# Genistoids

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The **Genistoids** are one of the major [radiations](/source/Adaptive_radiation) in the plant [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae). Members of this [phylogenetic clade](/source/Clade) are primarily found in the [Southern Hemisphere](/source/Southern_Hemisphere).[1][8][9] Some genera are [pollinated](/source/Pollination) by birds.[8] The genistoid clade is consistently resolved as [monophyletic](/source/Monophyly) in [molecular phylogenetic analyses](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics).[1][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] It is estimated to have arisen 56.4 ± 0.2 million years ago (in the [Paleocene](/source/Paleocene)).[11] A node-based definition for the genistoids is: "the [MRCA](/source/Most_recent_common_ancestor) of *[Poecilanthe parviflora](/source/Poecilanthe_parviflora)* and *[Lupinus argenteus](/source/Lupinus_argenteus)*."[1] One morphological [synapomorphy](/source/Synapomorphy) has been tentatively identified: production of [quinolizidine](/source/Quinolizidine) alkaloids.[1][15][16][17] Some genera also accumulate [pyrrolizidine](/source/Pyrrolizidine).[8][9] A new genus, to be segregated from *[Clathrotropis](/source/Clathrotropis)*, has also been proposed to occupy an undetermined position within the genistoid clade.[8][9]

## Core Genistoids

The core genistoids, also known as the genistoids *sensu stricto*, comprise most of the tribes of the genistoids *sensu lato*, and are found mainly in [Africa](/source/Africa) and [Eurasia](/source/Eurasia).[9] This subclade is also consistently resolved as monophyletic.[1][8][9][3][10][11][12] A node-based definition for the core genistoids is: "the [MRCA](/source/Most_recent_common_ancestor) of *[Bolusanthus speciosus](/source/Bolusanthus_speciosus)* and *[Spartium junceum](/source/Spartium_junceum)*."[1]

## Systematics

Modern [molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) suggest the following relationships:[4][6][9]

## References

1. Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M, Sanderson MJ (2004). "A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid *matK* gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **91** (11): 1846–1862. [doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846). [PMID 21652332](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652332)

1. Wojciechowski MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 85–93. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017)

1. Crisp MD, Gilmore S, Van Wyk BE (2000). ["Molecular phylogeny of the genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes"](http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 249–276. ISBN 978-1-84246-017-7.

1. Cardoso D, Harris DJ, Wieringa JJ, São-Mateus WM, Batalha-Filho H, Torke BM, Prenner G, de Queiroz LP (2017). "A molecular-dated phylogeny and biogeography of the monotypic legume genus *Haplormosia*, a missing African branch of the otherwise American-Australian Brongniartieae clade". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **107**: 431–442. [Bibcode:2017MolPE.107..431C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MolPE.107..431C). [doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.012). [PMID 27965083](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27965083)

1. Swanepoel W, le Roux MM, Wojciechowski MF, van Wyk AE (2015). "*Oberholzeria* (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia". *PLOS ONE*. **10** (3). [Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1022080S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1022080S). [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122080](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122080). [PMC 4376691](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376691). [PMID 25816251](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25816251)

1. Castellanos C, Lewis GP, Banks H, Steeves R, Bruneau A (2016). "A settled sub-family for the orphan tree: The phylogenetic position of the endemic Colombian genus *Orphanodendron* in the Leguminosae". *Brittonia*. **69**: 1–9. [doi:10.1007/s12228-016-9451-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-016-9451-3). [S2CID 43040112](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43040112)

1. Polhill RM (1981). ["Papilionoideae"](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 191–208. ISBN 978-0-85521-224-7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130723234652/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318) 2013-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2014-07-03.

1. Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **99** (12): 1991–2013. [doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200380). [PMID 23221500](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221500)

1. Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 58–75. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001). [hdl:10566/3193](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3193)

1. LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). ["Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades"](https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf). *[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal))*. **62** (2): 217–248. [doi:10.12705/622.8](https://doi.org/10.12705/622.8). [hdl:10566/3455](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3455)

1. Lavin M, Herendeen PS, Wojciechowski MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary". *[Syst Biol](/source/Systematic_Biology)*. **54** (4): 575–94. [doi:10.1080/10635150590947131](https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590947131). [PMID 16085576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16085576). [S2CID 39186425](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39186425)

1. McMahon MM, Sanderson MJ (2006). "Phylogenetic supermatrix analysis of GenBank sequences from 2228 papilionoid legumes". *[Syst Biol](/source/Systematic_Biology)*. **99** (12): 1991–2013. [doi:10.1080/10635150600999150](https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600999150). [PMID 17060202](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17060202)

1. Pennington RT, Lavin M, Ireland H, Klitgaard B, Preston J, Hu JM (2001). ["Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast *trnL* intron"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537). *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **55** (5): 818–836. [doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537](https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537)

1. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H (1997). "A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene *rbcL* in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **84** (4): 541–554. [doi:10.2307/2446030](https://doi.org/10.2307/2446030). [JSTOR 2446030](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446030). [PMID 21708606](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708606)

1. Kinghorn AD, Hussain RA, Robbins EF, Balandrin MF, Stirton CH, Evans SV (1988). "Alkaloid distribution in seeds of *Ormosia*, *Pericopsis* and *Haplormosia*". *[Phytochemistry](/source/Phytochemistry_(journal))*. **27** (2): 439–444. [Bibcode:1988PChem..27..439K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PChem..27..439K). [doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)83116-9](https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83116-9)

1. Van Wyk B-E. (2003). "The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **31** (8): 875–884. [Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..875V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BioSE..31..875V). [doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8)

1. Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the *rbcL* gene". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **31** (8): 897–917. [Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..897W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BioSE..31..897W). [doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Genistoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistoids) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistoids?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.