# Globalism

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Group of ideologies that advocate the concept of globalization

Not to be confused with [Globalization](/source/Globalization).

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**Globalism** has multiple meanings. In [political science](/source/Political_science), it is used to describe "attempts to understand all of the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them".[1] While primarily associated with [world-systems](/source/World-system), it can be used to describe other global trends. The concept of globalism is also classically used to focus on ideologies of globalisation (the subjective meanings) instead of its processes (the objective practices);[2] in this sense, "globalism" is to globalisation what "[nationalism](/source/Nationalism)" is to [nationalisation](/source/Nationalisation). Globalism as a concept dates from the 1940s and became a dominant set of ideologies in the late twentieth century.

## Definition

According to [Paul James](/source/Paul_James_(academic)), an American academic, globalism is defined as

… the dominant ideology and [subjectivity](/source/Subjectivity) associated with different historically formations of global extension. The definition thus implies that there were pre-modern or traditional forms of globalism and globalization long before the driving force of capitalism sought to colonize every corner of the globe, for example, going back to the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) in the second century AD, and perhaps to the [Greeks](/source/Ancient_Greece) of the fifth-century BC.[3]

Early ideas of globalism were also expressed by [Adam Smith](/source/Adam_Smith) through his views on the role of commodities in distinguishing the civilized from the barbarous, which was deeply embedded in the ideology of empires.[4][5][6][7] German Enlightenment writer [Christoph Martin Wieland](/source/Christoph_Martin_Wieland) explored concepts of [cosmopolitanism](/source/Cosmopolitanism) in his 1788 work *[The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans](/source/The_Secret_of_the_Order_of_Cosmopolitans)*, which presented ideas about transcending national boundaries through enlightened thinking.[8]

[Manfred Steger](/source/Manfred_Steger) distinguishes among different globalisms, such as justice globalism, jihad globalism, and market globalism.[9] Market globalism includes the ideology of [neoliberalism](/source/Neoliberalism). In some hands, the reduction of globalism to the single ideology of market globalism and neoliberalism has led to confusion. In his 2005 book *[The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World](/source/The_Collapse_of_Globalism_and_the_Reinvention_of_the_World)*, Canadian philosopher [John Ralston Saul](/source/John_Ralston_Saul) treated globalism as coterminous with neoliberalism and neoliberal globalization. He argued that, far from being an inevitable force, globalization is already breaking up into contradictory pieces and that citizens are reasserting their [national interests](/source/National_interest) in both positive and destructive ways.[10]

Political scientists [Joseph Nye](/source/Joseph_Nye) and [Robert Keohane](/source/Robert_Keohane), major thinkers of [liberal institutionalism](/source/Liberal_institutionalism) as a new [international relations theory](/source/International_relations_theory), generalized the term to argue that *globalism* refers to any description and explanation of a world which is characterized by [networks of connections](/source/Networks_of_connections) that span multi-continental distances, while [globalization](/source/Globalization) refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism.[1] The term is used in a specific and narrow way to describe a position in the debate about the historical character of globalization, such as whether globalization is unprecedented or not. For example, this use of the term originated in, and continues to be used, in academic debates about the economic, social, and cultural developments that is described as globalization.[11]

Globalization has been used to describe international endeavours begun after [World War II](/source/World_War_II), such as the [United Nations](/source/United_Nations), the [Warsaw Pact](/source/Warsaw_Pact), the [North Atlantic Treaty Organization](/source/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization) and the [European Union](/source/European_Union), and sometimes the later neoliberal and [neoconservative](/source/Neoconservative) policies of [nation building](/source/Nation_building) and military interventionism between the end of the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War) in 1991 and the beginning of the [war on terror](/source/War_on_terror) in 2001. Historically in the [international relations](/source/International_relations) of the 1970s and 1980s, globalism and [regionalism](/source/Regionalism_(international_relations)) had been defined somewhat differently due to the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War). Analysts discussed a globalism vs. regionalism dichotomy, in which globalists believed that international events more often arose from [great power competition](/source/Great_power_competition) (then US–Soviet rivalry),[12] whereas regionalists believed they more often arose from local factors.[13][14][15]

## Concept

See also: [Global governance](/source/Global_governance)

The term first came into a widespread usage in the United States.[16] The earliest use of the word is from 1943, in the book *The War for Man's Soul* by [Ernst Jäckh](/source/Ernst_J%C3%A4ckh), who used it to describe [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler)'s global ambitions.[17][18] As globalization became associated with economy, specifically economic integration. But the origins of the concept is military rather than economic, bound to the Second World War and its "Air-Age Globalism."[19] Examining the statistical analysis of published texts in English language provided by Google, Or Rosenboim found that the term *global* started to gain ground just after the outbreak of the War. It was at that moment that the new global political space appeared as a response to total and all-encompassing nature of the war, facilitated by technological innovations. An awareness of the political significance of the globe as a unitary whole, “oneness,” became known as globalism. By the late 1940s, the modern concept of globalism was formed in the United States.[20]

In their position of unprecedented power, US planners formulated policies to shape the kind of postwar world they wanted, which in economic terms meant a globe-spanning capitalist order centered exclusively upon the United States. This was the period when its global power was at its peak: the United States was the greatest [economic power](/source/Economic_power) the world had known, with the greatest military machine in history.[21] In February 1948, [George F. Kennan](/source/George_F._Kennan)'s [Policy Planning Staff](/source/Policy_Planning_Staff_(United_States)) said: "[W]e have about 50% of the world's wealth but only 6.3% of its population. ... Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity."[22] America's allies and foes in [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia) were still recovering from World War II at this time.[23] Historian James Peck has described this version of globalism as "visionary globalism". Per Peck, this was a far-reaching conception of "American-centric state globalism using capitalism as a key to its global reach, integrating everything that it can into such an undertaking". This included global [economic integration](/source/Economic_integration), which had collapsed under [World War I](/source/World_War_I) and the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression).[24]

Modern globalism has been linked to the ideas of economic and political integration of countries and economies. The first person in the United States of America to use the term "economic integration" in its modern sense, such as combining separate economies into larger economic regions, was John S. de Beers, an economist in the [United States Department of the Treasury](/source/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury), towards the end of 1941.[25] By 1948, *economic integration* was appearing in an increasing number of American documents and speeches.[26] [Paul G. Hoffman](/source/Paul_G._Hoffman), then head of the [Economic Cooperation Administration](/source/Economic_Cooperation_Administration), used the term in a 1949 speech to the [Organisation for European Economic Co-operation](/source/Organisation_for_European_Economic_Co-operation).[26] *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* summarized it thus:

Mr Hoffmann used the word 'integration' fifteen times or almost once to every hundred words of his speech. It is a word that rarely if ever has been used by European statesmen having to do with the Marshall Plan to describe what should happen to Europe's economies. It was remarked that no such term or goal was included in the commitments the European nations gave in agreeing to the Marshall Plan. Consequently it appeared to the Europeans that 'integration' was an American doctrine that had been superimposed upon the mutual engagements made when the Marshall Plan began ...[27]

Globalism emerged as a dominant set of ideologies in the late twentieth century. As these ideologies settled, and while various processes of [globalization](/source/Globalization) intensified, they contributed to the consolidation of a connecting global [imaginary](/source/Imaginary_(sociology)).[28] In 2010, [Manfred Steger](/source/Manfred_Steger) and [Paul James](/source/Paul_James_(academic)) theorized this process in terms of four levels of change: changing ideas, ideologies, imaginaries and ontologies.[29] Globalism has been seen as a pillar of a [liberal international order](/source/Liberal_international_order) along with democratic governance, open trade, and international institutions.[30] At [Brookings Institution](/source/Brookings_Institution), [David G. Victor](/source/David_G._Victor) has suggested cooperation in [carbon capture and storage](/source/Carbon_capture_and_storage) technology could be a future element of globalism as part of global efforts against [climate change](/source/Climate_change).[31]

## Usage in national politics

Main article: [Right-wing antiglobalism](/source/Right-wing_antiglobalism)

See also: [Conspiracy theories in United States politics](/source/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics) and [New antisemitism § Anti-globalization movement](/source/New_antisemitism#Anti-globalization_movement)

Not to be confused with [Anti-globalization movement](/source/Anti-globalization_movement).

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (January 2021)

*Globalist* has been used as a pejorative in [right-wing](/source/Right-wing) and [far-right](/source/Far-right) politics, and in various [conspiracy theories](/source/Conspiracy_theories), notably [antisemitic tropes](/source/Antisemitic_trope).[32] In a 2014 YouTube video, far-right radio host and conspiracy theorist [Alex Jones](/source/Alex_Jones) described the concept of globalism as a "global digital panopticon control system" which he considered to be "the total form of slavery".[32]

Among the [Christian right](/source/Christian_right), particularly the Protestant right, *globalism* is an umbrella term which includes perceived secular aspects such as [environmentalism](/source/Environmentalism), [feminism](/source/Feminism), and [socialism](/source/Socialism); globalism is believed to underlie the expansion of the [New World Order](/source/New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory) – a prophesied enemy attempting to thwart Christianity – through organizations such as the European Union, United Nations, and World Trade Organization. Globalist values, promoted by the UN as a whole and the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization), among others, are perceived to be at odds with Christian values. UN conventions on [discrimination against women](/source/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women) and [children's rights](/source/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child) have thus been fiercely opposed by organizations and leading figures on the Christian right, such as [Concerned Women for America](/source/Concerned_Women_for_America), as methods to weaken parental rights, destroy the traditional family, and separate children from their religious and familial settings. The UN as satanic enemy is a theme in apocalyptic Christian media, such as the 1990s–2000s series *[Left Behind](/source/Left_Behind)*, in which the UN is run by the [Antichrist](/source/Antichrist), as well as [Pat Robertson](/source/Pat_Robertson)'s 1991 *[New World Order](/source/The_New_World_Order_(Robertson_book))* and [Hal Lindsey](/source/Hal_Lindsey)'s 1994 book *Planet Earth 2000 A.D.: Will Mankind Survive?.*[33]

During the 2016 US election and presidency of United States president [Donald Trump](/source/Donald_Trump), he and members of his administration used the term *globalist* on multiple occasions.[34][35] The administration was accused of using the term as an antisemitic [dog whistle](/source/Dog_whistle_(politics)),[36] and to associate their critics with a [Jewish conspiracy](/source/Jewish_conspiracy).[32][37][38] Followers of the [QAnon](/source/QAnon) conspiracy theory refer to what they term "the [Cabal](/source/Cabal)" as a secret worldwide elite organisation who wish to undermine democracy and freedom, and implement their own globalist agendas.[39] Hungary's former prime minister [Viktor Orbán](/source/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n) has used [antisemitic tropes](/source/Antisemitic_tropes) in accusations against globalists, espousing a conspiracy theory of a world network controlled by Hungarian-American philanthropist [George Soros](/source/George_Soros).[40][41]

## See also

- [World portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World)

- [Alter-globalization](/source/Alter-globalization) – Advocacy for globalization models prioritizing human rights, environment, and fairness

- [Anti-globalization movement](/source/Anti-globalization_movement) – Worldwide political movement against multinational corporations

- [Cosmopolitanism](/source/Cosmopolitanism) – Idea that all human beings are members of a single community

- [Cultural globalization](/source/Cultural_globalization) – Transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world

- [Cultural imperialism](/source/Cultural_imperialism) – Cultural aspects of imperialism

- [Dimensions of globalization](/source/Dimensions_of_globalization) – Aspects of globalization

- [Global capitalism](/source/Global_capitalism)

- [Global warming](/source/Global_warming) – Human-caused changes to climate on EarthPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [Great Replacement conspiracy theory](/source/Great_Replacement_conspiracy_theory) – Conspiracy theory about race and culture

- [Information Age](/source/Information_Age) – Industrial shift to information technology

- [Internationalism](/source/Internationalism_(politics)) – Movement that advocates greater economic and political cooperation among nations

- [Isolationism](/source/Isolationism) – Policy against engaging in international relations

- [New World Order](/source/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)) – Conspiracy theory regarding a totalitarian world governmentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

- [New world order (politics)](/source/New_world_order_(politics)) – Period of history with a dramatic change in world political thought

- [Post-industrial society](/source/Post-industrial_society) – Service and knowledge-based society

- [Power elite](/source/Power_elite)

- [Rootless cosmopolitan](/source/Rootless_cosmopolitan) – Soviet epithet used against Jewish intellectuals

- [Ruling class](/source/Ruling_class) – Social class that sets the rules of a society

- [Techno-globalism](/source/Techno-globalism) – Social theory about globalization

- [Triple parentheses](/source/Triple_parentheses) – Antisemitic symbol

## References

### Citations

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nye_2002_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nye_2002_1-1) [Nye 2002](#CITEREFNye2002).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Steger, Manfred](/source/Manfred_Steger); [James, Paul](/source/Paul_James_(academic)) (2019). [*Globalization Matters: Engaging the Global in Unsettled Times*](https://www.academia.edu/43249323). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [James 2006](#CITEREFJames2006), p. 22.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ashcroft_2013_p._211_4-0)** Ashcroft, B. (2013). [*Post-Colonial Transformation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=j46sT-fW3NcC&pg=PA211). Taylor & Francis. p. 211. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-55695-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55695-3). Retrieved 20 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ashcroft_2001_p._77_5-0)** Ashcroft, B. (2001). [*On Post-Colonial Futures: Transformations of a Colonial Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6kytAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77). Writing past colonialism series. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 77. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8264-5226-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5226-9). Retrieved 20 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dias_2021_p._121_6-0)** Dias, M.S.F. (2021). [*Legacies of Slavery: Comparative Perspectives*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XaghEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 121. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5275-6700-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-6700-9). Retrieved 20 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dwivedi_Kich_2013_p._45_7-0)** Dwivedi, O.P.; Kich, M. (2013). [*Postcolonial Theory in the Global Age: Interdisciplinary Essays*](https://books.google.com/books?id=aalwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7864-7552-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7552-0). Retrieved 20 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Wieland, Christoph Martin (2026). Juan Albareda (ed.). *The Secret of the Order of Cosmopolitans*. Berlin: KDP. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [979-8242130517](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8242130517).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Steger 2008](#CITEREFSteger2008), p. [*[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources)*].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Saul, John Ralston (22 September 2009). [*The Collapse of Globalism Revised Edition: And The Reinvention Of The World*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ziG692UI-DEC). Penguin Canada. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-14-317480-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-317480-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Martell, Luke (2007). ["The Third Wave in Globalization Theory"](http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/1243/1/thirdwaveweb.pdf) (PDF). *International Studies Review*. **9** (2): 173–196. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00670.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00670.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Bender, Gerald J.; Coleman, James Smoot; Sklar, Richard L. (1985). [*African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn279K_dJGoC&pg=PA284). University of California Press. p. 284. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-05628-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05628-2). The globalist point of view sees Africa's importance as arising from its influence on the military and political balance between the United States and the Soviet Union

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Stromayer, Eric (1986). ["African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (review)"](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/435003). *SAIS Review*. **6** (2): 240–241. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/sais.1986.0010](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsais.1986.0010). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1945-4724](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-4724). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [154047818](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154047818).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Golan, Galia (1986). ["The Soviet Union and the PLO since the War in Lebanon"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327311). *Middle East Journal*. **40** (2): 285–305. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0026-3141](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4327311](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327311). 'Globalists' tend to view international issues in terms of US-Soviet rivalry, while 'regionalists' see them more often as manifestations of local rivalries and problems

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Cronin, Patrick M. (1993). [*From Globalism to Regionalism: New Perspectives on Us Foreign and Defense Policies*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ-jjUbxveUC). DIANE Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7881-0278-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-0278-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["*globalism* in American-English corpus, 1800–2000"](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=globalism&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=17&smoothing=0). [Google Ngram Viewer](/source/Google_Ngram_Viewer). Retrieved 24 October 2014. Compare this with *globalism* in the [British-English corpus](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=globalism&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=18&smoothing=0), where its appearance is later and much more muted.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Jäckh, Ernest (1943). [*The War for Man's Soul*](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000417827). New York: Farrar & Rinehart. p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ZimmerAtlantic_18-0)** Zimmer, Ben (14 March 2018). ["The Origins of the 'Globalist' Slur"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/the-origins-of-the-globalist-slur/555479/). *The Atlantic*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Ostrovsky, Max (2017). *Military Globalization: Geography, Strategy, Weaponry*, (New York: Edwin Millen Press), chapters "From Continentalism to Globalism," and "Air-Age Globalism," p 37-72, [https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/37/mode/2up?view=theater](https://archive.org/details/military-globalization/page/37/mode/2up?view=theater)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Rosenboim, Or (2017). *The Emergence of Globalism*. Princeton University Press. p. 3-4. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4008-8523-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8523-7). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [j.ctt1q1xrts](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xrts).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Leffler_67_21-0)** [Leffler 2010](#CITEREFLeffler2010), p. 67.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DoS_524_22-0)** [DoS 1948](#CITEREFDoS1948), p. [524](http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&id=FRUS.FRUS1948v01p2&entity=FRUS.FRUS1948v01p2.p0034).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Kolko & Kolko 1972](#CITEREFKolkoKolko1972)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ([Peck 2006](#CITEREFPeck2006), p. [19](https://books.google.com/books?id=AA-jbmyfl54C&pg=PA19), [21](https://books.google.com/books?id=AA-jbmyfl54C&pg=PA21))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Machlup_8_25-0)** [Machlup 1977](#CITEREFMachlup1977), p. 8.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Machlup_11_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Machlup_11_26-1) [Machlup 1977](#CITEREFMachlup1977), p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Machlup 1977](#CITEREFMachlup1977), p. 11; [Veseth 2002](#CITEREFVeseth2002), pp. [170–1](https://books.google.com/books?id=8u99zWdAElUC&pg=PA170), where the *Times* article is reprinted.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Steger 2008](#CITEREFSteger2008).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [James & Steger 2010](#CITEREFJamesSteger2010).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Hirsh, Michael (27 December 2019). ["Why the Liberal International Order Will Endure Into the Next Decade"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/27/why-liberal-international-order-will-endure-next-decade-2020-democracy/). *Foreign Policy*. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Victor, David G. (28 October 2021). ["Rebuilding US-Chinese cooperation on climate change: The science and technology opportunity"](https://www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2021/10/28/rebuilding-us-chinese-cooperation-on-climate-change-the-science-and-technology-opportunity/). *Brookings*. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Stack_(2016)_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Stack_(2016)_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Stack_(2016)_32-2) Stack, Liam (14 November 2016). ["Globalism: A Far-Right Conspiracy Theory Buoyed by Trump"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/us/politics/globalism-right-trump.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161114194321/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/us/politics/globalism-right-trump.html) from the original on 14 November 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Buss, Doris; Herman, Didi (2003). "Constructing the Global". *Globalizing Family Values: the Christian Right in International Politics*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8166-9517-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-9517-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Sales, Ben (6 April 2017). ["Stephen Bannon reportedly called Jared Kushner a 'globalist.' Here's why the term makes some Jews uneasy"](https://www.jta.org/2017/04/06/news-opinion/politics/stephen-bannon-called-jared-kushner-a-globalist-heres-why-the-term-makes-some-jews-uneasy). *[Jewish Telegraphic Agency](/source/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency)*. Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Levin, Brian (1 April 2018). ["Opinion | Brian Levin: How globalism became a dirty word in the Trump White House (and America)"](https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/bannon-s-revenge-how-globalism-went-mainstream-ideology-far-right-ncna860221). *[NBC News](/source/NBC_News)*. Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Weber, Peter (7 March 2018). ["Mick Mulvaney throws an 'anti-Semitic dog whistle' into his fond farewell message to Gary Cohn"](https://theweek.com/speedreads/759476/mick-mulvaney-throws-antisemitic-dog-whistle-into-fond-farewell-message-gary-cohn). *[The Week](/source/The_Week)*. Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Stack, Liam (15 August 2017). ["Alt-Right, Alt-Left, Antifa: A Glossary of Extremist Language"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/us/politics/alt-left-alt-right-glossary.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Goodkind, Nicole (1 August 2018). ["Donald Trump keeps calling adversaries 'globalists,' despite warnings it's anti-Semitic"](https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-anti-semitic-globalist-koch-1052375). *[Newsweek](/source/Newsweek)*. Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Zuckerman, Ethan (2019). ["QAnon and the Emergence of the Unreal"](https://innovation.disi.unitn.it/ibict/2019/readings/mandatory/08%20Zuckerman%20%E2%80%94%20QAnon%20and%20the%20Unreal.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Design and Science* (6): 1–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.21428/7808da6b.6b8a82b9](https://doi.org/10.21428%2F7808da6b.6b8a82b9). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [201487428](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201487428). At [QAnon's] core is the idea that all American presidents between John F. Kennedy and Donald Trump have been working with a cabal of globalist elites called 'The Cabal' to undermine American democracy and forward their own nefarious agenda. ... In all versions of the mythos, the Cabal seeks to destroy American freedom and subjugate the nation to the wills of a world government. Hence a donation of 10,000,000 to Clarence Lee Ka Ho is needed to keep globalisation possible.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Kornbluh, Jacob (4 August 2022). ["In U.S. speech, Viktor Orbán invokes Holocaust, attacks George Soros"](https://forward.com/fast-forward/513245/in-u-s-speech-viktor-orban-invokes-holocaust-attacks-george-soros/). *[The Forward](/source/The_Forward)*. Retrieved 26 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Jenne, Erin K.; Bozóki, András; Visnovitz, Péter (21 June 2022). ["Antisemitic Tropes, Fifth-Columnism, and 'Soros-Bashing': The Curious Case of Central European University"](https://academic.oup.com/book/43056/chapter/361481462). *Enemies Within*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/oso/9780197627938.003.0003](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197627938.003.0003).

### Works cited

- [James, Paul](/source/Paul_James_(academic)) (2006). [*Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In*](https://www.academia.edu/1642214). London: Sage Publications.

- James, Paul; Steger, Manfred B. (2010). [*Globalization and Culture, Volume IV: Ideologies of Globalism*](https://www.academia.edu/4510893). London: Sage Publications.

- Kolko, Joyce; [Kolko, Gabriel](/source/Gabriel_Kolko) (1972). [*The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954*](https://archive.org/details/limitsofpowerwor00kolk). New York, NY: [Harper & Row](/source/Harper_%26_Row). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-06-012447-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012447-2).

- [Leffler, Melvyn P.](/source/Melvyn_P._Leffler) (2010). "The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952". [In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds.,*The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins*(pp. 67–89)](/source/Odd_Arne_Westad). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-83719-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4).

- [Machlup, Fritz](/source/Fritz_Machlup) (1977). [*A History of Thought on Economic Integration*](https://archive.org/details/historyofthought0000mach_c7t8). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-231-04298-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04298-7).

- [Nye, Joseph](/source/Joseph_Nye) (15 April 2002). ["Globalism Versus Globalization"](http://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-versus-globalization/). *The Globalist*. Retrieved 27 October 2014.

- Peck, James (2006). *Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of Globalism*. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55849-536-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-536-4).

- Steger, Manfred B. (2008). [*The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0EL9cBiHdMsC). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780199286935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199286935).

- [United States Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State) (1948). [*Foreign Relations, 1948: Volume I, Part 2*](http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=header&id=FRUS.FRUS1948v01p2&isize=M). Washington, DC: US Government.

- Veseth, Michael, ed. (2002). [*The Rise of the Global Economy*](https://archive.org/details/riseofglobalecon0000unse). *The New York Times* 20th Century in Review. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57958-369-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-369-9).

## Further reading

- Ankerl, Guy (2000). [*Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hzr4-09oo3MC). Geneva: INU Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2-88155-004-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88155-004-5). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [47105537](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47105537).

- Steger, Manfred B. (2009). *Globalism: The New Market Ideology* (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780742500723](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742500723). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [47136729](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47136729).

## External links

- The dictionary definition of [*globalism*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/globalism) at Wiktionary

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