# Gene pyramiding

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'''Gene pyramiding''' is the simultaneous selection for and/or introduction of multiple genes during [plant breeding](/source/plant_breeding).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Rana |first1=Maneet |title=Chapter 6 - Gene Pyramiding and Multiple Character Breeding |date=2019-01-01 |work=Lentils |pages=83–124 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Mohar |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135228000066 |access-date=2024-02-29 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-813522-8 |last2=Sood |first2=Ankita |last3=Hussain |first3=Waseem |last4=Kaldate |first4=Rahul |last5=Sharma |first5=Tilak Raj |last6=Gill |first6=R. K. |last7=Kumar |first7=Shiv |last8=Singh |first8=Sarvjeet}}</ref> Objectives of gene pyramiding includes 1) enhancing trait performance by combining two or more complementary genes, 2) remedying deficits by introgressing genes from other sources, 3) increasing the durability.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dormatey |first1=Richard |last2=Sun |first2=Chao |last3=Ali |first3=Kazim |last4=Coulter |first4=Jeffrey A. |last5=Bi |first5=Zhenzhen |last6=Bai |first6=Jiangping |date=September 2020 |title=Gene Pyramiding for Sustainable Crop Improvement against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses |journal=Agronomy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=1255 |doi=10.3390/agronomy10091255 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4395}}</ref> For example, pyramiding has been successfully demonstrated in ''[Oryza sativa](/source/Oryza_sativa)'' for [rice blast](/source/rice_blast), producing durable multi-race [resistance](/source/plant_disease_resistance) simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fukuoka |first1=Shuichi |last2=Saka |first2=Norikuni |last3=Mizukami |first3=Yuko |last4=Koga |first4=Hironori |last5=Yamanouchi |first5=Utako |last6=Yoshioka |first6=Yosuke |last7=Hayashi |first7=Nagao |last8=Ebana |first8=Kaworu |last9=Mizobuchi |first9=Ritsuko |last10=Yano |first10=Masahiro |date=2015-01-14 |title=Gene pyramiding enhances durable blast disease resistance in rice |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7773 |doi=10.1038/srep07773 |pmid=25586962 |pmc=5379001 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5E7773F |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Pyramiding and Marker Assisted Selection can be combined as [Marker-Assisted Pyramiding](/source/Marker-assisted_selection).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chukwu |first1=Samuel Chibuike |last2=Rafii |first2=Mohd Y. |last3=Ramlee |first3=Shairul Izan |last4=Ismail |first4=Siti Izera |last5=Oladosu |first5=Yussuf |last6=Okporie |first6=Emmanuel |last7=Onyishi |first7=Godwin |last8=Utobo |first8=Emeka |last9=Ekwu |first9=Lynda |last10=Swaray |first10=Senesie |last11=Jalloh |first11=Momodu |date=2019-01-01 |title=Marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding for resistance to bacterial leaf blight disease of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13102818.2019.1584054 |journal=Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=440–455 |doi=10.1080/13102818.2019.1584054 |issn=1310-2818|doi-access=free }}</ref> [Gene stacking](/source/Gene_stacking) can be achieved a few different ways, and pyramiding is one of those methods.<ref name="stacking-definition" />{{wbr}}

==References==
<references>

<!-- <ref name="Servin-et-al-2004">{{cite journal | last1=Servin | first1=Bertrand | last2=Martin | first2=Olivier C. | last3=Mézard | first3=Marc | last4=Hospital | first4=Frédéric | title=Toward a Theory of Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding | journal=[Genetics](/source/Genetics_(journal)) | publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press) (OUP) | volume=168 | issue=1 | year=2004 | issn=0016-6731 | doi=10.1534/genetics.103.023358 | pages=513–523| pmid=15454561 | pmc=1448128 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Fukuoka-et-al-2015">{{cite journal | last1=Fukuoka | first1=Shuichi | last2=Saka | first2=Norikuni | last3=Mizukami | first3=Yuko | last4=Koga | first4=Hironori | last5=Yamanouchi | first5=Utako | last6=Yoshioka | first6=Yosuke | last7=Hayashi | first7=Nagao | last8=Ebana | first8=Kaworu | last9=Mizobuchi | first9=Ritsuko | last10=Yano | first10=Masahiro | title=Gene pyramiding enhances durable blast disease resistance in rice | journal=[Scientific Reports](/source/Scientific_Reports) | publisher=[Springer Science and Business Media LLC](/source/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media) | volume=5 | issue=1 | date=2015-01-14 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/srep07773 | page=7773| pmid=25586962 | pmc=5379001 | bibcode=2015NatSR...5E7773F | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="definition">
 p.{{nbs}}197, "The term gene pyramiding is used in agricultural research to describe a breeding approach to achieve pest control and higher crop yield. It is essentially a way of identifying and introducing multiple genes, which each impart resistance to an independent insect/microbial pest/weed etc., or impart resistance to a single pest through independent host pathways."
</ref> -->

<ref name="stacking-definition">
{{cite journal | last1=Taverniers | first1=Isabel | last2=Papazova | first2=Nina | last3=Bertheau | first3=Yves | last4=De Loose | first4=Marc | last5=Holst-Jensen | first5=Arne | title=Gene stacking in transgenic plants: towards compliance between definitions, terminology, and detection within the EU regulatory framework | journal=[Environmental Biosafety Research](/source/Environmental_Biosafety_Research) | publisher=[EDP Sciences](/source/EDP_Sciences) | volume=7 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=1635-7922 | doi=10.1051/ebr:2008018 | pages=197–218| pmid=19081008 | doi-access=free }} p.{{nbs}}199, "Independent of modern biotechnology, “stacking” traditionally refers to the natural addition of different plant properties by genetic crossing. Modern 
biotechnology has broadened the options for stacking to include more taxonomically diverse sources, a wider selection of genes and regulatory elements, and consequently of traits."
</ref>

</references>

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Category:Plant breeding
Category:Agricultural research
Category:Agricultural technology

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gene pyramiding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.