# Gifford Lectures

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Annual series of lectures on natural theology

The **Gifford Lectures** ([/ˈɡɪfərd/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) are an annual series of [lectures](/source/Lecture) which were established in 1887 by the [will](/source/Will_and_testament) of [Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford](/source/Adam_Gifford%2C_Lord_Gifford) at the four [ancient universities of Scotland](/source/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland): [St Andrews](/source/University_of_St_Andrews), [Glasgow](/source/University_of_Glasgow), [Aberdeen](/source/University_of_Aberdeen) and [Edinburgh](/source/University_of_Edinburgh). Their purpose is to "promote and diffuse the study of [natural theology](/source/Natural_theology) in the widest sense of the term – in other words, the knowledge of God." A Gifford lectures appointment is one of the most prestigious honours in Scottish academia.[1][2][3]

University calendars record that at the four Scottish universities, the Gifford Lectures are to be "public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community (for a [tuition fee](/source/Tuition_fee)[4]) without [matriculation](/source/Matriculation). Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral".[5] The lectures are normally presented as a series over an academic year and given with the intent that the edited content be published in book form. A number of these works have become classics in the fields of [theology](/source/Theology) or [philosophy](/source/Philosophy) and the [relationship between religion and science](/source/Relationship_between_religion_and_science).

In 1889, those attending the Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews were described as "mixed" and included women as well as male [undergraduates](/source/Undergraduates).[6] The first woman appointed was [Hannah Arendt](/source/Hannah_Arendt) who presented in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.[7]

A comparable lecture series is the [John Locke Lectures](/source/John_Locke_Lectures), which are delivered annually at the [University of Oxford](/source/University_of_Oxford).

## List of lectures

### Aberdeen

Year Speaker(s) Lecture(s)[8] ISBN 1889–91 E. B. Tylor The Natural History of Religion 1892–94 Andrew Martin Fairbairn The Philosophy of the Christian Religion 1896–98 James Ward Naturalism and Agnosticism 1898–00 Josiah Royce The World and the Individual 1904–06 James Adam The Religious Teachers of Greece 1907–08 Hans Driesch The Science and Philosophy of the Organism 1911–13 Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy 1914–15 William Ritchie Sorley Moral Values and the Idea of God 1930–32 Etienne Gilson The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy 1936–38 Karl Barth The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation 1939–40 Arthur Darby Nock Hellenistic Religion - The Two Phases 1949–50 Gabriel Marcel The Mystery of Being and Faith and Reality ISBN 1-890318-85-X ISBN 1-890318-86-8 1951–52 Michael Polanyi Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy ISBN 0-226-67288-3 1953–54 Paul Tillich Systematic Theology (3 vols.) ISBN 0-226-80337-6 ISBN 0-226-80338-4 ISBN 0-226-80339-2 1963–65 Alister Hardy The Living Stream and The Divine Flame 1965–67 Raymond Aron La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action 1970–72 Arend Theordore van Leeuwen The Critique of Heaven and Earth 1972–74 Hannah Arendt Life of the Mind 1982–84 Richard Swinburne The Evolution of the Soul ISBN 0-19-823698-0 1984–85 Freeman Dyson Infinite In All Directions ISBN 0-06-072889-2 1989–91 Ian Barbour Religion in an Age of Science ISBN 0-06-060383-6 1992–93 Jaroslav Pelikan Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism ISBN 0-300-06255-9 1994–95 John W. Rogerson Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894 M. A. Stewart New Light and Enlightenment Peter Jones Science and Religion before and after Hume James H. Burns The Order of Nature Alexander Broadie The Shadow of Scotus 1997–98 Russell Stannard The God Experiment 2000–01 John S. Habgood The Concept of Nature 2003 Eleonore Stump Wandering in the Darkness 2003–04 John Haldane Mind, Soul and Deity 2007 Stephen Pattison Seeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual Artefacts ISBN 978-0-334-04149-8 2009 Alister McGrath A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology ISBN 978-0-664-23310-5 2012 Sarah Coakley Sacrifice Regained: Evolution, Cooperation and God 2014 David N. Livingstone Dealing with Darwin: Place, Politics and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution ISBN 978-1-421-41326-6 2016 Mona Siddiqui Struggle, Suffering and Hope: Explorations in Islamic and Christian Traditions ISBN 978-1-316-51854-0 2017 David Novak Athens and Jerusalem: God, Humans, and Nature ISBN 978-1-487-50617-9 2018 N. T. Wright Discerning the Dawn: History, Eschatology and New Creation, published as History and Eschatology: Jesus and the Promise of Natural Theology, 2019 ISBN 978-1-4813-0962-2 2022 John Dupré A Brief History of Form Tim Whitmarsh Religion and Ancient Mediterranean Thought Lisa Sideris Unnatural Theology in the Anthropocene Robert McCauley Religions and their Cognitive Kin John Witte Jr. A New Calvinist Reformation of Rights 2024 Miri Rubin The Feminine and the Religious Imagination 2025 Miroslav Volf Amor Mundi: God and the Character of Our Relation to the World 2026 Jeremy Begbie TBC TBD Catherine Pickstock TBC

### Edinburgh

Year Speaker(s) Lecture(s)[9] ISBN 1889–90 James Hutchison Stirling Philosophy and Theology 1891 George Gabriel Stokes Natural Theology 1892–94 Otto Pfleiderer Philosophy and Development of Religion 1896–98 Cornelis Tiele On the Elements of the Science of Religion ISBN 0-404-60480-3 1900–02 William James The Varieties of Religious Experience ISBN 0-679-64011-8 1909–10 William Warde Fowler The Religious Experience of the Roman People ISBN 0-8154-0372-0 1911–12 Bernard Bosanquet The Principle of Individuality and Value ISBN 0-527-10036-6 1913–14 Henri Bergson The Problem of Personality 1915–16 William Mitchell Ramsay Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization ISBN 0-89005-173-9 1919–21 George Stout Mind and Matter pub. 1931 1921–23 Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison Studies in the Philosophy of Religion ISBN 0-404-60474-9 1923–35 James George Frazer The Worship of Nature ISBN 1-56459-532-3 1926–27 Arthur Eddington The Nature of the Physical World ISBN 0-472-06015-5 1927–28 Alfred North Whitehead Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology ISBN 0-02-934570-7 1928–29 John Dewey The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action ISBN 1-4179-0845-9 1934–35 Albert Schweitzer The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics (unpublished) 1937–38 Charles Sherrington Man on His Nature ISBN 0-521-06436-8 1938–40 Reinhold Niebuhr The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation ISBN 0-664-25709-7 1947–49 Christopher Dawson Vol. 1 Religion and Culture Vol. 2 Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (1950) ISBN 0-404-60498-6 ISBN 0-385-42110-9 1949–50 Niels Bohr Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics ISBN 1-881987-14-0 1950–52 Charles Earle Raven Natural Religion and Christian Theology 1952–53 Arnold J. Toynbee An Historian's Approach to Religion ISBN 0-19-215260-2 1954–55 Rudolf Bultmann History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity ISBN 0-8371-8123-2 1961–62 John Baillie The Sense of the Presence of God Archived 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine 1970–71 Eric Lionel Mascall The Openness of Being ISBN 0-232-51159-4 1973–74 Owen Chadwick The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century ISBN 0-521-39829-0 1974–76 Stanley Jaki The Road of Science and the Ways to God ISBN 0-226-39145-0 1978–79 Sir John Eccles The Human Mystery and The Human Psyche ISBN 0-387-09954-9 1979–80 Ninian Smart The Varieties of Religious Identity, published as Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation ISBN 0-06-067402-4 1980–81 Seyyed Hossein Nasr Knowledge and the Sacred ISBN 0-7914-0177-4 1981–82 Iris Murdoch Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals ISBN 0-14-017232-7 1983–84 David Daiches God and the Poets ISBN 0-19-812825-8 1984–85 Jurgen Moltmann God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God ISBN 0-8006-2823-3 1985–86 Paul Ricoeur Oneself as another ISBN 0-226-71329-6 1986–87 John Hick An Interpretation of Religion ISBN 0-300-10668-8 1987–88 Alasdair MacIntyre Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry ISBN 0-7156-2337-0 1988–89 Raimon Panikkar Trinity and Theism ISBN 978-1-57075-855-3 1989–90 Mary Douglas Claims on God: published (much revised) as In the Wilderness ISBN 1-85075-444-6 1991–92 Annemarie Schimmel Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam ISBN 978-0791419823 1992–93 Martha C. Nussbaum Upheavals of Thought: A Theory of the Emotions 1993–94 John Polkinghorne Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker ISBN 0-281-04714-6 1995–96 G. A. Cohen If you're an Egalitarian, how come you're so Rich? ISBN 0-674-00693-3 1996–97 Richard Sorabji Emotions and How to Cope with Them, published as Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation ISBN 0-19-825005-3 1997–98 Holmes Rolston III Genes, Genesis and God ISBN 0-521-64674-X 1998–99 Charles Taylor Living in a Secular Age, published as A Secular Age ISBN 0-674-02676-4 1999–00 David Tracy This side of God 2000–01 Onora O'Neill Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics 2001–02 Mohammed Arkoun Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason 2002–03 Michael Ignatieff The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror ISBN 0-691-11751-9 2003–04 J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology ISBN 0-8028-3246-6 2004–05 Margaret Anstee Stephen Toulmin Noam Chomsky Delivered a series of lectures dedicated to Edward Said who was scheduled to give the 2004–05 series before his death in 2003 2005–06 Jean Bethke Elshtain Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self 2006–07 Simon Conway Morris Darwin 's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation Jonathan Riley-Smith The Crusades and Christianity 2007–08 Alexander Nehamas "Because it was he, because it was I": Friendship and Its Place in Life 2008 Robert M. Veatch Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict 2008–09 Diana Eck The Age of Pluralism [April–May 2009] 2009–10 Michael Gazzaniga Mental Life [October 2009] Terry Eagleton The God Debate [March 2010] 2010–11 Peter Harrison Science, Religion and the Modern World, published as The Territories of Science and Religion ISBN 978-0226184487 Gordon Brown The Future of Jobs and Justice 2011–12 Lord Sutherland of Houndwood David Hume and Civil Society Diarmaid MacCulloch Silence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog Jim Al-Khalili Alan Turing: Legacy of a Code Breaker – one-off joint lecture between the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the School of Informatics 2012–13 Bruno Latour "Once Out of Nature" - Natural Religion as a Pleonasm Steven Pinker The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity[10] 2013–14 Onora O'Neill From Toleration to Freedom of Expression Rowan Williams Making representations: religious faith and the habits of language Catherine O'Regan "What is Caesar's?" Adjudicating faith in modern constitutional democracies 2014–15 Jeremy Waldron One Another's Equals: The Basis of Human Equality Helga Nowotny Beyond Innovation. Temporalities. Re-use. Emergence. 2015–16 Kathryn Tanner Christianity and the New Spirit of Capitalism 2016–17 Richard English Nationalism, Terrorism and Religion Jeffrey Stout Religion Unbound: Ideals and Powers from Cicero to King 2017–18 Agustín Fuentes Why We Believe: evolution, making meaning, and the development of human natures Elaine Howard Ecklund Science and Religion in Global Public Life 2018–19 Mary Beard The Ancient World and Us: From Fear and Loathing to Enlightenment and Ethics 2019–20 Michael Welker In God's Image: Anthropology 2020–21 David Hempton Networks, Nodes, and Nuclei in the History of Christianity, c. 1500-2020 2021–22 Susan Neiman Heroism for a Time of Victims 2022–23 John Dupré A Process Perspective on Human Life 2023–24 Cornel West A Jazz-soaked Philosophy for our Catastrophic Times: From Socrates to Coltrane 2024–25 Alexandra Walsham Religious Movements: Motion and Emotion in Early Modern Christian History 2025–26 Paula Fredriksen The Conversions of Christianity 2026–27 Alondra Nelson TBC

### Glasgow

Year Speaker(s) Lecture(s)[11] ISBN 1888–92 Friedrich Max Müller 1888: Natural Religion Vol. 1 & 2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion 1892–96 John Caird The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol. 1 & 2 1896–98 Alexander Balmain Bruce The Moral Order of the World and The Providential Order of the World 1900–02 Edward Caird The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers 1914 Arthur Balfour Theism and Humanism ISBN 1-58742-005-8 1916–18 Samuel Alexander Space, Time, and Deity ISBN 0-7661-8701-2 ISBN 0-7661-8702-0 1922 Arthur Balfour Theism and Thought 1927–28 J. S. Haldane The Sciences and Philosophy ISBN 0-404-60479-X 1932–34 William Temple Nature, Man and God 1952–54 John Macmurray The Form of the Personal Vol.1 & 2: The Self as Agent and Persons in Relation ISBN 1-57392-337-0 ISBN 1-57392-625-6 1959 Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker The Relevance of Science 1965 Herbert Butterfield Historical Writing and Christian Beliefs and Human Beliefs and the Development of Historical Writing[12] 1970 Richard William Southern The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought 1974-76 Basil Mitchell Morality, Religious and Secular 1981 Stephen R. L. Clark From Athens to Jerusalem 1985 Carl Sagan The Search for Who We Are ISBN 1-59420-107-2 1986 Donald M. MacKay Behind the Eye[13] 1988 Don Cupitt Nature and Culture Richard Dawkins Worlds in Microcosm 1992 Mary Warnock Imagination and Understanding, published as Imagination and Time ISBN 0-631-19019-8 1993–94 Keith Ward Religion and Revelation ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3 1995–96 Geoffrey Cantor John Hedley Brooke Reconstructing Nature 1997–98 R. J. Berry Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything 1999–00 Ralph McInerny Characters in Search of Their Author 2001 Lynne Baker Brian Hebblethwaite Philip Johnson-Laird George Lakoff Michael Ruse The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding 2003–04 Simon Blackburn Reason's Empire 2005 Lenn Goodman Abdulaziz Sachedina John E. Hare Thou Shall Love Thy Neighbor as Thyself 2007–08 David Fergusson Religion and Its Recent Critics published as Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation ISBN 978-0-19-956938-0 2008–09 Charles Taylor The Necessity of Secularist Regimes 2009–10 Gianni Vattimo The End of Reality 2012 Vilayanur Ramachandran Body and Mind: Insights from Neuroscience 2014 Jean-Luc Marion Givenness and Revelation 2015 Perry Schmidt-Leukel Interreligious Theology: The Future Shape of Theology 2016 Sean M. Carroll The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself 2018 Judith Butler My Life, Your Life: Equality and the Philosophy of Non-Violence 2019 Kevin Hart Philosophia and Religions Mark Pagel Wired for Culture: The Origins of the Human Social Mind, or Why Humans Occupied the World 2020 T.J. Clark Heaven on Earth: Painting and the Life to Come 2022 Manthia Diawara Terri Geis Towards a New Sacred Jack Halberstam Collapse, Demolition, and the Queer Geographies and Unworlding: An Aesthetics of Collapse 2023 Mark Williams The Japanese Religious Melting Pot and the Significance of Christianity Jean-Luc Marion Kevin Hart Revelation and Contemplation 2025 Jochen Schmidt Precarious Humility, Word Crises and World Crises

### St Andrews

Year Speaker(s) Lecture(s)[14] ISBN 1889–90 Andrew Lang The Making of Religion[15] 1890–92 Edward Caird The Evolution of Religion 1894–96 Lewis Campbell Religion in Greek Literature 1899–01 Rodolfo Lanciani New Tales of Old Rome 1902–04 Richard Haldane The Pathway to Reality ISBN 0-404-60459-5 1907–09 James Ward The Realm of Ends or Pluralism and Theism 1911–13 James George Frazer The Belief in Immortality 1914–16 J. A. Thomson The System of Animate Nature 1917–19 William Ralph Inge The Philosophy of Plotinus ISBN 1-59244-284-6 1919–20 Lewis Richard Farnell Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality 1921–22 C. Lloyd Morgan Emergent Evolution (1923) and Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925) ISBN 0-404-60468-4 1924–25 Lewis Richard Farnell The Attributes of God 1926–28 Alfred Edward Taylor The faith of a moralist, The Theological Implications of Morality; Natural Theology and the Positive Religions (1930) 1929–30 Charles Gore The Philosophy of the Good Life (1930) 1930–32 Robert Ranulph Marett Faith, Hope & Charity in Primitive Religion 1935–36 Hensley Henson Christian Morality 1936–37 Werner Jaeger The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers (1936) 1937–38 William G. de Burgh From Morality to Religion 1938 Joseph Bidez Plato and the Orient 1939–40 Richard Kroner The Primacy of Faith 1946–48 Emil Brunner Christianity and Civilisation 1949–50 Herbert James Paton The Modern Predicament 1951–53 Brand Blanshard Reason, Belief and Goodness 1953–55 C. A. Campbell On Selfhood and Godhood 1955–56 Werner Heisenberg Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science ISBN 1-57392-694-9 1959–60 Georg Henrik von Wright Norm and Action (1963)[16] and The Varieties of Goodness (1963)[17] 1962–64 Henry Chadwick Authority in the Early Church 1964–66 John Findlay The Discipline of the Cave (1966), and The Transcendence of the Cave (1967) ISBN 978-0-04-111002-9 1967–69 Robert Charles Zaehner Concordant Discord. The Interdependence of Faiths. 1969–71 William Homan Thorpe Animal Nature and Human Nature 1972–73 Alfred Ayer The Central Questions of Philosophy ISBN 0-03-013116-2 1975–77 Reijer Hooykaas Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science 1977–78 David Stafford-Clark Myth, Magic and Denial 1979–80 Frederick Copleston Religion and the One: Philosophies East and West 1980–81 Gregory Vlastos Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher 1982–83 Donald Geoffrey Charlton New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800 1983–84 John Macquarrie In Search of Deity 1984–85 Adolf Grünbaum Psychoanalytic Theory and Science 1986–87 Antony Flew The Logic of Mortality 1988–89 Walter Burkert Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense 1990–91 Hilary Putnam Renewing Philosophy 1992–93 Arthur Peacocke Nature, God and Humanity Roger Penrose The Question of Physical Reality 1995 Nicholas Wolterstorff Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology 1996–97 Michael Dummett Thought and Reality 1998–99 Robert Merrihew Adams God and Being Marilyn McCord Adams The Coherence of Christology 2000–01 Stanley Hauerwas With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology ISBN 1-58743-016-9 2002 Peter van Inwagen The Problem of Evil ISBN 978-0-19-954397-7 2004–05 Alvin Plantinga Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord 2007 Martin Rees 21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges 2010 Roger Scruton The Face of God 2012 Denis Alexander Genes, Determinism and God 2015 Linda Zagzebski Exemplarist Virtue Theory published as Exemplarist Moral Theory ISBN 978-0-19-065584-6 2017 Michael Rea Though the Darkness Hide Thee: Seeking the Face of the Invisible God 2019 Mark Johnston Ontotheology as Antidote for Idolatry 2021 Oliver O'Donovan The Disappearance of Ethics[18] 2024 Clare Carlisle Transcendence for Beginners: Life Writing and Philosophy 2026 John Swinton The Symptom’s Secret: An Apocalyptic Theology of Mental Health

## Support from Templeton Religion Trust

Established at the behest of [John Templeton](/source/John_Templeton), the Gifford Lectures [website](https://www.giffordlectures.org) was designed to increase the strategic impact of the Gifford program. Developed and managed by Templeton Press through May 2021, the website is now managed through a grant from [Templeton Religion Trust](/source/Templeton_Religion_Trust).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Long, Eugene Thomas (1988). ["Lord Gifford and his Lectures: The First Year (1888-1889)"](https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=ssl). *Studies in Scottish Literature*. **23** (1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Spurway, Neil (2013). "Gifford Lectures". *Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions*. pp. 935–938. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_471](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8265-8_471). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4020-8264-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8264-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["HDS Dean Hempton to Deliver Prestigious Gifford Lectures"](https://hds.harvard.edu/news/2021/09/29/hds-dean-hempton-deliver-prestigious-gifford-lectures). *Harvard Divinity School*. 29 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["100 Years of Lectures on Natural Theology - Lord Adam Gifford's Will TRUST DISPOSITION and SETTLEMENT of the late Adam Gifford, sometime one of the Senators of the College of Justice, Scotland, dated 21st August 1885"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230603013824/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lord-gifford/will). The Gifford Lectures. 8 September 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.giffordlectures.org/lord-gifford/will) on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2022. I [Lord Adam Gifford] suggest that the fee should be as small as is consistent with the due management of the lectureships, and the due appreciation of the lectures. Besides a general and popular audience, I advise that the lecturers also have a special class of students conducted in the usual way, and instructed by examination and thesis, written and oral.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [*The St. Andrews University Calendar for the Year 1922*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lBALAQAAIAAJ&q=St+Andrews+University++Campbell+Gifford+Lectures+1894+female+matriculation). University of St Andrews. 1922. p. 46. ...the lectures are to be public and popular, open not only to students of the university, but the whole community without matriculation...Besides a general audience, the Lecturer may form a special class of students for the study of the subject, which will be conducted in the usual way, and tested by examination and thesis, written and oral.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Hutchinson-Boyd, A. (1892). [*25 Years At St Andrews*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women+at++Gifford+Lectures++in+1890s&pg=PA325). p. 324-26. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Our First Gifford Lecturer [at the University of St Andrews - [Andrew Lang](/source/Andrew_Lang)] - ...a large mixed audience, men and women, undergraduates and grown-ups and aged folk...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AddisonND_7-0)** Addison, Sam (n.d.). ["Home :: Lecturers & Authors :: Hannah Arendt"](https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/hannah-arendt). *The Gifford Lectures*. Retrieved 25 February 2021. Arendt, the first female Gifford Lecturer, delivered her lectures in Aberdeen between 1972 and 1974.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["The Gifford Lectures"](https://www.abdn.ac.uk/sdhp/events/gifford-lectures/index.php). *abdn.ac.uk*. University of Aberdeen. 30 May 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Gifford Lectures"](https://www.ed.ac.uk/arts-humanities-soc-sci/news-events/lectures/gifford-lectures). *ed.ac.uk*. University of Edinburgh. 28 August 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["2012-13 Gifford Lecture"](http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/humanities-soc-sci/news-events/lectures/gifford-lectures/archive/series-2012-2013/pinker). *Professor Steven Pinker: "The Better Angels of Our Nature: A History of Violence and Humanity"*. University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science website. Retrieved August 4, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["The Glasgow Gifford Lectures"](https://www.gla.ac.uk/events/lectures/gifford/). *gla.ac.uk*. University of Glasgow. 30 May 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Herbert Butterfield"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201020031613/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/herbert-butterfield). *The Gifford Lectures*. 18 August 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/herbert-butterfield) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Gifford Lectures website entry; retrieved: 2013-08-04](http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPBEYE&Cover=TRUE) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130923153843/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPBEYE&Cover=TRUE) 2013-09-23 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["The St Andrews Gifford Lectures"](https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk). *st-andrews.ac.uk*. University of St Andrews. 30 May 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Kahan, D. (18 August 2014). ["The Gifford Lectures"](https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/andrew-lang). The Gifford Lectures. Retrieved 31 January 2022. Andrew Lang - The Making of Religion - 1889 to 1890 University of St. Andrews

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Norm and Action"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060616/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/norm-and-action). *The Gifford Lectures*. 18 August 2014. Archived from [the original](https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/norm-and-action) on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Gifford Lecture Series - Books"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080621141649/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPVARG&Cover=TRUE). 21 June 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPVARG&Cover=TRUE) on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Gifford lectures 2021"](https://gifford.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/gifford-lectures-2021/). *The St Andrews Gifford Lectures*. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-28.

## Bibliography

- Stanley Jaki, *Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect* (1987). Scottish Academic Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7073-0465-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7073-0465-2).

- Larry Witham, *The Measure of God: Our Century-Long Struggle to Reconcile Science & Religion* (2005), HarperSanFrancisco hardcover: [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-06-059191-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-059191-9); reprinted as *The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion* (2006), paperback: [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-06-085833-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-085833-8).

## External links

- [Gifford Lectures Online](https://giffordlectures.org/featured-lectures/) featured Lectures from the official website

- [Gifford Lectures on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/@GiffordLectures/playlists/) presents playlists of Gifford Lectures in the modern day

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v t e University of Edinburgh Governance Chancellor: Anne, Princess Royal Principal: Sir Peter Mathieson Rector: Simon Fanshawe University Court Senatus Academicus General Council History Academic dress Robert Reid Robert Rollock Edinburgh Seven Plinian Society Polish School of Medicine Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency People List of notable people List of medical people List of professorships Academic divisions College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Business Economics Edinburgh College of Art Moray House Health in Social Science History, Classics and Archaeology Law Literatures, Languages and Cultures Social and Political Science Centre for Open Learning Edinburgh Futures Institute College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Medical School Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies College of Science and Engineering Chemistry GeoSciences Informatics Physics and Astronomy Sub-units, centres and institutes AIAI CHB CRM CSWC CTPI DCC ECRC EDI EPCC ESALA Euan MacDonald Centre IASH ICMS ISSTI Koestler Parapsychology Unit LFCS MRC HGU Nursing Studies Roslin Institute Scottish Studies UKCA Places 40 George Square Adam House Appleton Tower Bedlam Theatre BioQuarter Bristo Square Deaconess House Forrest Hill Building Informatics Forum Lady Yester's Kirk Lauriston Building Library George Square Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre King's Buildings McEwan Hall New College Old College Pleasance Pollock Halls Potterrow Reid Concert Hall Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Children and Young People Royal Observatory Salisbury Green St Cecilia's Hall St Leonard's Hall St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy Talbot Rice Gallery Teviot Row House Western General Hospital Student life Students' Association Sports Union Men's Football Club Women's Football Club Boat Club Men's Hockey Club Rugby Football Club The Scottish Boat Race The Scottish Varsity Labour Students Meadows Marathon Music Society Royal Medical Society Edinburgh University Theatre Company Socialist Society The Improverts FreshAir (student radio) The Journal (newspaper) The Student (newspaper) University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland Associated Alan Turing Institute Cameron Prize Edinburgh Stanford Link Edinburgh University Press Gifford Lectures James Tait Black Memorial Prize Scotland's Rural College Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute Category Commons Wikinews Wikisource

v t e University of Glasgow Governance Chancellor: Dame Katherine Grainger Principal: Andy Schofield Rector: Ghassan Abu-Sittah General Council Senatus Academicus University Court History 2011 Hetherington House Occupation Academic dress Bishop Turnbull Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities Parliamentary constituency Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Gifford Lectures Lion and Unicorn Staircase List of University of Glasgow people List of Professorships Regius Professorships Literary Society Macfarlane Observatory Memorial Gates Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Queen Margaret College Snell Exhibition Schools Adam Smith Business School Dental Hospital and School Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute School of Law Medical School Robertson Centre for Biostatistics Trinity College Veterinary Medicine School Facilities Archives of the University of Glasgow Crichton Campus, Dumfries Hunterian Museum Glasgow University Library Marine Biological Station Memorial Chapel Student life Bodies Students' Representative Council Sports Association Glasgow University Union Queen Margaret Union Clubs & societies Comunn Oiseanach Oilthigh Ghlaschu Boat Club Conservative Association Dialectic Society Football Club Medico-Chirurgical Society Glasgow University Muslim Students Association Rugby Football Club Scottish Nationalist Association Shinty Club Glasgow University Royal Naval Unit Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities Officer Training Corps Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde Air Squadron Media Glasgow Guardian Glasgow University Magazine (GUM) Subcity Radio Glasgow University Student Television (GUST) Category Commons

v t e University of St Andrews Governance Chancellor: Dame Anne Pringle Principal: Dame Sally Mapstone Rector: Stella Maris Governance General Council University Court Senatus Academicus Master of the United College Quaestor History History Academic dress Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency Lady Literate in Arts (LLA) Museum of the University of St Andrews Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom Colleges New College St Leonard's College St Mary's College United College Former colleges St John's College St Salvator's College University College Dundee Schools and institutes Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence James Gregory Observatory School of Medicine School of Physics and Astronomy Scottish Oceans Institute Sea Mammal Research Unit Halls of Residence Agnes Blackadder Hall Andrew Melville Hall Deans Court Hamilton Hall (former) John Burnet Hall St Regulus Hall St Salvator's Hall University Hall Student life Students' Association Athletic Union Boat Club Football Club Rugby Club Shinty Club The Scottish Varsity Debating Society The Saint A Cappella The Other Guys The Alleycats University Service Units University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland Tayforth UOTC East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron Miscellaneous Alumni Byre Theatre Catholic Chaplaincy Environmental Prize Gifford Lectures International Film Festival Lang Lecture Library MacTutor Archive North Haugh St Salvator's Chapel Universal Short Title Catalogue Categories Clubs and Societies People Chancellors Rectors Principals Academics Alumni Category Commons Wikinews Wikisource

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gifford Lectures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Lectures) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Lectures?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.