# Ginglymodi > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ginglymodi > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ginglymodi.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi > Source revision: 1354750748 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Clade of ray-finned fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|earliest=Roadian|247|present|[Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic) ([Anisian](/source/Anisian))–present}} Possible [Permian](/source/Permian) records | image = Kaimanfisch (Lepisosteus oculatus).jpg | image_caption = [Spotted gar](/source/Spotted_gar) (''Lepisosteus oculatus'') | image2 = Macrosemimimus_fegerti.jpg | image2_caption = ''[Macrosemimimus fegerti](/source/Macrosemimimus)'' ([Semionotiformes](/source/Semionotiformes)) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany | taxon = Ginglymodi | authority = [Cope](/source/Edward_Drinker_Cope), 1871 | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups | subdivision = * {{Extinct}}''[Diandongichthys](/source/Diandongichthys)'' * {{Extinct}}''[Sangiorgioichthys](/source/Sangiorgioichthys)'' * {{Extinct}}''[Ticinolepis](/source/Ticinolepis)'' * {{Extinct}}Kyphosichthyiformes {{Small|Sun & Ni.2018}} **''[Kyphosichthys](/source/Kyphosichthys)'' **''[Luoxiongichthys](/source/Luoxiongichthys)'' **''[Yudaiichthys](/source/Yudaiichthys)'' **''[Fuyuanichthys](/source/Fuyuanichthys)'' **''[Lashanichthys](/source/Lashanichthys)'' * '''Neoginglymodi'''
{{Small|López-Arbarello & Sferco, 2018}} ** {{Extinct}}[Semionotiformes](/source/Semionotiformes) ** [Lepisosteiformes](/source/Lepisosteiformes) }} '''Ginglymodi''' is a [clade](/source/clade) of [ray-finned fish](/source/ray-finned_fish) containing modern-day [gar](/source/gar)s (Lepisosteidae) and their [extinct](/source/extinct) relatives (including the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Lepidotidae](/source/Lepidotidae)) in the [order](/source/Order_(biology)) [Lepisosteiformes](/source/Lepisosteiformes), the extinct orders [Semionotiformes](/source/Semionotiformes) and '''Kyphosichthyiformes''', and various other extinct [taxa](/source/taxa). Ginglymodi is one of the two major subgroups of the [infraclass](/source/infraclass) [Holostei](/source/Holostei), the other one being [Halecomorphi](/source/Halecomorphi), which contains the [bowfin](/source/bowfin) and [eyespot bowfin](/source/eyespot_bowfin) and their [fossil](/source/fossil) relatives. ==Fossil record== The [fossil record](/source/fossil_record) of ginglymodians goes back at least to the [Anisian](/source/Anisian) [stage](/source/stage_(geology)) of the [Triassic](/source/Triassic) [period](/source/period_(geology)), over 240 million years ago. ''[Eosemionotus](/source/Eosemionotus)'' is one of the earliest ginglymodians. ''[Acentrophorus](/source/Acentrophorus)'', another [taxon](/source/taxon) from the Middle and Late [Permian](/source/Permian), and ''[Paracentrophorus](/source/Paracentrophorus)'' from the [Early Triassic](/source/Early_Triassic) [epoch](/source/epoch_(geology)), could be even earlier members of the group. Ginglymodi was [diverse](/source/biodiversity) and widespread during the [Mesozoic](/source/Mesozoic) [era](/source/era_(geology)), but they represent a depauperate [lineage](/source/lineage_(evolution)) today. The group first evolved in marine environments, but several lineages made separate transitions into freshwater environments.{{Cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=Lionel |last2=Deesri |first2=Uthumporn |last3=Olive |first3=Sébastien |date=2019-07-22 |title=''Scheenstia bernissartensis'' (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium, with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=513–527 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649 |s2cid=199631685 |issn=1477-2019}} The basal ginglymodian order Kyphosichthyiformes is known from a few genera from the Triassic of China, many of which have deep bodies. Ginglymodi underwent substantial diversification during the Late Triassic and the Late Jurassic, with the Lepisosteiformes and Semionotiformes having likely diverged during the [Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic).{{Cite journal |last1=Cawley |first1=John J. |last2=Marramà |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |last4=Villafaña |first4=Jaime A. |last5=López-Romero |first5=Faviel A. |last6=Kriwet |first6=Jürgen |date=February 2021 |title=Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1769–1796 |doi=10.1002/ece3.7168 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=7882952 |pmid=33614003}} Early non-gar ginglymodians of all groups, but especially early lepisosteiforms, show heavy morphological [convergence](/source/Convergent_evolution) with modern [cypriniforms](/source/Cypriniformes) ([carp](/source/carp) and relatives), suggesting that they may have had a similar ecological niche. Notably, molecular evidence suggests that the cypriniforms may have originated and diversified around the same time and place (Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia)) that the similar freshwater ginglymodians showed major diversification.{{Cite journal |last1=Deesri |first1=Uthumporn |last2=Jintasakul |first2=Pratueng |last3=Cavin |first3=Lionel |date=2016-10-07 |title=A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=6 |article-number=e1225747 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747 |s2cid=89359438 |issn=0272-4634}} Eventually, some ginglymodians evolved a more predatory lifestyle, with the earliest known true gars from the Late Jurassic. Ginglymodians underwent a major decline during the mid-Cretaceous, eventually leaving gars as the only surviving members of the group. Gar fossils have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Only seven species exist today, distributed in the [freshwater](/source/freshwater) systems of North America.{{Cite journal |author1=Paulo M. Brito |author2=Jésus Alvarado-Ortega |author3=François J. Meunier |year=2017 |title=Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=17830 |bibcode=2017NatSR...717830B |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-17984-w |pmc=5736718 |pmid=29259200}} {{gallery| File:Ticinolepis.jpg|The [Middle Triassic](/source/Middle_Triassic) ''[Ticinolepis](/source/Ticinolepis)'' |File:Propterus.jpg|The [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) [macrosemiid](/source/Macrosemiidae) [semionotiform](/source/Semionotiformes) ''[Propterus](/source/Propterus) sp.'' |File:Macrosemius rostratus 3434.jpg|The [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) [macrosemiid](/source/Macrosemiidae) [semionotiform](/source/Semionotiformes) ''[Macrosemius rostratus](/source/Macrosemius)'' |File:Lepidotes maximus - Naturmuseum Senckenberg - DSC02236.JPG|The Late Jurassic European [lepidotid](/source/lepidotidae) [lepisosteiform](/source/Lepisosteiformes) ''[Scheenstia maxima](/source/Scheenstia)'' |Kyphosichthys.jpg|The basal ginglymodian ''[Kyphosichthys](/source/Kyphosichthys)'' (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China|Luoxiongichthys_hyperdorsalis_2.jpg|''[Luoxiongichthys](/source/Luoxiongichthys)'', a basal ginglymodian (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China||}} == Phylogeny == [Phylogenetic relationships](/source/Phylogeny) of Ginglymodi to other living neopterygian fish. {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%; | label1=[Neopterygii](/source/Neopterygii) | 1={{clade |1=[Teleostei](/source/Teleostei) 130px |label2=[Holostei](/source/Holostei) |2={{clade |1=[Halecomorphi](/source/Halecomorphi) ([bowfin](/source/bowfin), [eyespot bowfin](/source/eyespot_bowfin) and their fossil relatives) 130px |2='''Ginglymodi''' ([gar](/source/gar)s and their fossil relatives) 130px }} }} }} Phylogenetic relationships among different groups of ginglymodians ([cladogram](/source/cladogram) after Xu & Ma 2023):{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Guang-Hui |last2=Ma |first2=Xin-Ying |date=2023-10-16 |title=A new basal ginglymodian fish (Holostei: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Luoping Biota, Yunnan, China |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144/7319190 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=201 |issue=3 |language=en |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144 |issn=0024-4082|url-access=subscription }} {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%; | label1='''Ginglymodi''' | 1={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[Diandongichthys](/source/Diandongichthys)'' |2={{extinct}}''[Ticinolepis](/source/Ticinolepis)'' |3={{clade |label1={{extinct}}Kyphosichthyiformes |1={{clade |1={{clade |1= ''[Fuyuanichthys](/source/Fuyuanichthys)'' |2= ''[Kyphosichthys](/source/Kyphosichthys)'' }} |2={{clade |1= ''[Yudaiichthys](/source/Yudaiichthys)'' |2= ''[Lashanichthys](/source/Lashanichthys)'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}''[Sangiorgioichthys](/source/Sangiorgioichthys)'' |label2= |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}[Semionotiformes](/source/Semionotiformes) |2=[Lepisosteiformes](/source/Lepisosteiformes) }} }}}}}} }} == References == {{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}} {{Reflist|refs= {{cite journal |last1=López-Arbarello |first1=A. |last2=Sferco |first2=E. |title=Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2018 |volume=5 |issue=3 |article-number=172337 |doi=10.1098/rsos.172337|pmid=29657820 |pmc=5882744 |bibcode=2018RSOS....572337L |doi-access=free }} {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |year=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6}} {{Cite journal|last=Romano|first=Carlo|date=2021|title=A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|volume=8|page=672|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.618853|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}} {{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=G. |last2=Ma |first2=X. |last3=Wu |first3=F. |last4=Ren |first4=Y. |title=A Middle Triassic kyphosichthyiform from Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic reassessment of early ginglymodians |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |date=2019 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190319 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334308274}} }} {{Ginglymodi}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1525014}} Category:Ginglymodi Category:Vertebrate unranked clades Category:Anisian first appearances Category:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope {{Rayfinned-fish-stub}} --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ginglymodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.