# Germanos Adam > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Germanos_Adam > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Germanos_Adam.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanos_Adam > Source revision: 1357253863 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|18th- and 19-century Melkite Catholic bishop}} {{Infobox Bishop | name =Germanos Adam | birth_date =1725 | birth_place =[Aleppo](/source/Aleppo), [Syria](/source/Syria) | death_date =10 November 1809 | death_place=[Zouk Mikael](/source/Zouk_Mikael), [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon) | church = [Melkite Greek Catholic Church](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church) | title=Bishop of Aleppo | see=[Aleppo](/source/Aleppo) | enthroned = 1777 | consecration = 1774 | ended = 10 November 1809 | predecessor = Ignatius Jerbou' | successor= [Maximos Mazloum](/source/Maximos_III_Mazloum) }} '''Germanos Adam''' (born in 1725 in [Aleppo](/source/Aleppo), Syria – died on 10 November 1809 in [Zouk Mikael](/source/Zouk_Mikael), Lebanon) was the [Melkite Catholic](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church) bishop of the [Archeparchy of Aleppo](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo) during the late 18th century and a [Christian theologian](/source/Christian_theologian). == Life == Germanos Adam was born in 1725{{cite book |last=Raquez |first=Olivier |editor=Metzler J. |title=Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria Rerum |volume=III/2 |year=1976 |publisher=Herder |isbn=3-451-16354-3 |chapter=Rapports avec les Eglises Orientales |page=4÷5}} in [Aleppo](/source/Aleppo), [Syria](/source/Syria), and studied in the [College of the Propaganda](/source/College_of_the_Propaganda) in [Rome](/source/Rome). In December 1774 he was appointed eparch and on December 25 of the same year consecrated [Melkite Catholic eparch of Acre](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka) by [Melkite Patriarch of Antioch](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East), [Theodosius V Dahan](/source/Theodosius_V_Dahan). In July 1777 he became [archbishop of Aleppo](/source/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo), but due to the persecution by the [Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch](/source/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch), he dwelt for most of his life in [Zouk Mikael](/source/Zouk_Mikael), [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon).{{cite encyclopedia |author=Vailhé S. |title=Adam (Germain) |encyclopedia=[Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques](/source/Dictionnaire_d'histoire_et_de_g%C3%A9ographie_eccl%C3%A9siastiques) |volume=1 |pages=494–495 |publisher=Letouzey et Ané |location=Paris |year=1912}} From 1792 to 1798 he traveled in [Italy](/source/Italy), where he came in contact with [Jansenist](/source/Jansenist) circles and in particular with [Scipione de' Ricci](/source/Scipione_de'_Ricci). When he returned to Syria he was highly esteemed by Patriarch [Agapius II Matar](/source/Agapius_II_Matar) and played an important role in the [1806 Melkite Catholic Church's synod in Qarqafe (or ''Karkafeh'')](/source/Synod_of_Qarqafe). Germanos Adam died in Zouk Mikael on 10 November 1809.{{cite web | title=Archeparchy of Aleppo, Syria (Greek-Melkite Rite) | website=GCatholic | date=2019-08-10 | url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/alep0.htm | access-date=2019-09-02}} == Doctrine == The doctrine of Germanos Adam was deeply influenced by the theological works of the 18th century [Gallicans](/source/Gallicanism) and [Jansenist](/source/Jansenist)s (like [Febronius](/source/Febronius)), which he read during his studies in Rome, and mainly by his 1792-8 travel in Italy where he became friend of the Jansenist Scipione de' Ricci. Consequently, in his 1799 book ''Réponse de Mgr Germanos Adam, évêque d'Alep et de ses environs à l'ouvrage intitulé: Voix des Pères missionaires consultés par S. S. le patriarche Mar-Ignace-Michel, patriarche syrien d'Antioche (1), le tout bienheureux, et par Mgr Ignace, le très respectable évêque de Beyrouth'',{{cite journal |last1=Charon |first1=Cyrille J. |title=L'Église grecque melchite catholique (Suite.) |journal=Revue des Études Byzantines |volume=5 |issue=6 |date=1902 |page=334 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1902.3428 }} Adam supported the doctrine of [Conciliarism](/source/Conciliarism), and stated that the [papal](/source/papal) authority was more honorary than actual.{{cite book|last=Frazee| first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02700-7|pages=206–207}} Further he affirmed that an explicit [epiclesis](/source/epiclesis) was essential in the [Eucharistic](/source/Eucharistic) consecration, a statement that implied the [invalidity](/source/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)) of the [Mass](/source/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church) as celebrated in the [Latin liturgical rites](/source/Latin_liturgical_rites) of the [Latin Church](/source/Latin_Church). His works were attacked by the [Maronite](/source/Maronite) Patriarch [Joseph Tyan](/source/Joseph_Tyan) who in March 1801 wrote an [encyclical](/source/encyclical) to his faithfuls against Adam's ideas, but the Melkite Patriarch [Agapius II Matar](/source/Agapius_II_Matar) in June 1801 defended the doctrine of Adam as correct. Moreover, Germanos Adam wrote a [catechism](/source/catechism) that was used for popular instruction. Adam's doctrine was confirmed by the 1806 Melkite [Synod of Qarqafe](/source/Synod_of_Qarqafe), which acts were signed also by Patriarch Joseph Tyen and by Aloisio Gandolfi, the [Apostolic Legate](/source/Apostolic_Legate).{{cn|date=April 2023}} The next years were marked by the reaction to his ideas. Adam himself made amends for the [sacrament](/source/sacrament)al part of his work and before he died he humbly submitted all his works to [Rome](/source/Papacy) for examination. In 1812 a formal condemnation of the Jansenist and Gallican doctrine, issued by [Propaganda Fide](/source/Propaganda_Fide), was signed by all the [Eastern Catholic Churches](/source/Eastern_Catholic_Churches). On 3 June 1816 [Pope Pius VII](/source/Pope_Pius_VII) condemned Adam's works and his catechism.Fortescue, Adrian and George D. Smith, ''The Uniate Eastern Churches'', (First Giorgas Press, 2001), 210. The actions of the 1806 Melkite Synod of Qarqafe were finally condemned by the [Apostolic Letter](/source/Ecclesiastical_letter) ''Melchitarum Catholicorum Synodus'' ({{langx|en|Of the synod of Melkite Catholics}}) issued by [Pope Gregory XVI](/source/Pope_Gregory_XVI) on 3 June 1835.{{cite book|last=De Luca|first=Antonino |title=Annali delle scienze religiose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUsXAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA242|volume=2|year=1836|publisher=Tipografia del Collegio Urbano}} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == Sources == * {{Cite book|last=Frazee|first=Charles A.|title=Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923|year=2006|orig-year=1983|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC|isbn=978-0-521-02700-7}} == External links == * {{cite web | last=Cheney | first=David M. | title=Archbishop Germanos (Michel) Adam | website=Catholic-Hierarchy | date=2018-04-28 | url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/badamgm.html}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adam, Germanos}} Category:1725 births Category:1809 deaths Category:18th-century Eastern Catholic bishops Category:19th-century Eastern Catholic bishops Category:18th-century Christian theologians Category:19th-century Christian theologians Category:Melkite Greek Catholic bishops Category:Syrian Melkite Greek Catholics Category:Religious leaders from Aleppo --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Germanos Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanos_Adam) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanos_Adam?action=history)). 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