# Genitoplasty

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Plastic surgery performed on the genitals

Medical intervention

Genitoplasty ICD-9-CM 70.64, 70.62, 70.64, 70.94, 70.6, 70.95 MeSH D013509 [edit on Wikidata]

**Genitoplasty** is [plastic surgery](/source/Plastic_surgery) to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from [cancer treatment](/source/Cancer_treatment), or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.[1]

## Medical uses

Genitoplasty surgery includes the following:

- [Vaginoplasty](/source/Vaginoplasty)

- Correction of congenital conditions - [congenital adrenal hyperplasia](/source/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia)[2][3][4] - [microphallus repair](/source/Micropenis)[5] - [hypospadias](/source/Hypospadias) repair[6][7] - [pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias](/source/Pseudovaginal_perineoscrotal_hypospadias) repair[8] - [androgen insensitivity syndrome](/source/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome) repair - repair of a urethra that is short[9]

- [labiaplasty](/source/Labiaplasty)

- vaginal construction[10][11]

- vaginal [reconstruction](/source/Plastic_surgery)[10][11]

- repair of vaginal vault [prolapse](/source/Prolapse)[12]

- vaginal suspension and fixation[10][11]

- operations on [cul-de-sac](/source/Recto-uterine_pouch)[10][11]

- repair of [cystocele](/source/Cystocele)[10][11]

- repair of rectocele[10][11]

- [genital prolapse](/source/Female_genital_prolapse)

- [retropubic paravaginal repair](/source/Retropubic_paravaginal_repair)[12]

- [hymenorrhaphy](/source/Hymenorrhaphy)

The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an [allogenic](/source/Allogenic), an [autograft](/source/Autograft), a [xenograft](/source/Xenograft), or an [autologous](/source/Autologous) material.[13]

Genital reconstruction surgery can correct [prolapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_bladder_prolapse&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [urinary bladder](/source/Urinary_bladder) into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.[2] Female infants born with a [46,XX](/source/46%2CXX) genotype but have genitalia affected by [congenital adrenal hyperplasia](/source/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia) may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina.[3] Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.[11]

[Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals](/source/Intersex_medical_interventions) are controversial due to their [human rights implications](/source/Intersex_human_rights). There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.[14]

## See also

- [Intersex medical interventions](/source/Intersex_medical_interventions)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Ruth A. Hannon (2010). [*Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128) (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781605477817](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605477817).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Baggish_2016_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Baggish_2016_2-1) Baggish, Michael (2016). *Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery*. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780323225526](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323225526).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gundeti2012_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gundeti2012_3-1) Gundeti, Mohan (2012). *Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide*. City: Wiley-Blackwell. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781444335538](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444335538); Access provided by the [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh){{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: postscript ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HorbachBouman2015_4-0)** Horbach, Sophie E.R.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Smit, Jan Maerten; Özer, Müjde; Buncamper, Marlon E.; Mullender, Margriet G. (2015). "Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques". *The Journal of Sexual Medicine*. **12** (6): 1499–1512. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/jsm.12868](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12868). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1743-6095](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-6095). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25817066](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25817066).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pooler, Charlotte (2009-10-01). [*Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States*](https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781605477817](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605477817).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Entry "hypospadias"](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypospadias) in *[Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary](http://www.merriam-webster.com/)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *[OED](/source/OED)* 2nd edition, 1989 as /hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/~/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NieschlagBehre2009_8-0)** Eberhard Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (July 2009). [*Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA328). Springer. pp. 328–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-540-78354-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78354-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hiort2014_9-0)** Hiort, O (2014). *Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD*. Basel: Karger. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783318025590](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783318025590).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-icd100UQGOZZ_10-5) ["2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach"](http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10PCS/Codes/0/U/Q/G/0UQG0ZZ). ICD10Data.com. Retrieved 2016-03-03.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Hoffman2012_11-6) Hoffman, Barbara (2012). *Williams gynecology*. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780071716727](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071716727).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Baggish2016_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Baggish2016_12-1) Baggish, Michael (2016). *Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery*. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780323225526](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323225526); Access provided by the [University of Pittsburgh](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh){{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: postscript ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes"](http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=Vaginal+reconstruction&Submit=Search&action=search). World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-03-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2016dsd_14-0)** Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H.J.; Mazur, Tom; [Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L.](/source/Heino_Meyer-Bahlburg); Mouriquand, Pierre; Quigley, Charmian A.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric; Witchel, Selma; and the Global DSD Update Consortium (2016-01-28). ["Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care"](https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000442975). *Hormone Research in Paediatrics*. **85** (3): 158–180. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1159/000442975](https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000442975). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1663-2818](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1663-2818). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26820577](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26820577).

v t e Tests and procedures involving the female reproductive system Gynecological surgery Ovaries Oophorectomy Salpingoophorectomy Fallopian tubes Falloposcopy Salpingectomy Tubal ligation Essure Tubal reversal Uterus General: Genitoplasty Hysterectomy Hysterotomy Pelvic exenteration Uterine artery embolization Transplantation Uterine cavity: Hysteroscopy Vacuum aspiration Endometrium: Endometrial biopsy Endometrial ablation Myometrium: Uterine myomectomy Cervix: Colposcopy Cervical conization LEEP Cervical cerclage Cervical screening (Pap test) Cervicectomy Pessary insertion Vagina Vaginectomy Culdoscopy Culdocentesis Episiotomy husband stitch Hymenotomy Colpocleisis Hymenorrhaphy Vaginal wet mount Vaginal transplantation Vulva Vulvectomy Female genital mutilation Labiaplasty Clitoral hood reduction Vestibulectomy Medical imaging Gynecologic ultrasonography Hysterosalpingography

v t e Medicine Specialties and subspecialties Surgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Hand surgery Neurosurgery Ophthalmology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internal medicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Interventional Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious diseases Nephrology Oncology Molecular oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics and gynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal–fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Common Anesthesiology Obstetric anesthesiology Neurosurgical anesthesiology Dermatology Emergency medicine Mass gathering medicine Family medicine / General practice Hospital medicine Intensive care medicine Medical genetics Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Oral medicine Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) Preventive medicine Psychiatry Addiction psychiatry Neuropsychiatry Radiation oncology Transplantation medicine Other Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Aviation medicine Disaster medicine Diving medicine Evolutionary medicine Expedition medicine Narcology Occupational medicine Pain management Phlebology Prison healthcare Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Venereology Sleep medicine Sports medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Medical education Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Medical school Medical student MD–PhD Medical Scientist Training Program Related topics Allied health History of medicine Medical terminology Nanomedicine Personalized medicine Public health Rural health Therapy Veterinary medicine Physician Category Commons Wikiproject Portal Outline

v t e Sexual and reproductive health Rights Reproductive justice Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Abortion-rights movements Genital integrity Circumcision controversy Intersex human rights Education Sex education Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Planning Childfreeness/childlessness Birth spacing Parenting adoption foster care Sperm theft Contraception Hormonal contraception Male contraception Safe sex Condom Intrauterine device Sterilization Assisted reproduction In vitro fertilization ICSI Gamete Cryopreservation Egg Sperm Sperm bank fertility fraud Health Men's Women's vulvovaginal Research self-report sexual risk behaviors Pregnancy Maternal health Obstetrics Unintended pregnancy childbirth Abortion Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Precocious puberty and pregnancy Identity Gender identity Sexual orientation Intersex Transgender Genital modification Medicine Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine Transgender health care Disorders Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infections clinic Gender dysphoria By country China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom teen United States teen pregnancy birth control History Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation Policy One-child policy Two-child policy Three-child policy Abortion law

v t e Wound healing Fibrosis Maggot therapy Granulation tissue Growth factor Scar Stem cell Angiogenesis Intussusception Vasculogenesis Wound licking

v t e Cytogenetics: chromosomes Basic concepts Karyotype Ploidy Genetic material/Genome Chromatin Euchromatin Heterochromatin Chromosome Chromatid Nucleosome Nuclear organization Types Autosome/Sex chromosome (or allosome or heterosome) Macrochromosome/Microchromosome Circular chromosome/Linear chromosome Extra chromosome (or accessory chromosome) Supernumerary chromosome A chromosome/B chromosome Lampbrush chromosome Polytene chromosome Dinoflagellate chromosomes Homologous chromosome Isochromosome Satellite chromosome Centromere position Metacentric Submetacentric Telocentric Acrocentric Holocentric Centromere number Acentric Monocentric Dicentric Polycentric Processes and evolution Mitosis Meiosis Structural alterations Chromosomal inversion Chromosomal translocation Numerical alterations Aneuploidy Euploidy Polyploidy Paleopolyploidy Polyploidization Structures Telomere: Telomere-binding protein (TINF2) Protamine Histone H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere A B C1 C2 E F H I J K M N O P Q T See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of sequenced genomes International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature

Authority control databases: National Czech Republic

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Genitoplasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitoplasty) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitoplasty?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.