# Georgia State Senate

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate
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{{Short description|Upper house of the Georgia General Assembly}}
{{distinguish|text=the as of yet unestablished [upper house](/source/upper_house) of the [Parliament of the country of Georgia](/source/Parliament_of_Georgia), anticipated by the [constitution of 1995](/source/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)), which is also styled the "Senate"}}
{{for|the current session|158th Georgia General Assembly}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}}
| name = Georgia State Senate
| legislature = [Georgia General Assembly](/source/Georgia_General_Assembly)
| coa_pic = Senate_Georgia_PNG.png
| session_room = Senate Chamber, Georgia State Capitol, Atlanta 20160718 1.jpg
| term_limits = None
| new_session = January 13, 2025
| house_type = Upper House
| leader1_type = [President](/source/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Georgia)
| leader1 = [Burt Jones](/source/Burt_Jones) ([R](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)))
| election1 = January 9, 2023
| leader2_type = President pro tempore
| leader2 = [Larry Walker III](/source/Larry_Walker_III) (R)
| election2 = January 12, 2026
| leader3_type = Majority Leader
| leader3 = [Jason Anavitarte](/source/Jason_Anavitarte) (R)
| election3 = June 17, 2025
| leader4_type = [Minority Leader](/source/List_of_minority_leaders_of_the_Georgia_State_Senate)
| leader4 = [Harold V. Jones II](/source/Harold_V._Jones_II) ([D](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)))
| election4 = January 13, 2025
| term_length = 2 years
| authority = Article III, [Georgia Constitution](/source/Georgia_(U.S._state)_Constitution)
| salary = $17,342/year + per diem
| members = 56
| last_election1 = [November 5, 2024](/source/2024_Georgia_State_Senate_election)<br/>(56 seats)
| next_election1 = [November 3, 2026](/source/2026_Georgia_State_Senate_election)<br/>(56 seats)
| redistricting = Legislative control
| structure1 = Georgia State Senate, April 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Majority'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [Republican](/source/Georgia_Republican_Party) (33)}}
'''Minority'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#0000FF|border=darkgray}} [Democratic](/source/Georgia_Democratic_Party) (22)}}
'''Vacant'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#CCCCCC|border=darkgray}} Vacant (1)}}
| meeting_place = State Senate Chamber<br />[Georgia Capitol](/source/Georgia_State_Capitol)<br />[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta), [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(U.S._State))
| website = {{URL|https://www.legis.ga.gov/senate|legis.ga.gov/senate}}
}}

The '''Georgia State Senate''' is the [upper house](/source/upper_house) of the [Georgia General Assembly](/source/Georgia_General_Assembly), in the [U.S. state](/source/U.S._state) of [Georgia](/source/Georgia_(U.S._state)). The Georgia State Senate and the [lower house](/source/lower_house) of the General Assembly, the [Georgia House of Representatives](/source/Georgia_House_of_Representatives), comprise the [bicameral](/source/bicameralism) [legislature](/source/State_legislature_(United_States)) of the state. Combined, the Senate and the House maintain authority under Article III. of the [1983 Constitution of Georgia](/source/Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)) to enact laws "necessary and proper for the welfare of the state", although state law is subordinate to the state constitution, the [United States Constitution](/source/United_States_Constitution), and federal law. 

Like most upper houses in the United States, the Senate has the exclusive power to confirm various appointments made by the [governor of Georgia](/source/governor_of_Georgia), and to try cases of impeachment brought by the House. The Senate is often considered a springboard for those ultimately seeking higher office; all of the state's most recent governors have served in the State Senate.

==Legal provisions==
The Georgia State Senate is the upper house of the [Georgia General Assembly](/source/Georgia_General_Assembly), with the [lower house](/source/lower_house) being the [Georgia House of Representatives](/source/Georgia_House_of_Representatives). Both bodies are constitutionally required to convene annually at the [Georgia State Capitol](/source/Georgia_State_Capitol) in [Atlanta](/source/Atlanta).<ref name="Book of the States">{{cite book |title=The Book of the States |date=January 7, 2022 |publisher=The Council of State Governments |edition=53 |url=https://issuu.com/csg.publications/docs/bos_2021_issuu |access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> The General Assembly begins each yearly session on the second Monday in January.<ref name="Book of the States" /> From that date of convention, sessions last for 40 legislative days.<ref name="Book of the States" />

The General Assembly may call for special sessions by a three-fifths vote of the members in each chamber.<ref name="Book of the States" /> Special sessions in Georgia may span a maximum of 40 days.<ref name="Book of the States" />

===Membership requirements===
The Georgia State Senate consists of 56 members, each representing a single-member legislative district of equal size with the others. State senators serve a term length of two years, with elections being held in even-numbered years. Senators officially assume their positions on the second Monday in January following their election.

To serve in the Senate, an individual must have attained the age of 25.<ref name="Book of the States" /> The person must also be a qualified voter who has resided in the state of Georgia for at least two years.<ref name="Book of the States" /> Unlike most states, senators are not required to have lived in their districts for a specific period of time before running.

===Leadership===
The formal President of the State Senate is the [Lieutenant Governor of Georgia](/source/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Georgia), who is elected statewide every four years. Other important figures in the Senate include the President pro tempore (who is elected by all members of the Senate), as well as the Majority Leader, Majority Whip, and Majority Caucus Chair (each of whom are elected by the majority of what is currently the [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) caucus).<ref name="Book of the States" />

The minority party is headed by the Minority Leader, who is elected by the minority party caucus.<ref name="Book of the States" />

===Compensation===
The current salary for state senators is $17,342.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salzer |first=James |title=Georgia Senate rejects big pay raise for the General Assembly, state officials |language=English |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/georgia-senate-rejects-big-pay-raise-for-the-general-assembly-state-officials/BA3IDEOEAVFF7J2C3WLPZWGJ6Y/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=1539-7459}}</ref> The Majority Leader and Minority Leader earn an additional $400 per month.

==Officers==
The presiding officer of the Senate is the president of the Senate. A president ''pro tempore'', usually a high-ranking member of the majority party, acts as president in case of the temporary disability of the president. In case of the death, resignation, or permanent disability of the President or in the event of the succession of the president to the executive power, the President ''pro tempore'' becomes President. The Senate also has as an officer, the secretary of the Senate.

{{Asof|February 2026}}, the majority and minority leadership is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Office
!Officeholder
!Party
|-
|'''Lt. governor and senate president'''
|[Burt Jones](/source/Burt_Jones)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026">{{cite web |title=Senate Leadership |url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/senate/leadership |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''President ''pro tempore'''''
|[Larry Walker III](/source/Larry_Walker_III)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Majority leader'''
|[Jason Anavitarte](/source/Jason_Anavitarte)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Majority whip'''
|[Randy Robertson](/source/Randy_Robertson_(politician))<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Majority caucus chairman'''
|[Shawn Still](/source/Shawn_Still)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Majority caucus vice-chairman'''
|[Clint Dixon](/source/Clint_Dixon)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Majority caucus secretary'''
|[Kay Kirkpatrick](/source/Kay_Kirkpatrick)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Republican}} |[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority leader'''
|[Harold V. Jones II](/source/Harold_V._Jones_II)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority whip'''
|[Kim Jackson](/source/Kim_Jackson_(politician))<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority caucus chair'''
|[Elena Parent](/source/Elena_Parent)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority caucus vice-chair'''
|[Sonya Halpern](/source/Sonya_Halpern)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority caucus vice-chair of finance'''
|[Nikki Merritt](/source/Nikki_Merritt)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|-
|'''Minority caucus secretary'''
|[Nan Orrock](/source/Nan_Orrock)<ref name="senate-leadership-2026"/>
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} |[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))
|}

==List of committees==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Administrative Affairs
* Agriculture and Consumer Affairs {{small|(chair, [Russ Goodman](/source/Russ_Goodman))}}
* Appropriations {{small|(chair, [Blake Tillery](/source/Blake_Tillery))}}
* Assignments
* Banking and Financial Institutions {{small|(chair, [Carden Summers](/source/Carden_Summers))}}
* Children and Families {{small|(chair, [Kay Kirkpatrick](/source/Kay_Kirkpatrick))}}
* Economic Development and Tourism {{small|(chair, [Brandon Beach](/source/Brandon_Beach))}}
* Education and Youth {{small|(chair, [Clint Dixon](/source/Clint_Dixon))}}
* Ethics {{small|(chair, [Max Burns](/source/Max_Burns)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethics Committee |url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/committees/senate/75 |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>)}}
* Finance
* Government Oversight
* Health and Human Services
* Higher Education {{small|(chair, [Billy Hickman](/source/Billy_Hickman))}}
* Insurance and Labor {{small|(chair, [Larry Walker III](/source/Larry_Walker_III))}}
* Interstate Cooperation {{small|(chair, [Colton Moore](/source/Colton_Moore))}}
{{col-break}}
* Judiciary
* MARTOC
* Natural Resources and the Environment {{small|(chair, [Lee Anderson](/source/Lee_Anderson_(American_politician)))}}
* Public Safety
* Reapportionment and Redistricting {{small|(chair, [Shelly Echols](/source/Shelly_Echols))}}
* Regulated Industries and Utilities
* Retirement {{small|(chair, [Rick Williams](/source/Rick_Williams_(Georgia_politician)))}}
* Rules {{small|(chair, [Matt Brass](/source/Matt_Brass))}}
* Science and Technology {{small|(chair, [Chuck Payne](/source/Chuck_Payne))}}
* Special Judiciary
* State and Local Governmental Operations {{small|(chair, [Frank Ginn](/source/Frank_Ginn))}}
* State Institutions and Property
* Transportation {{small|(chair, [Greg Dolezal](/source/Greg_Dolezal))}}
* Urban Affairs {{small|(chair, [Donzella James](/source/Donzella_James))}}
* Veterans, Military, and Homeland Security {{small|(chair, [Mike Dugan](/source/Mike_Dugan_(politician)))}}
{{col-end}}

== Districts ==
{{Main|List of Georgia State Senate districts}}

==Composition==
[[File:Georgia State Senate January 2026.svg|thumb|270px|upright=1.5|Map of current partisan composition of legislative districts for the State Senate:
{{legend|#3333ff|[Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) senator}}
{{legend|#e81b23|[Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) senator}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Vacant seat}}
]]
According to the [state constitution](/source/Georgia_(U.S._state)_Constitution) of 1983, this body is to be composed of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.

Senators must be at least 25 years old, a [citizen of the United States](/source/United_States_nationality_law), and a resident of Georgia for two years and their senatorial district for one year (preceding the election). The highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate, a position currently held by Lieutenant Governor [Burt Jones](/source/Burt_Jones). The second-highest position is president pro tempore, currently held by Senator {{#invoke:sort|name|Larry|Walker III}}. 
{| style="width:50%"
|-
| scope="row" colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | {{Down-arrow|alt=Midpoint}}
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#F33; width:60.0%; text-align:center; color:white" | '''33'''
| style="background:#33F; width:39.3%; text-align:center; color:white" | '''22'''
| scope="row" style="background:#000000; width:1.8%; text-align:center; color:white" | '''1'''
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center; color:#F33" | '''Republican'''
| style="text-align:center; color:#33F" | '''Democratic'''
|}

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
!rowspan=3|Affiliation
!colspan=3|Party <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates majority caucus)</div>
!rowspan=3|Total
!
|-style="height:5px"
| colspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" |
|style="background: black"|
|-
!colspan=2|[Republican](/source/Georgia_Republican_Party)
![Democratic](/source/Georgia_Democratic_Party)
!Vacant
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End of [155th Assembly](/source/155th_Georgia_General_Assembly)
| colspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}| 35
| 21
!56
| 0
|-
| colspan=6 |
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End of [156th Assembly](/source/156th_Georgia_General_Assembly)
| colspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}| 34
| 22
! 56
| 0
|-
| colspan=6 |
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Beginning of [157th Assembly](/source/157th_Georgia_General_Assembly)
|colspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}| 33
| rowspan=2| 23
!56
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End of 157th{{efn|name=Moore|Republican [Colton Moore](/source/Colton_Moore) (District 53) was removed from Republican caucus September 28, 2023 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/georgia-senator-who-called-for-fulton-da-probe-suspended-from-gop-caucus/BMR3EXB23JHXBD6PA4CRQBZJQY/|title=Georgia senator who called for Fulton DA probe suspended from GOP caucus|last=Prabhu|first=Maya T.|date=September 28, 2023|accessdate=June 2, 2025|work=[Atlanta Journal-Constitution](/source/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution)}}</ref>}}
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 32
| width=20|1
!56
| 0
|-
| colspan=6 |
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Beginning of [158th Assembly](/source/158th_Georgia_General_Assembly)
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 32
|rowspan=6| 1
|rowspan=2| 23
!56
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|May 4, 2025{{efn|name=Beach|Republican [Brandon Beach](/source/Brandon_Beach) (District 21) resigned on May 4, 2025 after being appointed as [Treasurer of the United States](/source/Treasurer_of_the_United_States) [https://www.tribuneledgernews.com/local_news/beach-resigns-from-georgia-senate-to-serve-as-u-s-treasurer/article_bfa150dd-8735-4c20-bd8a-c7fc7e43eca0.html]}}
|{{party shading/Republican}} rowspan=2| 31
!55
| 1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|September 10, 2025{{efn|name=Esteves|Democrat [Jason Esteves](/source/Jason_Esteves) (District 35) resigned to focus on his campaign for [governor](/source/2026_Georgia_gubernatorial_election). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/jason-esteves-resigns-senate-seat-run-georgia-governor]}}
|rowspan=3| 22
!54
| 2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|October 14, 2025{{efn|name=Dickerson|Republican [Jason Dickerson](/source/Jason_Dickerson) sworn in to succeed Beach. [https://senatepress.net/senator-elect-jason-t-dickerson-to-be-sworn-in-at-cherokee-county-courthouse.html]}}
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 32
!55
| 1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|December 8, 2025{{efn|name=Kennedy|Republican [John F. Kennedy](/source/John_F._Kennedy_(Georgia_politician)) (District 18) resigned to focus on his campaign for [lieutenant governor](/source/2026_Georgia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election). [https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/sen-john-f-kennedy-resigns-campaign-full-time-lt-governor]}}
|{{party shading/Republican}} rowspan="3"| 31
!54
| 2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|December 31, 2025{{efn|name=Howard|Democrat [Jaha Howard](/source/Jaha_Howard) sworn in to succeed Esteves. [https://www.11alive.com/video/news/politics/jaha-howard-gives-emotional-speech-at-swearing-in/85-50065db9-aab6-4c34-8799-51d49aba0736]}}
| rowspan="3"|23
!55
| 1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|January 13, 2026{{efn|name=MooreRes|Republican [Colton Moore](/source/Colton_Moore) (District 53) resigned in order to run in a special election for [Georgia's 14th congressional district](/source/Georgia's_14th_congressional_district). [https://georgiarecorder.com/briefs/bill-targeting-savannahs-ban-on-guns-in-unlocked-vehicles-goes-to-the-governor/]}}
| rowspan="4"|0
!54
| 2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|February 24, 2026{{efn|name=McNeel|Republican [Steven McNeel](/source/Steven_McNeel) sworn in to succeed Kennedy. [https://senatepress.net/sen-steven-mcneel-officially-sworn-in-as-georgia-state-senator.html]}}
|{{party shading/Republican}} rowspan="2"| 32
!55
| 1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|March 13, 2026{{efn|name=Parkes|Democrat [Nabilah Parkes](/source/Nabilah_Parkes) (District 7) resigned to focus on her lieutenant gubernatorial campaign. [https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/03/13/georgia-state-senator-resigns-calls-legislature-where-good-ideas-go-die/]}}
| rowspan="2"|22
!54
| 2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|April 23, 2026{{efn|name=Thomas|Republican [Lanny Thomas](/source/Lanny_Thomas) sworn in to succeed Moore. [https://www.discoverdade.com/local/lanny-thomas-sworn-in-to-represent-district-53-in-georgia-senate/]}}
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 33
!55
| 1
|-
! Latest voting share
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{percentage|33|55|1}}
! {{percentage|0|55|1}}
! |{{percentage|22|55|1}}
! colspan=2 | 
|}

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>

== Past composition of the Senate ==
{{main|Political party strength in Georgia (U.S. state)}}

==List of current senators==
{{Asof|April 2026}}, the Georgia State Senate is composed of 56 members:<ref name="gss-members-list">{{cite web |title=Senators (2023-24 Regular Session) |url=https://www.legis.ga.gov/members/senate |publisher=Georgia State Senate |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref>

{|class= "sortable wikitable"
!District
!Name
!Party
!Start
!Residence
!Counties
|-
|[1](/source/Georgia's_1st_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Ben|Watson|dab=politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2015
|[Savannah](/source/Savannah%2C_Georgia)
|[Bryan](/source/Bryan_County%2C_Georgia), [Liberty](/source/Liberty_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Chatham](/source/Chatham_County%2C_Georgia) 
|-
|[2](/source/Georgia's_2nd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Derek|Mallow}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2023
|[Savannah](/source/Savannah%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Chatham](/source/Chatham_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[3](/source/Georgia's_3rd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Mike|Hodges|dab=politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2023
|[Brunswick](/source/Brunswick%2C_Georgia)
|[Brantley](/source/Brantley_County%2C_Georgia), [Camden](/source/Camden_County%2C_Georgia), [Charlton](/source/Charlton_County%2C_Georgia), [Glynn](/source/Glynn_County%2C_Georgia), [McIntosh](/source/McIntosh_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Ware](/source/Ware_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[4](/source/Georgia's_4th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Billy|Hickman}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2020
|[Statesboro](/source/Statesboro%2C_Georgia)
|[Bulloch](/source/Bulloch_County%2C_Georgia), [Candler](/source/Candler_County%2C_Georgia), [Effingham](/source/Effingham_County%2C_Georgia), [Evans](/source/Evans_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Chatham](/source/Chatham_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[5](/source/Georgia's_5th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Sheikh|Rahman}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2019
|[Lawrenceville](/source/Lawrenceville%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[6](/source/Georgia's_6th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Matt|Brass}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2017
|[Newnan](/source/Newnan)
|[Coweta](/source/Coweta_County%2C_Georgia), [Heard](/source/Heard_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Carroll](/source/Carroll_County%2C_Georgia) 
|-
|[7](/source/Georgia's_7th_Senate_district)
|''Vacant''
|
|2026
|
|Part of [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[8](/source/Georgia's_8th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Russ|Goodman}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2021
|[Cogdell](/source/Cogdell%2C_Georgia)
|[Atkinson](/source/Atkinson_County%2C_Georgia), [Clinch](/source/Clinch_County%2C_Georgia), [Echols](/source/Echols_County%2C_Georgia), [Lanier](/source/Lanier_County%2C_Georgia), [Lowndes](/source/Lowndes_County%2C_Georgia), [Pierce](/source/Pierce_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Ware](/source/Ware_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[9](/source/Georgia's_9th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Nikki|Merritt}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2021
|[Grayson](/source/Grayson%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[10](/source/Georgia's_10th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Emanuel|Jones}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2005
|[Decatur](/source/Decatur%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Henry](/source/Henry_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[11](/source/Georgia's_11th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Sam|Watson|dab=politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2023
|[Moultrie](/source/Moultrie%2C_Georgia)
|[Brooks](/source/Brooks_County%2C_Georgia), [Colquitt](/source/Colquitt_County%2C_Georgia), [Cook](/source/Cook_County%2C_Georgia), [Decatur](/source/Decatur_County%2C_Georgia), [Grady](/source/Grady_County%2C_Georgia), [Seminole](/source/Seminole_County%2C_Georgia), [Thomas](/source/Thomas_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[12](/source/Georgia's_12th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Freddie|Sims}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2009
|[Dawson](/source/Dawson%2C_Georgia)
|[Baker](/source/Baker_County%2C_Georgia), [Calhoun](/source/Calhoun_County%2C_Georgia), [Clay](/source/Clay_County%2C_Georgia), [Dougherty](/source/Dougherty_County%2C_Georgia), [Early](/source/Early_County%2C_Georgia), [Miller](/source/Miller_County%2C_Georgia), [Mitchell](/source/Mitchell_County%2C_Georgia), [Quitman](/source/Quitman_County%2C_Georgia), [Randolph](/source/Randolph_County%2C_Georgia), [Stewart](/source/Stewart_County%2C_Georgia), [Sumter](/source/Sumter_County%2C_Georgia), [Terrell](/source/Terrell_County%2C_Georgia), [Webster](/source/Webster_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[13](/source/Georgia's_13th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Carden|Summers}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2020
|[Cordele](/source/Cordele%2C_Georgia)
|[Ben Hill](/source/Ben_Hill_County%2C_Georgia), [Berrien](/source/Berrien_County%2C_Georgia), [Crisp](/source/Crisp_County%2C_Georgia), [Irwin](/source/Irwin_County%2C_Georgia), [Lee](/source/Lee_County%2C_Georgia), [Tift](/source/Tift_County%2C_Georgia), [Turner](/source/Turner_County%2C_Georgia), [Worth](/source/Worth_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Coffee](/source/Coffee_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[14](/source/Georgia's_14th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Josh|McLaurin}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2023
|[Sandy Springs](/source/Sandy_Springs%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[15](/source/Georgia's_15th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Ed|Harbison}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|1993
|[Columbus](/source/Columbus%2C_Georgia)
|[Chattahoochee](/source/Chattahoochee_County%2C_Georgia), [Macon](/source/Macon_County%2C_Georgia), [Marion](/source/Marion_County%2C_Georgia), [Schley](/source/Schley_County%2C_Georgia), [Talbot](/source/Talbot_County%2C_Georgia), [Taylor](/source/Taylor_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Muscogee](/source/Muscogee_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[16](/source/Georgia's_16th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Marty|Harbin}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2015
|[Tyrone](/source/Tyrone%2C_Georgia)
|[Lamar](/source/Lamar_County%2C_Georgia), [Pike](/source/Pike_County%2C_Georgia), [Spalding](/source/Spalding_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Fayette](/source/Fayette_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[17](/source/Georgia's_17th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Gail|Davenport}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2007
|[Jonesboro](/source/Jonesboro%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Clayton](/source/Clayton_County%2C_Georgia) and [Henry](/source/Henry_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[18](/source/Georgia's_18th_Senate_district)
|[Steven McNeel](/source/Steven_McNeel)
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2026
|[Macon](/source/Macon%2C_Georgia)
|[Crawford](/source/Crawford_County%2C_Georgia), [Monroe](/source/Monroe_County%2C_Georgia), [Peach](/source/Peach_County%2C_Georgia), [Upson](/source/Upson_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Bibb](/source/Bibb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Houston](/source/Houston_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[19](/source/Georgia's_19th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Blake|Tillery}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2017
|[Vidalia](/source/Vidalia%2C_Georgia)
|[Appling](/source/Appling_County%2C_Georgia), [Bacon](/source/Bacon_County%2C_Georgia), [Jeff Davis](/source/Jeff_Davis_County%2C_Georgia), [Long](/source/Long_County%2C_Georgia), [Montgomery](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_Georgia), [Tattnall](/source/Tattnall_County%2C_Georgia), [Telfair](/source/Telfair_County%2C_Georgia), [Toombs](/source/Toombs_County%2C_Georgia), [Wayne](/source/Wayne_County%2C_Georgia), [Wheeler](/source/Wheeler_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Coffee](/source/Coffee_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[20](/source/Georgia's_20th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Larry|Walker III}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2015
|[Perry](/source/Perry%2C_Georgia)
|[Bleckley](/source/Bleckley_County%2C_Georgia), [Dodge](/source/Dodge_County%2C_Georgia), [Dooly](/source/Dooly_County%2C_Georgia),  [Laurens](/source/Laurens_County%2C_Georgia), [Pulaski](/source/Pulaski%2C_Georgia), [Treutlen](/source/Treutlen_County%2C_Georgia), [Wilcox](/source/Wilcox_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Houston](/source/Houston_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[21](/source/Georgia's_21st_Senate_district)
|[Jason Dickerson](/source/Jason_Dickerson)
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2025
|[Canton](/source/Canton%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Cherokee](/source/Cherokee_County%2C_Georgia) and [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[22](/source/Georgia's_22nd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Harold V.|Jones II}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2015
|[Augusta](/source/Augusta%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Richmond](/source/Richmond_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[23](/source/Georgia's_23rd_Senate_District)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Max|Burns}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2021
|[Sylvania](/source/Sylvania%2C_Georgia)
|[Burke](/source/Burke_County%2C_Georgia), [Emanuel](/source/Emanuel_County%2C_Georgia), [Glascock](/source/Glascock_County%2C_Georgia), [Jefferson](/source/Jefferson_County%2C_Georgia), [Jenkins](/source/Jenkins_County%2C_Georgia), [McDuffie](/source/McDuffie_County%2C_Georgia), [Screven](/source/Screven_County%2C_Georgia), [Taliaferro](/source/Taliaferro_County%2C_Georgia), [Warren](/source/Warren_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Columbia](/source/Columbia_County%2C_Georgia) and [Richmond](/source/Richmond_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[24](/source/Georgia's_24th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Lee|Anderson|dab=American politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2017
|[Grovetown](/source/Grovetown%2C_Georgia)
|[Elbert](/source/Elbert_County%2C_Georgia), [Greene](/source/Greene_County%2C_Georgia), [Hart](/source/Hart_County%2C_Georgia), [Lincoln](/source/Lincoln_County%2C_Georgia), [Oglethorpe](/source/Oglethorpe_County%2C_Georgia), [Wilkes](/source/Wilkes_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Columbia](/source/Columbia_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[25](/source/Georgia's_25th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Rick|Williams|dab=Georgia politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2023
|[Milledgeville](/source/Milledgeville%2C_Georgia)
|[Baldwin](/source/Baldwin_County%2C_Georgia), [Butts](/source/Butts_County%2C_Georgia),  [Jasper](/source/Jasper_County%2C_Georgia), [Jones](/source/Jones_County%2C_Georgia), [Putnam](/source/Putnam_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Bibb](/source/Bibb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Henry](/source/Henry_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[26](/source/Georgia's_26th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|David|Lucas|dab=American politician}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2013
|[Macon](/source/Macon%2C_Georgia)
|[Hancock](/source/Hancock_County%2C_Georgia), [Johnson](/source/Johnson_County%2C_Georgia), [Twiggs](/source/Twiggs_County%2C_Georgia), [Washington](/source/Washington_County%2C_Georgia), [Wilkinson](/source/Wilkinson_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Bibb](/source/Bibb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Houston](/source/Houston_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[27](/source/Georgia's_27th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Greg|Dolezal}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2019
|[Cumming](/source/Cumming%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Forsyth](/source/Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[28](/source/Georgia's_28th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Donzella|James}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2009
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia), [Douglas](/source/Douglas_County%2C_Georgia), and [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[29](/source/Georgia's_29th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Randy|Robertson|dab=politician}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2019
|[Cataula](/source/Cataula%2C_Georgia)
|[Harris](/source/Harris_County%2C_Georgia), [Meriwether](/source/Meriwether_County%2C_Georgia), [Troup](/source/Troup_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Muscogee](/source/Muscogee_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[30](/source/Georgia's_30th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Tim|Bearden}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2024
|[Carrollton](/source/Carrollton%2C_Georgia)
|[Haralson](/source/Haralson_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Carroll](/source/Carroll_County%2C_Georgia), [Douglas](/source/Douglas_County%2C_Georgia), and [Paulding](/source/Paulding_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[31](/source/Georgia's_31st_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Jason|Anavitarte}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2021
|[Dallas](/source/Dallas%2C_Georgia)
|[Polk](/source/Polk_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Paulding](/source/Paulding_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[32](/source/Georgia's_32nd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Kay|Kirkpatrick}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2017
|[Marietta](/source/Marietta%2C_Georgia)
|Parts [Cherokee](/source/Cherokee_County%2C_Georgia) and [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[33](/source/Georgia's_33rd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Michael|Rhett}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2015
|[Marietta](/source/Marietta%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[34](/source/Georgia's_34th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Kenya|Wicks}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2025
|[Fayetteville](/source/Fayetteville%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Clayton](/source/Clayton_County%2C_Georgia) and [Fayette](/source/Fayette_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[35](/source/Georgia's_35th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Jaha|Howard}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic 
|2025
|[Smyrna](/source/Smyrna%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[36](/source/Georgia's_36th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Nan|Orrock}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2007
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta)
|Part of [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[37](/source/Georgia's_37th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Ed|Setzler}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2023
|[Acworth](/source/Acworth%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Bartow](/source/Bartow_County%2C_Georgia) and [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[38](/source/Georgia's_38th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|RaShaun|Kemp}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2025
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta)
|Part of [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[39](/source/Georgia's_39th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Sonya|Halpern}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2021
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta)
|Part of [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[40](/source/Georgia's_40th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Sally|Harrell}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2019
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[41](/source/Georgia's_41st_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Kim|Jackson|dab=politician}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2021
|[Stone Mountain](/source/Stone_Mountain%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[42](/source/Georgia's_42nd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Brian|Strickland}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2018
|[McDonough](/source/McDonough%2C_Georgia)
|[Morgan](/source/Morgan_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Henry](/source/Henry_County%2C_Georgia), [Newton](/source/Newton_County%2C_Georgia), and [Walton](/source/Walton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[43](/source/Georgia's_43rd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Tonya|Anderson}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2017
|[Lithonia](/source/Lithonia%2C_Georgia)
|[Rockdale](/source/Rockdale_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia), [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia), and [Newton](/source/Newton_County%2C_Georgia) 
|-
|[44](/source/Georgia's_44th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Elena|Parent}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2015
|[Atlanta](/source/Atlanta%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Clayton](/source/Clayton_County%2C_Georgia) and [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[45](/source/Georgia's_45th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Clint|Dixon}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2021
|[Buford](/source/Buford%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Barrow](/source/Barrow_County%2C_Georgia) and [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[46](/source/Georgia's_46th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Bill|Cowsert}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2007
|[Athens](/source/Athens%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Barrow](/source/Barrow_County%2C_Georgia), [Clarke](/source/Clarke_County%2C_Georgia), [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia), [Oconee](/source/Oconee_County%2C_Georgia), and [Walton](/source/Walton_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[47](/source/Georgia's_47th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Frank|Ginn}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2011
|[Danielsville](/source/Danielsville%2C_Georgia)
|[Madison](/source/Madison_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Barrow](/source/Barrow_County%2C_Georgia), [Clarke](/source/Clarke_County%2C_Georgia), and [Jackson](/source/Jackson_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[48](/source/Georgia's_48th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Shawn|Still}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2023
|[Suwanee](/source/Suwanee%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Forsyth](/source/Forsyth_County%2C_Georgia), [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia), and [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[49](/source/Georgia's_49th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Drew|Echols}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2025
|[Gainesville](/source/Gainesville%2C_Georgia)
|Part of [Hall](/source/Hall_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[50](/source/Georgia's_50th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Bo|Hatchett}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2021
|[Cornelia](/source/Cornelia%2C_Georgia)
|[Banks](/source/Banks_County%2C_Georgia), [Franklin](/source/Franklin_County%2C_Georgia), [Habersham](/source/Habersham_County%2C_Georgia),  [Rabun](/source/Rabun_County%2C_Georgia), [Stephens](/source/Stephens_County%2C_Georgia), [Towns](/source/Towns_County%2C_Georgia), parts of [Hall](/source/Hall_County%2C_Georgia), [Jackson](/source/Jackson_County%2C_Georgia), and [White](/source/White_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[51](/source/Georgia's_51st_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Steve|Gooch}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2011
|[Dahlonega](/source/Dahlonega%2C_Georgia)
|[Dawson](/source/Dawson_County%2C_Georgia), [Fannin](/source/Fannin_County%2C_Georgia), [Gilmer](/source/Gilmer_County%2C_Georgia), [Lumpkin](/source/Lumpkin_County%2C_Georgia), [Pickens](/source/Pickens_County%2C_Georgia), [Union](/source/Union_County%2C_Georgia), part of  [White](/source/White_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[52](/source/Georgia's_52nd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Chuck|Hufstetler}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2013
|[Rome](/source/Rome%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Bartow](/source/Bartow_County%2C_Georgia), [Floyd](/source/Floyd_County%2C_Georgia), and [Gordon](/source/Gordon_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[53](/source/Georgia's_53rd_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Lanny|Thomas}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2026
|[Trion](/source/Trion%2C_Georgia)
|[Catoosa](/source/Catoosa_County%2C_Georgia), [Chattooga](/source/Chattooga_County%2C_Georgia), [Dade](/source/Dade_County%2C_Georgia),  [Walker](/source/Walker_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Floyd](/source/Floyd_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[54](/source/Georgia's_54th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Chuck|Payne}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2017
|[Dalton](/source/Dalton%2C_Georgia)
|[Murray](/source/Murray_County%2C_Georgia), [Whitfield](/source/Whitfield_County%2C_Georgia), part of [Gordon](/source/Gordon_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[55](/source/Georgia's_55th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|Randal|Mangham}}
|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|2025
|[Stone Mountain](/source/Stone_Mountain%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [DeKalb](/source/DeKalb_County%2C_Georgia) and [Gwinnett](/source/Gwinnett_County%2C_Georgia)
|-
|[56](/source/Georgia's_56th_Senate_district)
|{{#invoke:sort|name|John|Albers}}
|{{Party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|2011
|[Roswell](/source/Roswell%2C_Georgia)
|Parts of [Cherokee](/source/Cherokee_County%2C_Georgia), [Cobb](/source/Cobb_County%2C_Georgia), and [Fulton](/source/Fulton_County%2C_Georgia)
|}

==See also==
{{Georgia General Assemblies}}

* [Georgia General Assembly](/source/Georgia_General_Assembly)
* [Georgia House of Representatives](/source/Georgia_House_of_Representatives)
* [List of former members of the Georgia State Senate](/source/List_of_former_members_of_the_Georgia_State_Senate)
* Recent terms of the General Assembly:<!-- Please keep only the latest five here. -->
** [157th Georgia General Assembly](/source/157th_Georgia_General_Assembly) (2023–2024)
** [156th Georgia General Assembly](/source/156th_Georgia_General_Assembly) (2021–2023)
** [155th Georgia General Assembly](/source/155th_Georgia_General_Assembly) (2019–2021)
** [154th Georgia General Assembly](/source/154th_Georgia_General_Assembly) (2017–2018)
** [153rd Georgia General Assembly](/source/153rd_Georgia_General_Assembly) (2015–2016)
* [List of Georgia state legislatures](/source/List_of_Georgia_state_legislatures)

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.senate.ga.gov/}}
* {{Ballotpedia|Georgia_State_Senate}}

{{Georgia State Senate}}
{{United States legislatures}}

{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}

Category:Georgia General Assembly
Category:State upper houses in the United States
Category:1777 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Georgia State Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.
