# Gardman

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{{distinguish|Gardabani (historic district)}}
thumb|300px|The Kingdom of Gardman-Parisos (yellow) in 1017 when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Lori (red).

'''Gardman''' ({{langx|hy|Գարդման}}), also known as '''Gardmank'''' or '''Gardmanadzor''', was one of the eight cantons of the ancient province of [Utik'](/source/Utik) in the [Kingdom of Armenia](/source/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)) and simultaneously, together with the canton of Tuch'katak, an [Armenian](/source/Armenians) [principality](/source/principality).{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|pp=100–103, 118–121}} It roughly corresponded within the [Gazakh](/source/Qazax_District), [Shamkir](/source/Shamkir_District), [Aghstafa](/source/Aghstafa_District), [Dashkasan](/source/Dashkasan_District), [Goygol](/source/Goygol_District), [Tovuz](/source/Tovuz_District), [Gadabay](/source/Gadabay_District) districts of modern-day [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan) and the original [Tavush Region](/source/Tavush_Province) of [Armenia](/source/Armenia). Gardman was also the name of the central fortress of the canton.

==History==
In the view of historian [Robert H. Hewsen](/source/Robert_H._Hewsen), the name Gardman might be of [Georgian](/source/Georgian_language) origin{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|loc=p. 58: "the names Gardman and Gargarac'ik' suggest a Georgian connection"}}, but there is another claim that it has an Indo-Iranian origin as the word gard in many older [Indo-Iranian](/source/Indo-Iranians) languages, such as [Pahlavi](/source/Pahlavi_scripts), [Parthian](/source/Parthian_language), [Avestan](/source/Avestan) and even modern [Farsi](/source/Persian_language) means "stronghold" or "housing", as well as the fact that the term Parisos originated from the [Greek](/source/Greek_language) term Parrasioi([Greek](/source/Greek_language): Παρράσιοι), an [Iranian](/source/Iranian_peoples) tribe. Many contemporary Armenian authors referred to Gardman as a part of the {{transliteration|hy|ashkharh}} ('province, land') of [Artsakh](/source/Artsakh_(historical_province)).{{Sfn|Hakobyan|2007|loc=pp. 243–244: "Հեղինակներից շատերը Գարդմանը դնում են Արցախ «աշխարհի» մեջ" [Many of the authors place Gardman in the "ashkharh" of Artsakh]}} During the reign of the [Arsacid](/source/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia) kings of Armenia (66–428 A.D.), Gardman was the seat of the {{transliteration|hy|[nakharar](/source/nakharar)s}} of Utik'. For this reason, Utik' was sometimes called {{transliteration|hy|Gardmants'vots' ishkhanut'yun}}, or the principality of the Gardmanians.{{Sfn|Ulubabyan|1977}} Gardman was acquired by [Caucasian Albania](/source/Caucasian_Albania) in 387 following the [partition of Armenia](/source/Peace_of_Acilisene).{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|pp=119, 163}} In the seventh century, the local house of Gardman was replaced by the [Mihranid](/source/Mihranid) family (of [Persia](/source/Persia)n or [Parthia](/source/Parthia)n origin),{{Sfn|Bosworth|1986}} which later became the ruling dynasty in the region of [Arran](/source/Caucasian_Albania). During the rule of the Mihranids (7th-8th centuries), the region of Utik' came to be referred to as Gardman.{{Sfn|Ulubabyan|1977}} 

The region was conquered by the [Arab](/source/Arab)s in 855. Contemporary Armenian historians repeatedly noted the presence of two well known locations in Gardman: a fortress called Getabakk' (in the current-day Azerbaijani region of [Gadabay](/source/Gadabay_Rayon)) and a copper mine.{{Sfn|Hakobyan|2007|pp=243–244}}

In 982, Gardman and Parisos, the northern district of Artsakh, became the small Armenian [kingdom of Parisos](/source/Parisos), which lasted until 1017 and thereafter became part of the [Kingdom of Lori](/source/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget).{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|pp=119, 163}} In 1601, the princely family of Melik-Shahnazaryan established the ''[melik](/source/melik)dom'' of Gardman. The ruling family belonged to a branch of the House of [Khachen](/source/Principality_of_Khachen), and their residence was in the village of Voskanapat (and for this reason, the statelet was sometimes referred to as the Voskanapat melikdom).{{Sfn|Hewsen|2001|pp=119, 163}} The territorial rights of the meliks were confirmed after the Russian Empire took control of the region in the early nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Hakobyan|2007|p=378}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFBosworth1986}}
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region|title=Arrān|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|year=1986}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Hakobyan
  | first = Tadevos Kh.
  | title = Hayastani patmakan ashkharhagrutʻyun
  | publisher =Yerevan State University Press
  | location= 
  | year = 2007
  | pages=243–244|language=hy|author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Hewsen
  | first = Robert H
  | authorlink =Robert Hewsen
  | title = Armenia: A Historical Atlas
  | publisher =University of Chicago Press
  | location= Chicago
  | year = 2001
  | pages=100–103, 118–121
  | isbn =0-226-33228-4 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1977 |title=Gardman |encyclopedia=[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia](/source/Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia) |location=Yerevan |url=https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_2.djvu/700 |last=Ulubabyan |first=B. |author-link=Bagrat Ulubabyan |editor-last=Simonyan |editor-first=Abel |volume=2 |pages=700 |language=hy}}

{{Historical regions of Armenia}}
{{Historical regions of Caucasian Albania}}

Category:Former regions of Armenia
Category:Historical regions in Azerbaijan
Category:Caucasian Albania
Category:Ancient Armenia
Category:Ancient history of Azerbaijan

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gardman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardman) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardman?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.