–1821) 1822–23 recession Panic of 1825 Panic of 1826 1828–29 recession Georgia Gold Rush (1828–c. 1840) 1830s Chicago real estate bubble 1833–34 recession Panic of 1837 (1836–1838 and 1839–1843) U.S. state defaults in the 1840s Railway Mania (c. 1840–c. 1850) Plank Road Boom (1844–c. 1855) 1845–46 recession Panic of 1847 (1847–1848) California gold rush (1848–1855) British Columbia gold rushes Queen Charlottes Gold Rush, 1851 Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, 1858 Rock Creek Gold Rush, 1859 Similkameen Gold Rush, 1860 Stikine Gold Rush, 1861 Cariboo Gold Rush, 1861–1867 Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush, 1863–1870 Leechtown Gold Rush, 1864–1865 Big Bend Gold Rush, c. 1865 Omineca Gold Rush, 1869 Victorian gold rush (1851–c. 1870) New South Wales gold rush (1851–1880) Australian gold rushes (1851–1914) 1853–54 recession Panic of 1857 (1857–1858) Pike's Peak gold rush (1858–1861) Pennsylvania oil rush (1859–1891) 1860–61 recession Colorado River mining boom (1861–1864) Otago gold rush (1861–1864) U.S. Civil War economy (1861–1865) First Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1861–1874) West Coast Gold Rush (1864–1867) Panic of 1866 (1865–1867) Vermilion Lake gold rush (1865–1867) Kildonan Gold Rush (1869) Black Friday (1869–1870) Gilded Age/ 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870–1914) Coromandel Gold Rushes (c. 1870–c. 1890) Cassiar Gold Rush (c. 1870–c. 1890) Long Depression 1873–1879; Panic of 1873 Black Hills gold rush (1874–1880) Colorado Silver Boom (1879–1893) Western Australian gold rushes (c. 1880–c. 1900) Indiana gas boom (c. 1880–1903) Ohio oil rush (c. 1880–c. 1930) Depression of 1882–1885 Panic of 1884 Cayoosh Gold Rush (1884) Witwatersrand Gold Rush (1886) 1887–88 recession Baring crisis (1890–1891) Cripple Creek Gold Rush (c. 1890–c. 1910) Panic of 1893 (1893–1897) Australian banking crisis of 1893 Black Monday (1894) Panic of 1896 Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899) Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1896–1903) Kobuk River Stampede (1897–1899) Mount Baker gold rush (1897–c. 1925) 1899–1900 recession Nome Gold Rush (1899–1909) Fairbanks Gold Rush (c. 1900–c. 1930) Texas oil boom (1901–c. 1950) Panic of 1901 (1902–1904) Cobalt silver rush (1903–c. 1930) Panic of 1907 (1907–1908) Porcupine Gold Rush (1909–c. 1960) Panic of 1910–11 (1910–1912) Financial crisis of 1914 (1913–14) World War home fronts/ Interwar period (1914–1945) World War I economy and home fronts Australia Canada United Kingdom United States Post–World War I recession (1918–1919) Recession of 1920–1921 1920s Florida land boom (c. 1920–1925) Roaring Twenties 1923–1924 recession 1926–1927 recession Great Depression 1929–1939; Wall Street crash of 1929 Panic of 1930 Great Contraction, 1929–1933 Recession of 1937–1938 Australia Canada India South Africa United Kingdom United States 1930s Kakamega Gold Rush Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1932–1942) World War II home front Australia Canada United Kingdom United States Post–WWII expansion/ 1970s stagflation (1945–1982) Great Compression 1945 recession Recession of 1949 (1948–1949) Hong Kong and Singapore Asian Tiger expansions (1950–1990) 1951 Canada recession Recession of 1953 (1953–1954) Recession of 1958 (1957–1958) Recession of 1960–1961 Kennedy Slide of 1962 Poseidon bubble (1969–1970) Recession of 1969–1970 1970s commodities boom 1973–1975 recession 1973–1974 stock market crash Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 1970s energy crisis 1973–1980; 1973 oil crisis 1979 oil crisis Steel crisis (1973–1982) 1976 sterling crisis Silver Thursday (1980) Early 1980s recession 1980–1982; United States Computer Age/ Second Gilded Age (1982–present) Great Moderation (1982–2007) 1980s oil glut Black Saturday (1983) New Zealand property bubble (c. 1985–) Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995) Black Monday (1987) Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989) Early 1990s recession 1990–1991; Australia United States 1990 oil price shock Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992) 1991 Indian economic crisis 1990s United States boom (1991–2001) 1990s India economic boom Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe (1991–present) Black Wednesday (1992) 1994 bond market crisis 1994 Papua New Guinea financial crisis Dot-com bubble 1995–2004; Stock market downturn of 2002 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27, 1997, mini-crash Early 2000s recession 2001; 9/11 stock market crash 2000s commodities boom (2000–2014) United States housing bubble (2002–2006) Canadian property bubble (2002–) 2003 Myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008) North Dakota oil boom (2006–2015) Uranium bubble of 2007 Great Recession 2007–2009; Australia and New Zealand Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka British West Indies Canada South Africa United Kingdom United States 2008 financial crisis September October November December 2009 Subprime mortgage crisis 2000s U.S. housing market correction U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 2007–2010 U.S. bank failures Corporate debt bubble (2008–) Blue Monday Crash 2009 2010 flash crash Malaysia Tiger Cub expansion (2010s) Australian property bubble (2010–) August 2011 stock markets fall Black Monday 2011 Bangladesh share market scam Cryptocurrency bubble (2011–) Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022) 2015–2016 stock market selloff Brexit stock market crash (2016) 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018) Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–2024) COVID-19 recession 2020–2022; 2020 stock market crash financial market impact sectoral impacts shortages Canada India Malaysia New Zealand United Kingdom United States 2020s commodities boom Global energy crisis 2021–2023; 2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis regional effects 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis 2021–2023 inflation surge Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024) 2022 stock market decline 2022–2023 global food crises 2023 United Kingdom recession 2023 United States banking crisis 2025 stock market crash Countries and sectors Australia rail transport slavery whaling/Western Australia Canada agriculture currencies early banking system list of recessions petroleum industry rail transport slavery technological and industrial whaling/Pacific Northwest Ghana India agriculture Company rule maritime British Raj Deindustrialisation salt tax slavery Malaysia New Zealand whaling Nigeria slavery Pakistan maritime rail transport South Africa slavery whaling Uganda United Kingdom Agricultural Revolution Atlantic slave trade banking British Empire English fiscal system Interwar unemployment and poverty list of recessions maritime/England/Scotland Middle Ages England/agriculture national debt Scotland/agriculture/Middle Ages rail transport/pre–1830/1830–1922/1923–1947/1948–1994/1995–present slavery trade unions Victorian era Wales whaling/Scotland United States agriculture banking/colonial-era credit/cooperatives/investment banking/wildcat banking business central banking coal mining indentured servitude iron and steel industry labor list of economic expansions list of recessions lumber industry maritime/colonial-era/1776–1799/1800–1899/1900–1999/2000–present monetary policy poverty petroleum industry/oil shale public debt rail transportation slavery/colonial-era slavery/forced labor/slave trade/slave markets tariffs taxation technological and industrial United States dollar whaling Zimbabwe Business cycle topics Aggregate demand/Supply Effective demand General glut Model Overproduction Paradox of thrift Price-and-wage stickiness Underconsumption Inflation and unemployment Chronic Classical dichotomy Debasement Debt monetization Demand-pull/cost-push/built-in inflation Deflation Disinflation Full employment Hyperinflation Money supply/demand NAIRU Natural rate of unemployment Neutrality of money Phillips curve Price level Real and nominal value Sahm rule Velocity of money Expansion Miracle Recovery Stagnation Interest rate Nominal interest rate Real interest rate Yield curve/Inverted Recession Balance sheet Depression Global Rolling Shapes Stagflation Shock Demand Supply Credit cycle topics Financial bubble Commodity booms/diamond rush/gold rush/oil boom Real-estate bubble/housing bubble/boomtown/ghost town Speculation Stock market bubble Financial crisis Bank run/bank failure Commodity price shocks Credit crunch Currency crisis Debt crisis Energy crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion Irrational exuberance Market trend Proposed bubbles AI bubble/AI boom/Fourth Industrial Revolution/Imagination Age Carbon bubble/Age of Oil/Peak oil Everything bubble Green bubble Social media stock bubble Unicorn bubble U.S. higher education bubble

Authority control databases International GND Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gold rush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_rush?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.