# George Washington Vanderbilt III

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**George Washington Vanderbilt III** (September 23, 1914 – June 24, 1961) was an American yachtsman and scientific explorer who was a member of the prominent [Vanderbilt family](/source/Vanderbilt_family).

## Early life

Born in [Newport, Rhode Island](/source/Newport,_Rhode_Island), he was the younger son of [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt) and [Margaret Emerson Vanderbilt](/source/Margaret_Emerson). He was the brother of [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr.](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt_Jr.) and a half-brother to [William Henry Vanderbilt III](/source/William_Henry_Vanderbilt_III) from his father's first marriage to Ellen "Elsie" French. In 1915, when George was less than a year old, his father perished in the sinking of the [RMS *Lusitania*](/source/RMS_Lusitania).

His mother, Margaret, remarried two more times, first to [Raymond T. Baker](/source/Raymond_T._Baker), with whom she had a daughter, Gloria Baker, and second, to Charles Minot Amory.

He was a grandson of [Cornelius Vanderbilt II](/source/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_II) and [Alice Claypoole Gwynne](/source/Alice_Claypoole_Gwynne) and was named in honor of his great-great-uncle George Washington Vanderbilt and his great-uncle [George Washington Vanderbilt II](/source/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II). Vanderbilt's maternal grandfather, [Isaac Edward Emerson](/source/Isaac_Edward_Emerson), was a very wealthy businessman who made a fortune in a variety of business ventures including [patent medicines](/source/Patent_medicine), the most notable of which was [Bromo-Seltzer](/source/Bromo-Seltzer). A sailing enthusiast, Emerson instilled a love for the sport in young George from an early age and as an adult, he used his sailing skills and wealth for scientific research.

He attended the [St. Paul's School](/source/St._Paul's_School_(New_Hampshire)) in Concord, New Hampshire and the [Adirondack-Florida School](/source/Ransom_Everglades_School) studying at the [Saranac](/source/Saranac,_New_York) branch in New York as well as in Miami.[1]

## Inheritance and wealth

### 1915–1929: Father's estate

George's father, [Alfred G. Vanderbilt I](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt), died in 1915 in the sinking of the *[RMS Lusitania](/source/RMS_Lusitania)*. Under the terms of his will, George and his brother [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr.](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt_Jr.) were named equal beneficiaries of their father's residuary estate, to be distributed after payment of debts and specific bequests.[2] Appraisal proceedings before the New York Surrogate’s Court in 1917 reported that George’s share of the residuary amounted to $2,553,204.

The will directed that George’s portion be held in a trust during his minority, with the income payable to him until he reached adulthood. His principal was scheduled to vest in four equal installments—25% on his 21st, 25th, 30th, and 35th birthdays.[3] George’s mother, [Margaret Emerson Vanderbilt](/source/Margaret_Emerson), also received a life interest in a $5,000,000 trust, the remainder of which was to pass in equal shares to George and Alfred Jr. on her death.[2]

In 1919, the brothers jointly inherited an additional $1,700,000 that reverted to their father’s residuary estate. This amount represented the principal of a trust created as part of Alfred Sr.’s divorce settlement with his first wife, Elsie French, which terminated upon her remarriage.[4]

In 1929, George received a further $1,000,000 as the result of a ruling by the Surrogate’s Court of New York concerning surplus funds in a trust established for his grandmother, [Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt](/source/Alice_Claypoole_Vanderbilt). This trust had been created under the will of George's grandfather [Cornelius Vanderbilt II](/source/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_II); the Court found in 1929 that the Trust had accumulated more income and principal than required to satisfy Alice’s fixed annuity of $250,000 per year. The court held that a surplus of approximately $2,000,000 should revert to the residuary estate of Cornelius Vanderbilt II. The terms of Cornelius' will designated Alfred G. Vanderbilt Sr as the beneficiary of his residuary estate; however, as Alfred had also died, the funds were treated as part of his residuary estate, which George and his brother Alfred Jr. were the equal co-beneficiaries of under the terms of their father's will.[5]

A report submitted to the [New York Surrogate's Court](/source/New_York_Surrogate's_Court) in October 1943 by the executors of [Alfred G. Vanderbilt Sr.'s](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt) estate noted that $4,280,654 had been placed in Trust for George.[6] By 1943 George had reached the age of 29, and had been paid $7,109,933 in income and capital distributions from the trust fund created for him from his father's estate.[6] The remaining amount held in George's trust was $3,012,934, from which he would continue to receive the income until the remaining trust capital vested into his full ownership on his 30th and 35th birthdays.[6]

### 1931: Estate of Isaac Edward Emerson

Approximately $9 million of the $12.7 million estate of George's maternal grandfather, [Isaac Edward Emerson](/source/Isaac_Edward_Emerson), was placed in a 20-year Trust following Emerson's death in 1931.[7][8] Under the terms of his grandfather's will, George was to receive 2% of the annual income, and 2% of the Trust Capital when it vested in 1951. His mother Margaret and her step-mother each received a 35.5% share of the trust.[9] The value of the Trust was reported to be approximately $6,000,000 when the Trust vested in 1951, indicating that George's share would amount to $120,000, and his mother's share as $2,130,000.[10]

### 1934: Estate of Alice G. Vanderbilt

George, his brother Alfred, and his half-brother William shared a $500,000 bequest in the Will of their paternal grandmother [Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt](/source/Alice_Claypoole_Vanderbilt) following her death in 1934.[11]

### 1940: Estimates by Alfred G. Vanderbilt Jr.

A profile of George's older brother [Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr.](/source/Alfred_Gwynne_Vanderbilt_Jr.) in [The New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker) magazine included an estimate provided by Alfred of his inherited wealth (including trust funds) of $8,500,000; the article also noted that Alfred and George had received equal inheritances from the Vanderbilt and Emerson families.[8]

### 1950 - 1961: Divorce settlements

Vanderbilt married four times during his 47 years, and his series of divorce settlements reportedly diminished the fortune he had inherited from his father and grandfather. In 1958 his second wife Anita Zabala Howard Vanderbilt was awarded a $1,500,000 financial settlement in their divorce.[12]

### 1962: Estate

Following his death in 1962, George W. Vanderbilt III's personal estate (exclusive of real estate) was valued at slightly more than $3,000,000 for probate. His fourth wife and widow Louise Mitchell Vanderbilt received the income from a third share of George's residuary estate which was placed in a trust, as well as the *Shadow Valley Ranch* near Edgewood, California. His only daughter Lucille Vanderbilt Brady received a trust fund consisting of the remaining residuary estate as well as the [Arcadia Plantation](/source/Arcadia_Plantation) in Georgetown, South Carolina.[13]

## Career

In 1936 and 1937, George Vanderbilt sponsored a renewal of auto races for the [Vanderbilt Cup](/source/Vanderbilt_Cup), founded by his uncle, [William Kissam Vanderbilt II](/source/William_Kissam_Vanderbilt_II), in 1904.[14]

During World War II, he served in the [U.S. Navy](/source/U.S._Navy) like his two brothers. He was promoted to lieutenant on May 1, 1943,[15] and received the [Legion of Merit](/source/Legion_of_Merit) award.[1]

### Scientific research

Vanderbilt did not attend college, but by the time he turned 21, he had already led two expeditions to [Panama](/source/Panama) and [Africa](/source/Africa), with some lasting up to 10 months, bringing back various snakes, fish, insects and birds.[15] In 1937, he went on a six month with the [Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences](/source/Philadelphia_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences) to the South Seas, bringing back 20,000 species of birds, fish and reptiles.[15] He owned several yachts and used them to conduct scientific expeditions all over the globe. His voyages conducted important research in expeditions to [Africa](/source/Africa) in 1934 and aboard the schooner *Cressida*, he made [an ocean journey in 1937](/source/George_Vanderbilt_Sumatran_Expedition) to the [South Pacific](/source/Pacific_Ocean) (visiting many islands with a wide geographic range) that carried out a systematic study of more than 10,000 fish specimens (434 species in 210 genera).

His fifth major expedition was on the schooner *Pioneer* in 1941 to the [Bahamas](/source/Bahamas), [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea), [Panama](/source/Panama), [Galapagos Archipelago](/source/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands) and [Mexican](/source/Mexico) Pacific Islands.[15]

He established the George Vanderbilt Foundation, of which he was president, for scientific research around [marine biology](/source/Marine_biology).[15] However, outside of academic circles, his important work has mostly been overshadowed by the lavish lifestyles and the [Vanderbilt mansions](/source/Vanderbilt_mansions) of some of the other members of the Vanderbilt family.

## Personal life

George Vanderbilt was married four times throughout his life. His first marriage was in 1935,[16] when he married Lucille "Lulu" Miriam Parsons (1912–2013).[17] Lulu was born in Montclair, New Jersey and her father, J. Lester Parsons, founded the international re-insurance firm of [Crum & Forster](/source/Crum_%26_Forster) in 1896.[18] Together, George and Lulu had:

- Lucille Margaret Vanderbilt (1938–2018), who was married to Philip Brady, Jr from 1958[19] until their divorce 1962. Later in 1962, she married Robert Mathews Balding,[20] divorcing in 1970. Her third and final marriage was to Wallace Fennel Pate (1933–1993).[21]

In 1950,[1] the Vanderbilts divorced,[22] and Lulu married Ronald Bush Balcom (d. 1994), a champion skier who had previous attained celebrity when he became the third husband of [Standard Oil](/source/Standard_Oil) heiress [Millicent Rogers](/source/Millicent_Rogers).[18] Also in 1950, George Vanderbilt married Anita C. Zabala Howard at his [home](/source/Arcadia_Plantation) in South Carolina. She was a descendant of one of California's first [Spanish](/source/Spain) families and the former wife of California sportsman [Lindsay C. Howard](/source/Lindsay_C._Howard). They divorced in 1958 after nearly 8 years of [marriage.](https://web.archive.org/web/20110131185109/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894001,00.html)

In 1958, he married for the third time to Joyce "Josh" Branning,[23] (1926–2016) daughter of Enid and Ralph Branning.[24] They later divorced and, in 1963, she married Edward L. Doheny III (d. 1999),[24] grandson of [Edward L. Doheny](/source/Edward_L._Doheny).[25]

On March 23, 1961, he married Louise Mitchell Paine in [Scottsdale, Arizona](/source/Scottsdale,_Arizona).[1] She was a member of the Board of Directors of the [Children’s Cancer Fund of America](/source/Children%E2%80%99s_Cancer_Fund_of_America) and was the daughter of Harold E. Mitchell and had previously been married to Edward Bragg Paine (d. 1951).[26] [Edward's widow](/source/Lady_Malcolm_Douglas-Hamilton) later married [Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton](/source/Lord_Malcolm_Douglas-Hamilton).[27] Vanderbilt's marriage to Paine only lasted for three months as Vanderbilt died in June 1961.[15]

### Residences

In 1935, he purchased the 32-acre (13-hectare) Charles W. Sloane estate on [Middle Neck Road](/source/New_York_State_Route_101) in [Sands Point](/source/Sands_Point,_New_York) on the [Long Island Sound](/source/Long_Island_Sound), shortly after his first marriage.[28] In 1937, he had commissioned a home by society architects [Treanor & Fatio](/source/Maurice_Fatio) on the property.[29] He sold the home to Henry Lustig, founder of the [Longchamps](/source/Longchamps_(chain_of_restaurants)) chain of restaurants, in 1945.[28]

In 1946, he purchased 1,500 acres (610 ha) in [Siskiyou County](/source/Siskiyou_County,_California) near [Lake Shastina](/source/Lake_Shastina,_California) and the [Shasta–Trinity National Forest](/source/Shasta%E2%80%93Trinity_National_Forest) in [northern California](/source/Northern_California).[30] In 1949, he built a large ranch house known as "Shadow Valley Ranch", along with a guest cottage, carriage house, tennis court, riding trails, waterfalls and several barns.[31] The home was host to many important people of the times, including overnight guests [Harry Truman](/source/Harry_Truman), [John Wayne](/source/John_Wayne), [Audrey Hepburn](/source/Audrey_Hepburn), [Spencer Tracy](/source/Spencer_Tracy), [Clark Gable](/source/Clark_Gable), [Alan Ladd](/source/Alan_Ladd) and [Ginger Rogers](/source/Ginger_Rogers).[32] The house was sold by his widow in 1990[31] and burned down in 2012.[33]

He also lived in [Honolulu, Hawaii](/source/Honolulu,_Hawaii) for 25 years and owned the [Arcadia Plantation](/source/Arcadia_Plantation) in [Georgetown, South Carolina](/source/Georgetown,_South_Carolina),[1] which had been purchased by his grandfather, Dr. Emerson, in 1906.[34]

His former yacht, the *Pioneer*, is now the *Yankee Clipper*, which sails with passengers in the [Caribbean](/source/Caribbean) for Windjammer Barefoot Cruises.[35]

### Death

On June 24, 1961, George Washington Vanderbilt apparently killed himself by leaping from his 10th floor suite at the [Mark Hopkins Hotel](/source/Mark_Hopkins_Hotel) in [San Francisco, California](/source/San_Francisco,_California).[15] His wife said he was despondent over unspecified business setbacks.[15] Investigators found large amounts of [alcohol](/source/Alcohol_(drug)) in his [blood](/source/Blood) stream.

## References

### Notes

1. ["Mrs. Louise Paine Wed To George Vanderbilt | Marriage Is Held in Garden of Home in Scottsdale, Ariz."](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/03/24/118029865.html?pageNumber=34). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. March 24, 1961. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["New York, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1659–1999: Wills 1021–1023 (1915–1916), images 148–152 of 706"](https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/8800/). *Ancestry*. Lehi, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2015. – via Ancestry.

1. The Tacoma Daily Ledger. (9 August 1917). Alfred G Vanderbilt – Division of Estate. Newspapers.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024, from [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tacoma-daily-ledger-alfred-g-vanderb/144925447/](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tacoma-daily-ledger-alfred-g-vanderb/144925447/)

1. ["Trust Fund Reverts to Alfred G. Vanderbilt Jr and George W. Vanderbilt III"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-trust-fund-reverts-to/184738685/). *The New York Times*. 7 November 1919. p. 17. Retrieved 11 November 2025. – via Newspapers.com.

1. ["plus.lexis.com/api/permalink/52caf35e-4123-4c6b-8675-0d0a2e76c01d/?context=1539278&federationidp=HQT4VR35462"](https://plus.lexis.com/api/permalink/52caf35e-4123-4c6b-8675-0d0a2e76c01d/?context=1539278&federationidp=HQT4VR35462). 1937. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

1. ["Alfred G. Vanderbilt Estate $21,118,846"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/newport-mercury-and-weekly-news-alfred-g/190081263/). *Newport Mercury and Weekly News*. Newspapers.com. 8 October 1943. p. 5. Retrieved 1 February 2026.

1. ["Isaac Emerson Estate Valued at $12,767,327"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-isaac-emerson-estate-v/181925906/). *The Baltimore Sun*. 9 July 1932. p. 18. Retrieved 28 September 2025. – via Newspapers.com.

1. Ryall, G. F. T. (21 September 1940). ["All in Fun"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1940/09/28/all-in-fun). *The New Yorker*. Retrieved 11 November 2025.

1. ["Capt. Emerson Left $20,000,000 Estate"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/01/30/113338589.html?pageNumber=15). *The New York Times*. 30 January 1931. p. 15. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

1. ["'Keep My Money From Blondes' Please Unanswered By Court"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-keep-my-money-from-blon/181925528/). *The Evening Sun*. 20 July 1951. p. 32. Retrieved 28 September 2025. – via Newspapers.com.

1. ["Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney Papers, Series 1: Correspondence, 1883–1942"](https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gertrude-vanderbilt-whitney-papers-7107/series-1/box-2-folder-21). *Archives of American Art*. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

1. ["Divorce Settlement – Anita Zabala Howard Vanderbilt & George Vanderbilt"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-divorce-settlement-ani/181927121/). *The Independent*. 22 May 1958. p. 2. Retrieved 28 September 2025.

1. ["Widow, Daughter Are Named in George Vanderbilt Will"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-widow-daughter-ar/175746542/). *The Reporter Dispatch*. 25 August 1961. p. 13. Retrieved 28 September 2025.

1. Kroplick, Howard. ["The Five Vanderbilt Cup Trophies (1904-2007)"](http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/blog/article/the_five_vanderbilt_cup_trophies_1904_2007). *VanderbiltCupRaces.com*. Retrieved March 31, 2016.

1. Times, Special to The New York (June 25, 1961). ["George Vanderbilt Is Killed in Plunge; George Vanderbilt, 47, Is Killed In Plunge From Hotel on Coast"](https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/25/archives/george-vanderbilt-is-killed-in-plunge-george-vanderbilt-47-is.html?sq=george%2520vanderbilt&scp=4&st=cse). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 19 April 2009.

1. ["George Vanderbilt Honored"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/07/06/95514787.html?pageNumber=6). *The New York Times*. July 6, 1935. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["BALCOM, LUCILLE PARSONS"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E6D8153AF931A3575AC0A9659D8B63). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Columbia, David Patrick & Hirsch, Jeffrey (2 September 2013). ["The end of the last long weekend"](http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/social-diary/2013/the-end-of-the-last-long-weekend). *[New York Social Diary](/source/New_York_Social_Diary)*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["MISS VANDERBILT IS. BRIDE m SOUTH; Briarcliff Alumna, Daughter of George' Vanderbilt, Wed to Philip H. Brady Jr."](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/02/18/83394756.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=30). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. February 18, 1958. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["Robert Balding And Mrs. Brady Marry in Florida | 1956 Debutante, Former Lucille Vanderbilt, Is Wed in Palm Beach"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/11/24/87084148.html?pageNumber=15). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. November 24, 1962. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Snoots, Tim. ["Wallace F. Pate Memorial Fund | South Carolina Governor's Cup Billfishing Series | govcup.dnr.sc.gov"](http://govcup.dnr.sc.gov/Pate/). *govcup.dnr.sc.gov*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["WIFE SUES TO DIVORCE GEORGE VANDERBILT"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/04/30/88358961.html?pageNumber=23). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. April 30, 1946. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["George Vanderbilt 3d Weds Joyce Branning"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/12/07/93610837.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA&region=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=93). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. December 7, 1958. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["Joyce Branning Doheny"](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?pid=177925323). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*. March 4, 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["E.L. Doheny 3d Weds Mrs. Joyce Vanderbilt"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/22/82069148.html?pageNumber=12). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. June 22, 1963. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["LOUISE M. MITCHELL IS WED TO E. B. PAINE | Bride Has Three Attendangs James D. Washington Serves as Best Man."](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/12/22/93783538.html?pageNumber=76). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. December 22, 1935. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. "Yale Obituary Record", New Haven: Yale University, 1951–1952, pp. 116–7

1. ["Henry Lustig Acquires George Vanderbilt Place"](http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/02/28/94852955.html?pageNumber=40). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. February 28, 1945. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["The George W. Vanderbilt III Estate"](http://www.oldlongisland.com/2010/12/george-w-vanderbilt-iv-estate.html). *www.oldlongisland.com*. Old Long Island. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Rohleder, Anna (30 November 2001). ["Come To Her Window--And Door And Living Room..."](https://www.forbes.com/2001/11/30/1130movers.html). *Forbes*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Szydlowski, Joe (January 7, 2012). ["Vanderbilt house burns to ground near Weed; historical dwelling hosted many VIPs"](http://www.redding.com/news/vanderbilt-house-burns-to-ground-near-weed-historical-dwelling-hosted-many-vips-ep-375326388-354547271.html). *[Redding Record Searchlight](/source/Redding_Record_Searchlight)*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Reed, Danielle (17 November 2000). ["Shadow Valley Ranch"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB974421793537201461). *Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Kinkade, Skye (January 11, 2012). ["Old Vanderbilt estate destroyed by fire"](http://www.mtshastanews.com/article/20120111/news/301119971). *Mount Shasta Herald*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. ["Arcadia Plantation, Georgetown County (off U.S. Hwy. 17, Waccamaw Neck)"](http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/georgetown/S10817722012/index.htm). *www.nationalregister.sc.gov*. South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

1. Warner, Gary A. (October 8, 2006). ["Tall Sails, Tall Tales"](http://www.ocregister.com/articles/ship-4505-war-vanderbilt.html). *The Orange County Register*. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

### Sources

- [Curiosity served: Biltmore opens servants' quarters](https://web.archive.org/web/20070702062346/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051225/news_1t25biltmore.html), Tim Whitmire, [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) via *[The San Diego Union-Tribune](/source/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune)*, December 25, 2005.
- [Antiques of the Biltmore Estate](http://www.go-star.com/antiquing/biltmore.htm) at go-star.com

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [George Washington Vanderbilt III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_III) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_III?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.