# General Congregation

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Representative assembly of the Society of Jesus

Building of the General Curia of the Jesuit order on [Borgo Santo Spirito](/source/Borgo_Santo_Spirito) in [Rome](/source/Rome), with the dome of [St. Peter's Basilica](/source/St._Peter's_Basilica) in the background

This article is about the Jesuit decision-making body. For the General Congregations of Cardinals during [sede vacante](/source/Sede_vacante), see [Universi Dominici Gregis § Chapter II](/source/Universi_Dominici_Gregis#Chapter_II).

The **General Congregation** is an assembly of the [Jesuit](/source/Jesuit) representatives from all parts of the world, and serves as the highest authority in the [Society of Jesus](/source/Society_of_Jesus). A General Congregation (GC) is always summoned on the death or resignation of the administrative head of the order, called the [Superior General](/source/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus) or Father General,[1] to choose his successor, and it may be called at other times if circumstances warrant. A smaller congregation of worldwide representatives meets every three years to discuss internal business and to decide the need for a general congregation.

## Congregations

Through its four-century history, the Society has convened 36 general congregations.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### First General Congregation

The first General Congregation took place in 1558, when Father [Diego Laynez](/source/Diego_Laynez) was elected Superior General. It had been delayed for two years after [St. Ignatius](/source/St._Ignatius_of_Loyola)’ death because of a war between King [Philip II of Spain](/source/Philip_II_of_Spain) and [Pope Paul IV](/source/Pope_Paul_IV).[2]

### General Congregation 5

General Congregation 5 took place in 1593-4.[3] A decree was issued preventing people of Jewish or Muslim ancestry from becoming Jesuits.[4] This decree was formally abrogated by the 29th General Congregation in 1946.

### General Congregation 11

General Congregation 11 took place in 1661. The case of [Baldassare Diego Loyola](/source/Baldassare_Diego_Loyola), a Moroccan prince who had converted to Christianity and wanted to become a Jesuit, was discussed during this congregation. An exception was made and he was allowed to become a Jesuit priest despite being a former Muslim.[4]

### General Congregation 22

General Congregation 22 was held in June 1853. The Belgian priest [Peter Jan Beckx](/source/Peter_Jan_Beckx) was elected as Superior-General.

### General Congregation 23

General Congregation 23 took place in [Florence](/source/Florence) in 1893. Decree 46 declared that "the Society of Jesus accepts and receives with an overflowing spirit of joy and gratitude the most agreeable duty entrusted to it by our Lord Jesus Christ to practise, promote and propagate devotion to [his divine heart](/source/Sacred_Heart)".[5]

### General Congregation 27

American Jesuits at the 28th General Congregation

General Congregation 27 took place in 1923.[3]

### General Congregation 28

General Congregation 28 took place in 1938.[6]

### General Congregation 29

General Congregation 29 took place in 1946. Delayed by World War II raging across Europe, the congregation elected [Jean-Baptiste Janssens](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Janssens) as the 27th Superior General of the Society of Jesus. Janssens succeeded [Wlodimir Ledóchowski](/source/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski), who died in 1942. During this Congregation, the prohibition on Jewish and Muslim converts from entering the Jesuits was formally abrogated.

### General Congregation 31

General Congregation 31 met during 1965 and 1966, meeting initially for several months, from 7 May to 17 July 1965, then breaking off for over a year and then reconvening for two more months from 8 September to 17 November 1966.[2] GC31 issued 56 decrees and elected [Pedro Arrupe](/source/Pedro_Arrupe) as the 28th Superior General.[7]

### General Congregation 32

General Congregation 32 was held between 1974–75. In particular, Decrees 2 and 4 of the congregation highlighted a Jesuit commitment to "the crucial struggle of our time: the struggle for faith and that struggle for justice which it includes".[8][9]

### General Congregation 33

General Congregation 33 in 1983 elected [Peter Hans Kolvenbach](/source/Peter_Hans_Kolvenbach) as Superior General.[2] It reaffirmed the commitment of the previous congregation to the promotion of justice as an integral part of all its ministries in the service of faith, and extended this commitment to refugee populations. In this it was following up on Superior General [Pedro Arrupe](/source/Pedro_Arrupe)'s founding of the [Jesuit Refugee Service](/source/Jesuit_Refugee_Service) in 1980.[10] It also emphasized the importance of [inculturation](/source/Inculturation) of the church in non-Western cultures, in part due to the large number of delegates coming from various parts of Africa and Asia with, unlike previous congregations, eighteen of the twenty-one delegates from [India](/source/India) being native Indians.[10]

### General Congregation 34

General Congregation 34 took place in 1995. For the first time in Jesuit history, the majority of delegates did not come from Europe and the United States. It endorsed a justice-based mission mindful of the needs of the poor and marginal. It called for understanding differing cultures on their own terms and openness to other religious traditions. As religious vocations had continued to decline, there was an emphasis on enabling others to serve, with specific emphasis on the laity and on women.[11][12]

### General Congregation 35

General Congregation 35 took place in Rome between 7 January and 6 March 2008.[13] [Adolfo Nicolás](/source/Adolfo_Nicol%C3%A1s) was elected as the new Father General. Pope [Benedict XVI](/source/Benedict_XVI) confirmed and applauded the Society's efforts to venture into the "new frontiers" of our time,[14] which included globalization, new technologies, and environmental concerns, even as the previous themes of promotion of justice and care for refugees are reiterated,[15] along with the need to pass on to the laity the Jesuit charism through the [Spiritual Exercises](/source/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola) and the practice of communal discernment.[16]

### General Congregation 36

General Congregation 36 was called in 2016 after Adolfo Nicolás had announced his resignation, and it elected [Arturo Sosa](/source/Arturo_Sosa) as [Superior General](/source/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus) to replace him. Taking its cue from Pope Francis' encyclical [Laudato si'](/source/Laudato_si'), it emphasized that poverty, social exclusion, and marginalization are linked with [environmental degradation](/source/Environmental_degradation).[17] In the second of its two decrees it called for greater commitment to discernment, collaboration, and networking, for a broader process for evaluating the Society's current apostolic preferences which included lay colleagues in the discernment.[18]

## See also

- [Superior General of the Society of Jesus](/source/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Jesuit Curia in Rome, [Father General](http://www.sjweb.info/curiafrgen/curia_frgen.cfm), accessed 11 September 2018

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GC36_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GC36_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-GC36_2-2) Jesuits (2016), [General Congregation 36](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214948/https://www.jesuits.org/gc?PAGE=DTN-20160711030555), archived on 1 July 2017, accessed on 13 February 2025

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ter_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ter_3-1) Manresa Jesuit Centre of Spirituality, [Formula of the Institute](https://tertianship.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/FORMULA-INSTITUTI-moz_mapi-1.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231225174212/https://tertianship.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/FORMULA-INSTITUTI-moz_mapi-1.pdf) 2023-12-25 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), accessed 29 February 2020

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-freller2016_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-freller2016_4-1) Freller, Thomas (2016). ["Osman and Muhammad el-Attaz, Muslim princes converted to Christianity and their role in the 'Holy War' against Islam"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221101121201/https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/39573/Freller.16.pdf) (PDF). *Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos* (65). BIBLID: 21–50. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0544-408X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0544-408X). Archived from [the original](https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/39573/Freller.16.pdf) (PDF) on 1 November 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Pope Francis, *[Dilexit nos](https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/encyclicals/documents/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.html)* (in Italian), paragraph 146 and footnote 145, published on 24 October 2024, accessed on 13 February 2025. Note that [the English translation of *Dilexit nos*](https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/20241024-enciclica-dilexit-nos.pdf) incorrectly refers at footnote 145 to the thirty-third General Congregation.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS"](https://jesuitarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/MIS-RG-1.pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Boston College, [General Congregation 31](https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/general-congregations/general-congregation-31/), accessed 27 November 2018

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Decree 2: "Jesuits Today," General Congregation 32 (1975)"](https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/documents/1975_decree2gc32/). *The Portal to Jesuit Studies*. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Decree 4: "Our Mission Today: The Service of Faith and the Promotion of Justice," General Congregation 32 (1975)"](https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/documents/1975_decree4gc32/). *Portal to Jesuit Studies*. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_10-1) O’Malley, John W. (7 October 2012). ["The Jesuits' Congregation: A Historical View: From November 19, 1983"](https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/100/jesuits-congregation-historical-view). *America Magazine*. Retrieved 7 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Decree 13: "Cooperation with the Laity in Mission," General Congregation 34 (1995)"](https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/documents/1995_decree14gc34/). *The Portal to Jesuit Studies*. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Decree 14: "Jesuits and the Situation of Women in Church and Civil Society," General Congregation 34 (1995)"](https://jesuitportal.bc.edu/research/documents/1995_decree14gc34/). *The Portal to Jesuit Studies*. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [General Congregation 35](http://www.sjweb.info/35/), accessed 10 September 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [GC35, Decree 1](http://www.sjweb.info/35/documents/Decrees.pdf), accessed 10 September 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Traub, SJ, George. ["Jesuit Resource - Jesuit A-Z - General Congregation 35"](https://www.xavier.edu/jesuitresource/jesuit-a-z/general-congregation-35). *www.xavier.edu*. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Collaboration at the Heart of Mission, GC 35, Decree 6"](https://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/GC35/0-GC35-Decree-06.pdf) (PDF). 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["GC 36, Decree 1, no. 29: Companions in a Mission of Reconciliation and Justice"](https://www.jesuits.org/about-us/mission-and-ministries/). Retrieved March 3, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["GC 36, Decree 2, nos. 27, 14: Renewed Governance for Renewed Mission"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190819103635/http://jesuits.org/Assets/Publications/File/GC36-Decree_2_Governance_ENGLISH.pdf) (PDF). 2016. Archived from [the original](http://jesuits.org/Assets/Publications/File/GC36-Decree_2_Governance_ENGLISH.pdf) (PDF) on August 19, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

## External links

- [General Congregation 36](http://www.gc36.org/)

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