# Ganoderma orbiforme

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***Ganoderma orbiforme*** – most commonly known as ***G. boninense*** or just ***Ganoderma*** in oil palm pathology – is a species of [polypore](/source/Polypore) fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a [plant pathogen](/source/Plant_pathogen) that causes **basal stem rot**, a disease of the [African oil palm](/source/African_oil_palm) (*Elaeis guineensis*). The fungus was first [described](/source/Species_description) scientifically in 1838 by [Elias Magnus Fries](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) from collections made in [Guinea](/source/Guinea).[1] [Leif Ryvarden](/source/Leif_Ryvarden) transferred it to the genus *[Ganoderma](/source/Ganoderma)* in 2000.[2] In addition to its [type locality](/source/Type_locality_(biology)), the fungus has also been collected from the [Bonin Islands](/source/Bonin_Islands) in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.[2]

## Transmission

*G. orbiforme* is not a [soil borne pathogen](/source/Soil_borne_pathogen), meaning it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system.[3]: 417 It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material.[3]: 417 This has especially been observed when *[Oryctes rhinoceros](/source/Oryctes_rhinoceros)*-infested material was buried.[3]: 417

## Infection

*G. orbiforme* has a [hemibiotrophic](/source/Hemibiotrophic) lifestyle in *E. guineensis*.[4] During an invasion, *E. guineensis* roots stockpile [salicylic acid](/source/Salicylic_acid), which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of [ascorbate oxidase](/source/Ascorbate_oxidase) and [ascorbate peroxidase](/source/Ascorbate_peroxidase).[5] AO and AP are [reactive oxygen species scavengers](/source/Reactive_oxygen_species_scavenging), and so the total effect is to increase [ROS](/source/Reactive_oxygen_species) production.[5] This entire pathway was found by Ho *et al.*, 2016.[5] Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against [necrotrophs](/source/Necrotroph).[5]

## Genetics

[Microsatellite](/source/Microsatellite) markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the [genetic diversity](/source/Genetic_diversity) of *G. orbiforme*.[6]

## Research

[Water agar](/source/Water_agar) is usable for [isolation](/source/Microbial_isolation) of this fungus, and is the simplest and cheapest.[7]: 21 [CABI](/source/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International) provides research and technique information for lab work with this pathogen.[7]

## References

1. Fries, E.M. (1838). [*Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici*](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bYdIAAAAYAAJ) (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. [463](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bYdIAAAAYAAJ/page/n483)

1. Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of *Ganoderma* with a laccate pileus". *Mycologia*. **92** (1): 180–191. [doi:10.2307/3761462](https://doi.org/10.2307/3761462). [JSTOR 3761462](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761462)

1. Corley, R. H. V. & Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). *The Oil Palm*. [Chichester, UK](/source/Chichester,_UK): [John Wiley & Sons, Ltd](/source/John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Ltd). [doi:10.1002/9781118953297](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118953297). ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. [S2CID 132543108](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132543108). S2CID [82631705](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82631705)

1. Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of *Elaeis guineensis* by *Ganoderma boninense* provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". *[BMC Plant Biology](/source/BMC_Plant_Biology)*. **18** (1): 377. [Springer](/source/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media). [Bibcode:2018BMCPB..18..377B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BMCPB..18..377B). [doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9). [ISSN 1471-2229](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2229). [PMC 6310985](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6310985). [PMID 30594134](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30594134)

1. Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". *[Plant Communications](/source/Plant_Communications)*. **2** (3). [Cell Press](/source/Cell_Press) (Chinese Academy of Sciences [Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences](/source/Center_for_Excellence_in_Molecular_Plant_Sciences) + [Chinese Society for Plant Biology](/source/Chinese_Society_for_Plant_Biology)). [Bibcode:2021PlCom...200142S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PlCom...200142S). [doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142). [ISSN 2590-3462](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2590-3462). [PMC 8132124](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8132124). [PMID 34027389](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34027389)

1. Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for *Ganoderma boninense*, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". *Mycological Progress*. **14** (11): 103. [Bibcode:2015MycPr..14..103M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MycPr..14..103M). [doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2)

1. Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). *Nursery Screening for*Ganoderma*Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual*. No. 3. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. [Boston](/source/Boston), Ma, US: [CABI](/source/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International) (CAB International) + [Verdant Bioscience](/source/Verdant_Bioscience) + [CIRAD](/source/CIRAD). pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 2018023044. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.

## External links

- ["*Ganoderma orbiforme*"](http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118699). *[CABI](/source/Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International) (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International)*. 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
- ["*Ganoderma orbiforme*"](http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/464692/). *The [Global Fungal Red List Initiative](/source/Global_Fungal_Red_List_Initiative) (IUCN)*. 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020-11-12.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Ganoderma orbiforme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma_orbiforme) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderma_orbiforme?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.