# Global city

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City important to the world economy

"World city" redirects here. For hypothetical planetwide cities, see [Ecumenopolis](/source/Ecumenopolis). For other uses, see [World city (disambiguation)](/source/World_city_(disambiguation)).

[New York City](/source/New_York_City) (top) and [London](/source/London) (bottom) are the only two cities ranked in the [Alpha ++ category](/source/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Alpha) by the [Globalization and World Cities Research Network](/source/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network). [Both cities](/source/NyLon) are considered leading business, [financial](/source/Financial_center), commercial, and cultural centers.

A **global city** (also known as a **power city**, **world city**, **alpha city**, or **world center**) is a [city](/source/City) that serves as a primary node in the [global economic network.](/source/World_economy) The concept originates from [geography](/source/Geography) and [urban studies](/source/Index_of_urban_studies_articles), based on the thesis that [globalization](/source/Globalization) has created a hierarchy of strategic [geographic locations](/source/Location_(geography)) with varying degrees of influence over [finance](/source/Finance), [trade](/source/Trade), and [culture](/source/Culture) worldwide.[1][2][3] The global city represents the most complex and significant hub within the international system, characterized by links binding it to other cities that have direct, tangible effects on global [socioeconomic](/source/Socioeconomics) affairs.[4]

The criteria of a global city vary depending on the source.[5] Common features include a high degree of [urban development](/source/Urban_planning), a large population, the presence of major [multinational companies](/source/Multinational_corporation), a significant and globalized [financial sector](/source/Financial_services), a well-developed and internationally linked [transportation infrastructure](/source/Transportation_infrastructure), local or national economic dominance, high quality educational and [research institutions](/source/Research_institutions), and a globally influential output of ideas, innovations, or cultural products. Global city rankings are numerous.[6] [New York City](/source/New_York_City), [London](/source/London), [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo), and [Paris](/source/Paris) are the most commonly mentioned.[7][8]

## Origin and terminology

The term *global city* was popularized by [sociologist](/source/Sociologist) [Saskia Sassen](/source/Saskia_Sassen) in her 1991 book, *The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo*.[9] Before then, other terms were used for urban centers with roughly the same features. The term 'world city', meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in a May 1886 description of [Liverpool](/source/Liverpool), by *[The Illustrated London News](/source/The_Illustrated_London_News)*;[10] British sociologist and [geographer](/source/Geographer) [Patrick Geddes](/source/Patrick_Geddes) used the term in 1915.[11] The term '[megacity](/source/Megacity)' entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th century, the earliest known example being a publication by the [University of Texas](/source/University_of_Texas) in 1904.[12] In the 21st century, the terms are usually focused on a city's [financial power](/source/Financial_center) and [high technology](/source/High-technology) infrastructure.[13][14]

## Criteria

[Manhattan](/source/Manhattan), the core area of [New York City](/source/New_York_City), an Alpha++ global city, where there are several characteristic elements of global cities[15] like worldwide influential economic ([New York Stock Exchange](/source/New_York_Stock_Exchange)) and cultural ([Broadway](/source/Broadway_theatre)) centers, headquarters of international political organizations ([UN headquarters](/source/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations)), world renowned museums ([the Met Museum](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art), [MOMA](/source/Museum_of_Modern_Art), [Guggenheim Museum](/source/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum)), and worldwide-known landmarks ([Times Square](/source/Times_Square), [Empire State Building](/source/Empire_State_Building), [Central Park](/source/Central_Park))

Competing groups have devised competing means to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from other cities.[11] Although there is a consensus on the leading world cities,[16] the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included.[11] Selection criteria may be based on a yardstick value (e.g., if the producer-service sector is the largest sector then city X is a world city)[11] or on an imminent determination (if the producer-service sector of city X is greater than the combined producer-service sectors of N other cities then city X is a world city.)[11] Although criteria are variable and fluid, typical characteristics of world cities include:[17]

- The most prominent criterion has been providing a variety of [international financial services](/source/Financial_center),[18] notably in [finance, insurance, real estate](/source/FIRE_economy), [banking](/source/Banking), [accountancy](/source/Accountancy), and [marketing](/source/Marketing); and their amalgamation of financial headquarters, a [stock exchange](/source/Stock_exchange), and other major financial institutions,

- [Headquarters](/source/Headquarters) of numerous [multinational corporations](/source/Multinational_corporations),

- Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area,

- Major manufacturing centers with [port](/source/Port) and [container](/source/Shipping_container) facilities,

- Considerable [decision-making power](/source/Power_(international_relations)) daily and at a global level,

- Centers of new ideas and [innovation](/source/Innovation) in business, economics, and culture,

- Centers of [digital](/source/Digital_media) and other media and communications for [global networks](/source/Global_networks),

- The dominance of the national region with great international significance,

- The high percentage of residents employed in the [services sector](/source/Services_sector) and [information sector](/source/Quaternary_sector_of_the_economy),

- High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities and [research](/source/Research) facilities; and attracting international student attendance,[19]

- Multi-functional [infrastructure](/source/Infrastructure) offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the country,

- High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.

## Rankings

### GaWC World Cities

Main article: [Globalization and World Cities Research Network](/source/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network)

The [Globalization and World Cities Research Network](/source/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network) (GaWC) is a British [think tank](/source/Think_tank) that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of [globalization](/source/Globalization). It is based in the [geography](/source/Geography) department of [Loughborough University](/source/Loughborough_University) in [Leicestershire](/source/Leicestershire), United Kingdom. GaWC was founded by [Peter J. Taylor](/source/Peter_J._Taylor) in 1998.[20] Together with Jon Beaverstock and [Richard G. Smith](/source/Richard_G._Smith_(geographer)), they create the GaWC's biennial categorization of world cities into "Alpha", "Beta", and "Gamma" tiers. The three tiers are further divided into subgroupings using plus and minus signs. The categorization is based upon the author's views of "international connectedness", primarily shown through a region's advanced services firms, such as in accountancy, finance, and law.[21] Primarily concerned with what it calls the "advanced producer services" of accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law, the cities in the top two classifications in the 2024 edition are:[22]

#### Alpha ++

- [London](/source/London)

- [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

#### Alpha +

- [Beijing](/source/Beijing)

- [Dubai](/source/Dubai)

- [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong)

- [Paris](/source/Paris)

- [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai)

- [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

- [Sydney](/source/Sydney)

- [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

### Global Cities Index (Kearney)

In 2008, the American journal *[Foreign Policy](/source/Foreign_Policy)*, working with the consulting firm [A.T. Kearney](/source/A.T._Kearney) and the [Chicago Council on Global Affairs](/source/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs), published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with [Saskia Sassen](/source/Saskia_Sassen), [Witold Rybczynski](/source/Witold_Rybczynski), and others.[23][24] The ranking is based on 27 metrics across five dimensions: business activity, [human capital](/source/Human_capital), information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.[25] The top ranked cities in 2025 are:[26]

1. [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

1. [London](/source/London)

1. [Paris](/source/Paris)

1. [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

1. [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

1. [Beijing](/source/Beijing)

1. [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong)

1. [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai)

1. [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles)

1. [Chicago](/source/Chicago)

### Global Cities Index (Oxford Economics)

Advisory firm [Oxford Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1) ranks the world's largest 1,000 cities based on 27 indicators across five categories (economics, [human capital](/source/Human_capital), [quality of life](/source/Quality_of_life), environment, and [governance](/source/Governance)) with more weight on economic factors. The top ranked cities in 2025 are:[27]

1. [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

1. [London](/source/London)

1. [Paris](/source/Paris)

1. [San Jose](/source/San_Jose%2C_California)

1. [Seattle](/source/Seattle)

1. [Melbourne](/source/Melbourne)

1. [Sydney](/source/Sydney)

1. [Boston](/source/Boston)

1. [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

1. [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco)

### Global Power City Index

The Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation first published a study of global cities in 2008. They are ranked in six categories: economy, research and development, cultural interaction, [livability](/source/Livability), environment, and accessibility. The top 10 cities in 2025 are:[28]

1. [London](/source/London)

1. [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

1. [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

1. [Paris](/source/Paris)

1. [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

1. [Seoul](/source/Seoul)

1. [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam)

1. [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai)

1. [Dubai](/source/Dubai)

1. [Berlin](/source/Berlin)

### World's Best Cities ranking

Consultancy firm Resonance publishes the World's Best Cities ranking. They are ranked in three categories: livability, lovability and prosperity, each of them using different factors. The top 10 cities in 2026 are:[29]

1. [London](/source/London)

1. [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

1. [Paris](/source/Paris)

1. [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

1. [Madrid](/source/Madrid)

1. [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

1. [Rome](/source/Rome)

1. [Dubai](/source/Dubai)

1. [Berlin](/source/Berlin)

1. [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona)

### Global Financial Centres Index

This section is an excerpt from [Global Financial Centres Index](/source/Global_Financial_Centres_Index).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Financial_Centres_Index&action=edit)]

The [Global Financial Centres Index](/source/Global_Financial_Centres_Index) (GFCI) ranks the competitiveness of [financial centres](/source/Financial_centre) based on over 29,000 assessments from an online questionnaire and over 100 indices from organisations such as the [World Bank](/source/World_Bank), the [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](/source/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (OECD), and the [Economist Intelligence Unit](/source/Economist_Intelligence_Unit).[30] It was first published in March 2007. It has been jointly published twice per year by the [London](/source/London)-based think tank [Z/Yen](/source/Z%2FYen) and the [China Development Institute](/source/China_Development_Institute) since 2015.[31] It is widely quoted as a top source for ranking financial centres.[32][33][34]

The 2026 ranking was:

1. [New York City](/source/New_York_City)

1. [London](/source/London)

1. [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong)

1. [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

1. [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco)

1. [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai)

1. [Dubai](/source/Dubai)

1. [Seoul](/source/Seoul)

1. [Shenzhen](/source/Shenzhen)

1. [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)

## See also

- [Cities portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cities)
- [World portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World)

- *[Caput Mundi](/source/Caput_Mundi)*

- [City quality of life indices](/source/City_quality_of_life_indices)

- [Ecumenopolis](/source/Ecumenopolis)

- [List of cities by GDP](/source/List_of_cities_by_GDP)

- [Ranally city rating system](/source/Ranally_city_rating_system)

## References

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Doel_and_Hubbard_11-4) Doel, M., & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities Literally: Marketing the City in a Global Space of flows", *City*, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 351–368. Subscription required.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Glover, John (17 March 2014). ["New York Strips London of Mantle as World's Top Financial Center"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-15/new-york-steals-london-s-mantle-as-world-s-top-financial-center). Bloomberg L.P. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150609062132/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-15/new-york-steals-london-s-mantle-as-world-s-top-financial-center) from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Global_Financial_Centres_Index_FT20150524_34-0)** Pooler, Michael (1 October 2014). ["New York and London vie for crown of world's top financial centre"](https://www.ft.com/content/b388de4c-174b-11e4-87c0-00144feabdc0). The Financial Times. Retrieved 24 May 2015.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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