# George Enescu

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Romanian composer and violinist (1881–1955)

For the commune, named for the composer, see [George Enescu, Botoșani](/source/George_Enescu%2C_Boto%C8%99ani).

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2021)

George Enescu Enescu in 1930 Born (1881-08-19)19 August 1881 Liveni-Vârnav, Kingdom of Romania Died 4 May 1955(1955-05-04) (aged 73) Paris, France Burial place Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France Other names Jurjac, Georges Enesco Citizenship Romania France Occupations musician, composer Notable work Romanian Rhapsodies Spouse Maria Tescanu Rosetti ​ ​ (m. 1939; div. 1955)​ Children 1 Member of the Senate of Romania In office 1939[1]–1940 Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania In office 1946[2][3][4]–1948 Constituency Dorohoi County Personal details Party National Renaissance Front (1939–1940) Bloc of Democratic Parties (1946–1948) Parents Costache Enescu (father) Maria Enescu (mother)

**George Enescu** (Romanian: [\[ˈdʒe̯ordʒe eˈnesku\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-George_Enescu.ogg); 19 August [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 7 August] 1881 – 4 May 1955), known in France as **Georges Enesco**, was a [Romanian](/source/Romanians) composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, teacher and statesman. He is regarded as one of the greatest musicians in Romanian history.[5]

## Biography

Young George Enescu

Enescu was born in Romania, in the village of [Liveni](/source/George_Enescu%2C_Boto%C8%99ani) (later renamed "George Enescu" in his honor), then in [Dorohoi County](/source/Dorohoi_County), today [Botoșani County](/source/Boto%C8%99ani_County). His father was Costache Enescu, a landholder, and his mother was Maria Enescu (née Cosmovici), the daughter of an Orthodox priest. Their eighth child, he was born after all the previous siblings had died in infancy. His father later separated from Maria Enescu and had another son with Maria Ferdinand-Suschi: the painter [Dumitru Bâșcu](/source/Dumitru_B%C3%A2%C8%99cu).[6]

A [child prodigy](/source/Child_prodigy), Enescu began experimenting with composing at an early age. Several, mostly very short, pieces survive, all for violin and piano. The earliest work of significant length bears the title *Pămînt românesc* ("Romanian Land"), and is inscribed "opus for piano and violin by George Enescu, Romanian composer, aged five years and a quarter".[7] Shortly thereafter, his father presented him to the professor and composer [Eduard Caudella](/source/Eduard_Caudella). On 5 October 1888, at the age of seven, he became the youngest student ever admitted to the [Vienna Conservatory](/source/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts%2C_Vienna),[8][9] where he studied with [Joseph Hellmesberger Jr.](/source/Joseph_Hellmesberger_Jr.), [Robert Fuchs](/source/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)), and [Sigismund Bachrich](/source/Sigismund_Bachrich). He was the second person ever to be admitted to the Vienna Conservatory by a dispensation of age, and was the first non-Austrian (in 1882, [Fritz Kreisler](/source/Fritz_Kreisler) had also been admitted at the age of seven; according to the rules, nobody younger than 14 years could study there).[10]

In 1891, the ten-year-old Enescu gave a private concert at the [Court of Vienna](/source/Austria-Hungary), in the presence of [Emperor Franz Joseph](/source/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria).[11]

[Joseph Hellmesberger Sr.](/source/Joseph_Hellmesberger_Sr.), one of his teachers and the director of the Vienna Conservatory, hosted Enescu at his home,[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] where the child prodigy met his idol, [Johannes Brahms](/source/Johannes_Brahms).[12]

External audio You may hear George Enescu playing Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043 with Yehudi Menuhin and Pierre Monteux conducting the Symphony Orchestra of Paris in 1932 Here on archive.org

He graduated at the age of 12, earning the silver medal. In his Viennese concerts young Enescu played works by [Brahms](/source/Johannes_Brahms), [Sarasate](/source/Pablo_de_Sarasate) and [Mendelssohn](/source/Felix_Mendelssohn). In 1895, he went to Paris to continue his studies. He studied violin with [Martin Pierre Marsick](/source/Martin_Pierre_Marsick), harmony with [André Gedalge](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Gedalge), and composition with [Jules Massenet](/source/Jules_Massenet) and [Gabriel Fauré](/source/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9).[13]

Enescu then studied from 1895 to 1899 at the [Conservatoire de Paris](/source/Conservatoire_de_Paris). In a letter from André Gédalge to [Lucien Rebatet](/source/Lucien_Rebatet), dated 16 October 1923, Gédalge said that Enescu was "the only one [among his students] who truly had ideas and spirit" *(fr: le seul qui ait vraiment des idées et du souffle)*.[14]

On 6 February 1898, at the age of 16, Enescu presented in Paris his first mature work, *[Poema Română](/source/Poema_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83)*, played by the [Colonne Orchestra](/source/Concerts_Colonne), then one of the most prestigious in the world, and conducted by [Édouard Colonne](/source/%C3%89douard_Colonne).[15]

Many of Enescu's works were influenced by Romanian folk music, his most popular compositions being the two *[Romanian Rhapsodies](/source/Romanian_Rhapsodies_(Enescu))* (1901–02), the opera *[Œdipe](/source/%C5%92dipe_(opera))* (1936), and the suites for orchestra.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] He also wrote five mature symphonies (two of them unfinished), a [symphonic poem](/source/Symphonic_poem) *[Vox maris](/source/Vox_maris)*, and much chamber music (three sonatas for violin and piano, two for cello and piano, a piano trio, two string quartets and two piano quartets, a wind [decet](/source/Decet_(music)) (French, "dixtuor"), an [octet for strings](/source/Octet_(Enescu)), a piano quintet, and a chamber symphony for twelve solo instruments). A young [Ravi Shankar](/source/Ravi_Shankar) recalled in the 1960s how Enescu, who had developed a deep interest in Oriental music, rehearsed with Shankar's brother [Uday Shankar](/source/Uday_Shankar) and his musicians. Around the same time, Enescu took the young [Yehudi Menuhin](/source/Yehudi_Menuhin) to the [Colonial Exhibition in Paris](/source/Colonial_Exhibition_in_Paris), where he introduced him to the [Gamelan](/source/Gamelan) Orchestra from [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia).[16]

The [Cantacuzino Palace](/source/Cantacuzino_Palace) on [Calea Victoriei](/source/Calea_Victoriei) ([Bucharest](/source/Bucharest), [Romania](/source/Romania)), built in the [Beaux Arts](/source/Beaux_Arts_architecture) style, which is now the George Enescu Museum

On 8 January 1923 he made his American debut as a conductor in a concert given by the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/source/Philadelphia_Orchestra) at [Carnegie Hall](/source/Carnegie_Hall) in New York City, and subsequently visited the United States many times. It was in America, in the 1920s, that Enescu was first persuaded to make recordings as a violinist. He also appeared as a conductor with many American orchestras and, in 1936, was one of the candidates considered to replace [Arturo Toscanini](/source/Arturo_Toscanini) as permanent conductor of the New York Philharmonic.[17] In 1932, Enescu was elected a titular member of the [Romanian Academy](/source/Romanian_Academy).[18] In 1935, he conducted the [Orchestre Symphonique de Paris](/source/Orchestre_Symphonique_de_Paris) and Yehudi Menuhin (who had been his pupil for several years starting in 1927) in Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 3 in G major. He also conducted the [New York Philharmonic](/source/New_York_Philharmonic) between 1937 and 1938. In 1939, he married [Maria Tescanu Rosetti](/source/Maria_Tescanu_Rosetti) (known as Princess Maruca Cantacuzino through her first husband Mihail Cantacuzino), a good friend of Queen Marie of Romania. After the [1939 Romanian general election](/source/1939_Romanian_general_election), Enescu became a member of the Romanian Senate, being personally appointed by the King [Carol II of Romania](/source/Carol_II_of_Romania).[19]

He was also renowned as a violin teacher. He began teaching at the [Mannes School of Music](/source/Mannes_School_of_Music) in 1948. His students included [Yehudi Menuhin](/source/Yehudi_Menuhin), [Christian Ferras](/source/Christian_Ferras), [Ivry Gitlis](/source/Ivry_Gitlis), [Arthur Grumiaux](/source/Arthur_Grumiaux), [Serge Blanc](/source/Serge_Blanc_(violinist)), [Ida Haendel](/source/Ida_Haendel), [Uto Ughi](/source/Uto_Ughi), and [Joan Field](/source/Joan_Field). (See: [List of music students by teacher: C to F#George Enescu](/source/List_of_music_students_by_teacher%3A_C_to_F#George_Enescu).)

Grave of George Enescu -Père Lachaise Cemetery

He promoted contemporary Romanian music, playing works of [Constantin Silvestri](/source/Constantin_Silvestri), [Mihail Jora](/source/Mihail_Jora), [Ionel Perlea](/source/Ionel_Perlea) and Marțian Negrea.[20] Enescu considered Bach's [Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin](/source/Sonatas_and_Partitas_for_Solo_Violin_(Bach)) as the "Himalayas of violinists". An annotated version of this work brings together the indications of Enescu regarding sonority, phrasing, tempos, musicality, fingering and expression.[21]

Enescu died on 4 May 1955.[22] On his death, he was interred in [Père Lachaise Cemetery](/source/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery), (48°51'43.8"N 2°23'30.8"E) in Paris.

## Reception

A violin owned by George Enescu in a museum in Bucharest, Romania

[Pablo Casals](/source/Pablo_Casals) described Enescu as "the greatest musical phenomenon since Mozart"[23] and "one of the greatest geniuses of [modern music](/source/20th-century_classical_music)".[24] [Queen Marie of Romania](/source/Marie_of_Romania) wrote in her memoirs that "in George Enescu was real gold".[25] Yehudi Menuhin, Enescu's most famous pupil, once said about his teacher: "He will remain for me the absoluteness through which I judge others", and "Enescu gave me the light that has guided my entire existence."[26] He also considered Enescu "the most extraordinary human being, the greatest musician and the most formative influence" he had ever experienced.[27] [Vincent d'Indy](/source/Vincent_d'Indy) claimed that if [Beethoven](/source/Ludwig_van_Beethoven)'s works were destroyed, they could be all reconstructed from memory by George Enescu.[28] [Alfred Cortot](/source/Alfred_Cortot), one of the greatest pianists of all time, once said that Enescu, though primarily a violinist, had better piano technique than his own.[29]

Enescu's only opera, *[Œdipe](/source/%C5%92dipe_(opera))* (*Oedipe*), was staged for the first time at the [Royal Opera House](/source/Royal_Opera_House) in London in 2016, 80 years after its Paris premiere, in a production directed and designed by [La Fura dels Baus](/source/La_Fura_dels_Baus) which received superlative reviews in *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*,[30] *[The Independent](/source/The_Independent)*,[31] *[The Times](/source/The_Times)*[32] and other publications. An analysis of Enescu's work and the reasons why it is little known in the UK was published by musician Dominic Saunders in *The Guardian*.[33]

## Commemorations

Enescu founded the [Enescu Prize](/source/Enescu_Prize) in composition, which was awarded from 1913 to 1946, and afterwards by the [National University of Music Bucharest](/source/National_University_of_Music_Bucharest).[34]

[Eugène Ysaÿe](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe)'s [Violin Sonata No. 3 in D minor, subtitled "Ballade"](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._3_(Ysa%C3%BFe)) (composed in 1923), was dedicated as an act of homage to fellow-violinist Enescu.[35]

While staying in Bucharest during the 1930s, Enescu lived in the [Cantacuzino Palace](/source/Cantacuzino_Palace) on Calea Victoriei and married its then owner, Maruca Cantacuzino, in 1939. After the Communist takeover, the couple occupied a part of it briefly before moving to Paris in 1947. Following Enescu's death in 1955, Maruca donated the palace to the Romanian state in order to organize a museum [\[1\]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1st_Enescu_Museum_Collection_Curation.only.reduced.pdf) in memory of the musician.[36] Likewise, the Symphony Orchestra of Bucharest and the George Enescu Festival—initiated by the musicologist [Andrei Tudor](/source/Andrei_Tudor)[37] [\[2\]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enescu_Festival_Proposal.pdf) and supported by his friend, musical advocate, and sometime collaborator, the conductor George Georgescu—are named and held in his honor,[38] and the composer's childhood home in [Liveni](/source/Manoleasa) was inaugurated as a memorial museum in 1958.[39]

Earlier still, in 1947, his wife Maruca donated to the state the mansion near [Moinești](/source/Moine%C8%99ti) where Enescu had lived and where he completed his opera *Oedipe*, provided that a cultural centre be built there.[40] In Moinești itself there is a street named after the composer,[41] as well as a middle school.[42] In addition the renamed George Enescu International Airport at [Bacău](/source/Bac%C4%83u) is some twenty miles away.[43] Then in 2014 the home of Enescu's maternal grandfather in [Mihăileni, Botoșani](/source/Mih%C4%83ileni%2C_Boto%C8%99ani), where the composer spent part of his childhood, was rescued from an advanced state of dilapidation by a team of volunteer architects and now houses a centre of excellence for the study of music.[44]

Enescu's portrait appeared on the redesigned [5 lei](/source/Five_lei) Romanian banknote in 2005.[45]

## Selected works

Filarmonica "George Enescu" – [Romanian Athenaeum](/source/Romanian_Athenaeum), Bucharest

External audio You may hear George Enescu's Romanian Rhapsody No. 1 in A major, Op. 11 and Romanian Rhapsody No. 2 in D major, Op. 11 Here on archive.org

For a more comprehensive list, see [List of compositions by George Enescu](/source/List_of_compositions_by_George_Enescu).

### Operas

- *[Œdipe](/source/%C5%92dipe_(opera))*, *tragédie lyrique* in four acts, libretto by Edmond Fleg, Op. 23 (1910–31)

### Symphonies

- [Symphony No. 1 in E♭ major](/source/Symphony_No._1_(Enescu)), Op. 13 (1905)

- [Symphony No. 2 in A major](/source/Symphony_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 17 (1912–14)

- [Symphony No. 3 in C major](/source/Symphony_No._3_(Enescu)), with chorus, Op. 21 (1916–18)

- [Symphony No. 4 in E minor](/source/Symphony_No._4_(Enescu)) (1935; completed by [Pascal Bentoiu](/source/Pascal_Bentoiu) in 1996)

- [Symphony No. 5 in D major](/source/Symphony_No._5_(Enescu)), with women's chorus and tenor solo (1941; first partially completed by [Cornel Țăranu](/source/Cornel_%C8%9A%C4%83ranu) in 1970–72 and 1990, then completed by Pascal Bentoiu in 1995)

### Other orchestral works

- *[Poème roumain](/source/Po%C3%A8me_roumain)*, symphonic suite for orchestra, Op. 1 (1897)

- *[Romanian Rhapsody No. 1](/source/Romanian_Rhapsodies_(Enescu))* in A major, Op. 11 (1901)

- *[Romanian Rhapsody No. 2](/source/Romanian_Rhapsodies_(Enescu))* in D major, Op. 11 (1901)

- Symphonia concertante in B minor, Op. 8 (1901)

- [Orchestral Suite No. 1 in C major](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestral_Suite_No._1_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), Op. 9 (1903)

- [Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestral_Suite_No._2_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), Op. 20 (1915)

- [Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major](/source/Orchestral_Suite_No._3_(Enescu)) *Suite Villageoise*, Op. 27 (1937–38)

- Overture on Popular Romanian Themes, Op. 32

### Chamber works

#### String quartets

- [String Quartet No. 1 in E♭ major](/source/String_Quartet_No._1_(Enescu)), Op. 22, No. 1 (1916–20)

- [String Quartet No. 2 in G major](/source/String_Quartet_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 22, No. 2 (1930–32)

[Queen Elisabeth of Romania](/source/Elisabeth_of_Wied) with George Enescu and Dimitrie Dinicu at [Peleș Castle](/source/Pele%C8%99_Castle)

#### Sonatas

- [Violin Sonata No. 1 in D major](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violin_Sonata_No._1_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), Op. 2 (1897)

- [Violin Sonata No. 2 in F minor](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 6 (1899)

- [Violin Sonata No. 3 in A minor](/source/Violin_Sonata_No._3_(Enescu)) *dans le caractère populaire roumain*, Op. 25 (1926)

- [Cello Sonata No. 1 in F minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cello_Sonata_No._1_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), Op. 26, No. 1 (1898)

- [Cello Sonata No. 2 in C major](/source/Cello_Sonata_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 26, No. 2 (1935)

#### Other chamber works

- [Octet for Strings in C major](/source/Octet_(Enescu)), Op. 7 (1900)

- [Cantabile et Presto](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morceau_de_Concours_(Enesco)&action=edit&redlink=1), for flute and piano (1904)

- *[Decet](/source/Decet_(Enescu))* in D major, for wind instruments, Op. 14 (1906)

- *[Concertstück](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concertst%C3%BCck_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1)*, for viola and piano (1906)

- *[Légende](/source/L%C3%A9gende_(Enescu))*, for trumpet and piano (1906)

- [Piano Quartet No. 1 in D major](/source/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Enescu)), Op. 16 (1909)

- *[Impressions d'enfance](/source/Impressions_d'enfance)* in D major, for violin and piano, Op. 28 (1940)

- [Piano Quintet in A minor](/source/Piano_Quintet_(Enescu)), Op. 29 (1940)

- [Piano Quartet No. 2 in D minor](/source/Piano_Quartet_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 30 (1943–44)

- [Chamber Symphony](/source/Chamber_Symphony_(Enescu)), for 12 instruments, Op. 33 (1954)

### Piano music

- [Piano Suite No. 1 in G minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Suite_No._1_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), *Dans le style ancien* Op. 3 (1897)

- [Piano Suite No. 2 in D major](/source/Piano_Suite_No._2_(Enescu)), Op. 10 (1901/1903)

- [Piano Suite No. 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Suite_No._3_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1), *Pieces impromptues* Op. 18 (1913–16)

- [Piano Sonata No. 1 in F♯ minor](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Enescu)), op 24, No. 1 (1924)

- [Piano Sonata No. 3 in D major](/source/Piano_Sonata_No._3_(Enescu)), op 24, No. 3 (1933–35)

- Piano arrangement of [Romanian Rhapsody No. 1 in A major](/source/Romanian_Rhapsodies_(Enescu)), Op. 11 (1951)

### Songs

Three songs setting Lemaitre and Prudhomme Four songs setting Fernand Gregh In German: Various settings of Carmen Silva (Queen Elisabeth of Romania) In Romanian – 3 songs

- *Trois Mélodies*, Op. 4 (1898)

- *[Sept Chansons de Clement Marot](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sept_Chansons_de_Clement_Marot_(Enescu)&action=edit&redlink=1)*, for tenor and piano, Op. 15 (1907–08)

- *Trois Mélodies*, Op. 19 (1916)

[Cantabile and Presto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enescu_-_Cantibile_and_Presto_-_Tipton.ogg)

Performed by [Albert Tipton](/source/Albert_Tipton) (flute) and Mary Norris (piano)

[Cantabile and Presto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enescu_-_Cantibile_and_Presto_-_Murray.ogg)

Performed by Alex Murray (flute) and [Martha Goldstein](/source/Martha_Goldstein) (piano)

*Problems playing these files? See [media help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media).*

## See also

- [Category:Compositions by George Enescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compositions_by_George_Enescu)

- [George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra](/source/George_Enescu_Philharmonic_Orchestra)

- [George Enescu International Competition](/source/George_Enescu_International_Competition)

- [List of 20th century classical composers](/source/List_of_20th_century_classical_composers)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Eskenasy, Victor (12 February 2014). ["George Enescu și comunismul - precizări succinte"](https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/25261719.html). *Radio Europa Liberă*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Eskenasy, Victor (12 February 2014). ["George Enescu și comunismul - precizări succinte"](https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/25261719.html). *Radio Europa Liberă*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["George Enescu - Muzicieni români - Biografii ascunse în arhivele securității"](https://www.muzicieni-in-arhive.ro/george-enescu-ro.php).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["George Enescu şi regimul comunist"](https://www.rri.ro/panoramice/pro-memoria/george-enescu-si-regimul-comunist-id585665.html). 23 September 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pascal Bentoiu, *Masterworks of George Enescu*, Scarecrow Press, 1910, [p.v](https://books.google.com/books?id=9H9-dYsKA_MC&dq=%22George+Enescu%22+Translator%27s+Foreword&pg=PR6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Cosma, V, ["George Enescu: Simfonia iubirii"](http://www.formula-as.ro/2011/982/asul-de-inima-45/george-enescu-simfonia-iubirii-14082) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190709084145/http://www.formula-as.ro/2011/982/asul-de-inima-45/george-enescu-simfonia-iubirii-14082) 9 July 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *Formula AS*, 2011 issue 982

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Voicana 1971, 52; Malcolm 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-aradon_8-0)** ["ICR Viena vine la Budapesta - ARADON"](http://www.aradon.ro/icr-viena-vine-la-budapesta/1024537). aradon.ro. 9 December 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082554/http://www.aradon.ro/icr-viena-vine-la-budapesta/1024537) from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-wordpress_9-0)** ["Romanian Achievements and Records: Part 15 | Romania In Our Hearts"](http://romaniainourhearts.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/romanian-achievements-and-records-part-15/). romaniainourhearts.wordpress.com. 16 September 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140416121651/http://romaniainourhearts.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/romanian-achievements-and-records-part-15/) from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Anon. "George Enescu, fața nevăzută a unui geniu" [George Enescu, the Unseen Face of a Genius], *Historia* Special, 2, no. 4 (September 2013): 55. ISSN 1582-7968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Anon. "George Enescu, fața nevăzută a unui geniu" [George Enescu, the Unseen Face of a Genius], *Historia* Special, 2, no. 4 (September 2013): 10. ISSN 1582-7968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Anon. "George Enescu, fața nevăzută a unui geniu" [George Enescu, the Unseen Face of a Genius], *Historia* Special. 2, no. 4 (September 2013): 9. ISSN 1582-7968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Malcolm 1990.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Penesco, Anne (1999). *Georges Enesco et l'âme roumaine*. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. p. 10.{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: publisher location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Anon. "George Enescu, fața nevăzută a unui geniu" [George Enescu, the Unseen Face of a Genius], *Historia* Special, 2, no. 4 (September 2013): 11. ISSN 1582-7968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Liner notes - Angel/EMI Lp 36418 (1966)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Malcolm 2001.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** (in Romanian) [Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent](http://www.acad.ro/bdar/armembriLit.php?vidT=E) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160402001920/http://acad.ro/bdar/armembriLit.php?vidT=E) 2 April 2016 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) at the Romanian Academy site

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Eskenasy, Victor (12 February 2014). ["George Enescu și comunismul - precizări succinte"](https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/25261719.html). *Radio Europa Liberă*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Malcolm 1990.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sonatas_21-0)** ["Sonatas and Partitas : Educational Edition"](http://www.himalayas-of-violinists.org). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210557/http://www.himalayas-of-violinists.org/) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel1996248_22-0)** [Randel 1996](#CITEREFRandel1996), p. 248.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-musicweb-international_23-0)** ["George ENESCU Part I: Enescu the composer Evan Dickerson - May 2005 MusicWeb-International"](http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Enescu_part1.htm). musicweb-international.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140709032547/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Enescu_part1.htm) from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["EXCLUSIV VIDEO Documentar inedit despre George Enescu: "A fost cel mai măreț fenomen muzical, de la Mozart încoace""](http://adevarul.ro/news/festivalul-george-enescu/george-enescu-1_52271acdc7b855ff56458f06/index.html). *adevarul.ro*. 4 September 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141105144537/http://adevarul.ro/news/festivalul-george-enescu/george-enescu-1_52271acdc7b855ff56458f06/index.html) from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Anon. "George Enescu, fața nevăzută a unui geniu" [George Enescu, the Unseen Face of a Genius], *Historia* Special, 2, no. 4 (September 2013): 14. ISSN 1582-7968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-georgeenescu2_26-0)** ["Yehudi Menuhin, aproape romān"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140415125032/http://www.georgeenescu.ro/noutate_2130_Yehudi-Menuhin--aproape-rom%C3%A2n_pg_0.htm). georgeenescu.ro. Archived from [the original](http://www.georgeenescu.ro/noutate_2130_Yehudi-Menuhin--aproape-rom%C3%A2n_pg_0.htm) on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["The Romanian Cultural Centre in London"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140518001541/http://www.romanianculturalcentre.org.uk/announcements/general/2007/02/new-music-release-george-enescu-complete-works-for-violin-piano-vol-i/). Archived from [the original](http://www.romanianculturalcentre.org.uk/announcements/general/2007/02/new-music-release-george-enescu-complete-works-for-violin-piano-vol-i/) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-romania-muzical_28-0)** ["Radio Romania Muzical"](http://en.romania-muzical.ro/articole/art.htm?c=18&g=2&arh=1&y=2011&a=103001). en.romania-muzical.ro. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140415083018/http://en.romania-muzical.ro/articole/art.htm?c=18&g=2&arh=1&y=2011&a=103001) from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-musicweb-international2_29-0)** ["ENESCU piano music Vol 2 Borac AVIE AV2081 \[GF\]: Classical CD Reviews- March 2006 MusicWeb-International"](http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/Mar06/Enescu_AV2081.htm). musicweb-international.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140717055123/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/Mar06/Enescu_AV2081.htm) from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Clements, A, ["Oedipe review – spellbinding staging of a 20th-century masterpiece"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/24/oedipe-review-enescu-royal-opera-house-london) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704120602/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/24/oedipe-review-enescu-royal-opera-house-london) 4 July 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *The Guardian*, 24 May 2016

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Chanteau, C, ["Oedipe, Royal Opera House, review: 'A masterpiece'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/oedipe-royal-opera-house-review-a-masterpiece-enescu-a7046721.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704120557/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/reviews/oedipe-royal-opera-house-review-a-masterpiece-enescu-a7046721.html) 4 July 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), *The Independent*, 24 May 2016

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Morrison, Richard. ["Opera: Oedipe at Covent Garden"](https://www.thetimes.com/culture/classical-opera/article/opera-oedipe-at-covent-garden-dh9rbxws9). *The Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190801220617/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/opera-oedipe-at-covent-garden-dh9rbxws9) from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Saunders, Dominic (25 October 2002). ["The Mozart we missed"](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/25/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures). *www.theguardian.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190704120611/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/25/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures) from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Malcolm 1990. p.164

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Timothy Judd, "Augustin Hadelich Plays Ysaÿe: Sonata No. 3", [The Listener's Club](https://thelistenersclub.com/2022/05/27/augustin-hadelich-plays-ysaye-sonata-no-3-in-d-minor-ballade)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [Muzeul George Enescu](https://www.vinland.ro/calator-in-tara-mea/palatul-cantacuzino-sau-muzeul-george-enescu-bucuresti)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Cosma, Viorel (2006). "Andrei Tudor". *Muzicieni din România* (in Romanian). Vol. 9. Bucharest: Music Publishing House. p. 114. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-973-42-0441-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-42-0441-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Alain Chotil-Fani, "Un voyage dans la Roumanie musicale: George Georgescu"](http://souvenirsdescarpates.blogspot.fr/2007/12/george-georgescu.html), Souvenirs des Carpates blog site (6 December 2007, accessed 14 July 2014)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [Muzee de la sat](https://muzeedelasat.ro/muzee/casa-memoriala-george-enescu-din-liveni/?lang=en)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [Muzee de la sat](https://muzeedelasat.ro/muzee/muzeul-national-george-enescu-sectia-alice-si-dumitru-rosetti-tescanu-george-enescu/?lang=en)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [Strada George Enescu](http://orasul.biz/strazi-moinesti-bc/strada-george-enescu)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Scoala George Enescu](https://www.scoala-george-enescu-moinesti.ro)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [Closest Airport](https://www.closestairportto.com/city/romania/moinesti)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** [Pro Patrimonio](https://www.propatrimonio.org/george-enescu-house-in-mihaileni-from-ruin-to-educational-centre/?lang=en)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** "5 Lei 2005, Romania" [Numista](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note202529.html)

## Sources

- Axente, Colette, and Ileana Ratiu. 1998. *George Enescu: Biografie documentara, tineretea si afirmarea: 1901–1920*. Bucharest: Editura muzicala a U.C.M.R.

- [Bentoiu, Pascal](/source/Pascal_Bentoiu). 2010. *Masterworks of George Enescu: A Detailed Analysis*, translated by Lory Wallfisch. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-7665-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7665-1) (cloth) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8108-7690-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7690-3) (ebook). Translation of *Capodopere enesciene*. Bucharest: Editura muzicala a U.C.M.R., 1984.

- Brediceanu, M. et al. 1997. *Celebrating George Enescu: A Symposium*. Washington, D.C.:[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*].

- Gheorghiu, V. 1944. *Un Muzician Genial: George Enescu*[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*].

- [Cophignon, Alain](/source/Alain_Cophignon). 2006. *Georges Enesco*. Paris: [Librairie Arthème Fayard](/source/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-213-62321-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-62321-4). Romanian version as *George Enescu*, translated by Domnica Ilea, Bucharest: Editura Institutului Cultural Român, 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-973-577-578-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-577-578-0).

- Cosma, Viorel. 2000. *George Enescu: A Tragic Life in Pictures*. Bucharest: The [Romanian Cultural Foundation](/source/Romanian_Cultural_Foundation) Publishing House.

- Malcolm, Noel. 1990. *George Enescu: His Life and Music*, with a preface by [Sir Yehudi Menuhin](/source/Sir_Yehudi_Menuhin). London: Toccata Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-907689-32-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907689-32-9) (cloth); [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-907689-33-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907689-33-7) (pbk)

- Malcolm, Noel. 2001. "Enescu, George." *[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/source/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians)*, second edition, edited by [Stanley Sadie](/source/Stanley_Sadie) and [John Tyrrell](/source/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)). London: Macmillan Publishers.

- Randel, Don Michael (1996). *The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music*. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-67437-299-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67437-299-3).

- Roth, Henry (1997). *Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century*. Los Angeles, CA: California Classics Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-879395-15-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879395-15-0)

- Slonimsky, Nicolas (ed.). 2001. "Georges Enesco." *[Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians](/source/Baker's_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians)*. Centennial Edition. New York: Schirmer Books.

- [Tudor, Andrei](/source/Andrei_Tudor). 1957. "Enescu". Bucharest: Foreign Languages Pub. House [OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1029409](https://www.worldcat.org/title/1029409)]

- Voicana, Mircea. 1971. “Anii de formare: Copilăria (1881–1888); Studiile la Viena (1888–1894)”. In *George Enescu: Monografie*. 2 vols, edited by Mircea Voicana, 1: 7–129 (part 1, chapters 1–2). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.

- Voicana, Mircea (ed.) 1976. *Enesciana, I*. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]. (in Fr., Ger., and Eng.)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Georges Enesco](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georges_Enesco).

- [Works by or about George Enescu](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Enescu%2C%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Enescu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Enescu%2C%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Enescu%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Enescu%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Enescu%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Enescu%2C%20George%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Enescu%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1955%22%20AND%20Enescu%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive)

- [Legendary Violinists](http://www.thirteen.org/publicarts/violin/enesco.html)

- [International Enescu Society](http://www.enescusociety.org/)

- [Georges Enesco's Profile at The Remington Site: his Continental Bach Recordings and Remington Recordings plus a survey of Sonatas & Partitas in the 1950s](http://www.soundfountain.org/rem/remenes.html)

- [International Festival and Competition "George Enescu"](http://www.festivalenescu.ro/)

- [Free scores by Enescu](https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Enescu,_George) at the [International Music Score Library Project](/source/International_Music_Score_Library_Project) (IMSLP)

- [Free scores by George Enescu](https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/George_Enescu) in the [Choral Public Domain Library](/source/Choral_Public_Domain_Library) (ChoralWiki)

- [A page on the closely linked lives of Enescu and Chailley](http://www.baroquemusic.org/chailleyenesco.html)

- [Another site, with a helpful timeline](https://web.archive.org/web/20010405023220/http://www.geocities.com/enesco_georges/index.html)

- [Pascal Bentoiu: George Enescu, the composer](http://www.enescu.de/en/enescu.php)

- [Reissue of the complete Bach clavier concertos conducted by Enesco on 4 CDs](http://www.baroquecds.com/9047Web.html)

- [Review on Musicweb-International by Evan Dickerson of available recordings featuring Enescu's compositions (updated May 2005)](http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Enescu_part1.htm)

- [Review on Musicweb-International by Evan Dickerson of Enescu's recordings as a performer (violinist, conductor & pianist)(updated July 2005)](http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/July05/Enescu2.htm)

- [Romanian Rhapsody No.1](http://virtualromania.org/music/folk/songs/012.%20George%20Enescu%20-%20Rapsodia%20Romana%20(Romanian%20Rhapsody%20No.1).mp3)

- [Georges Enescu Octet in C, Op.7 sound-bites and short bio](http://www.editionsilvertrust.com/enescu-octet.htm)

v t e George Enescu List of compositions Opera Œdipe (1936) Orchestral works Poème roumain Orchestral Suite No. 3 ("Villageoise") Romanian Rhapsody No. 1 Romanian Rhapsody No. 2 Symphony No. 1 Symphony No. 2 Symphony No. 3 Symphony No. 4 (unfinished) Symphony No. 5 (unfinished) Vox maris Chamber music Cello Sonata No. 2 Chamber Symphony Decet for Winds in D major Impressions d'enfance Légende Octet for Strings in C major Piano Quartet No. 1 Piano Quartet No. 2 Piano Quintet String Quartet No. 1 String Quartet No. 2 Violin Sonata No. 2 Violin Sonata No. 3 Piano music Piano Sonata No. 1 Piano Sonata No. 3 Piano Suite No. 2 Named for Enescu George Enescu, Botoșani George Enescu International Airport George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra George Enescu National University of Arts Related articles Enescu Prize George Enescu Festival George Enescu International Airport George Enescu International Competition Luminiș Category

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [George Enescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.