# Gamat

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{{Italics title}}
{{Short description|Medicinial remedy derived from sea cucumber}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
[[Image:Yokohama Chinese Medicine Sea cucumber 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dried [sea cucumber](/source/sea_cucumber) (''holothuroidea'') in a [Yokohama](/source/Yokohama) pharmacy in Japan]]
The '''''Gamat''''', which is a [Malay word](/source/Malay_language) for [sea cucumber](/source/sea_cucumber) (''holothuroidea''), refers to medicinal remedies derived from several species of the sea cucumber family.

It has been used [traditionally](/source/traditional_medicine) by the [Malays](/source/Malays_(ethnic_group)) and local indigenous in [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) to relieve back pain, treating [bruise](/source/bruise), minor [wound](/source/wound)s and [burn](/source/burn)s, as well as a [tonic](/source/herbal_tonic) to provide extra [energy](/source/energy) to the body.{{sfn|Mazliadiyana|Nazrun|Isa|2017|p=83}} A research conduct by [Universiti Malaysia Sabah](/source/Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah) (UMS) in 2007 to find out the usage of traditional medicine among the [ethnic groups](/source/Demographics_of_Sabah) in [Sabah](/source/Sabah) in a public market in the eastern coast of [Tawau District](/source/Tawau_District) found that the [Bugis](/source/Bugis_people) with the most usage with 40%, followed by [Sama-Bajau](/source/Sama-Bajau) with 28%, with ''Gamat'' oil (''minyak gamat'') and [''Eucalyptus''](/source/Eucalyptus_oil) oil (''minyak kayu putih'') are most commonly used by the community.{{sfn|Jamaluddin|2007|p=vii}}

== Uses ==
Sea cucumbers are found in various colours; some are black, white, or grey, and striped with the golden sea cucumber (''[Stichopus horrens](/source/Stichopus_horrens)''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frim.gov.my/v1/herba/9.pdf|title=Gamat, Khazanah dari Laut|trans-title=Gamat, Treasure from the Sea|lang=ms|work=Forest Research Institute Malaysia|access-date=2 June 2025}}</ref> which is commonly used for medical purposes.{{sfn|Hafiz Leong|Mohd Fauzi|Rahim Kamarudin|Mohamed Rehan|2021|p=732}}{{sfn|Kustiariyah|2007|p=3}} Users believe that a solution of sea cucumbers can heal cuts, skin eruptions, and ulcers, and claim that it has a beneficial effect on the [immune system](/source/immune_system).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=Jing|last2=Li|first2=Shunqin|last3=Fu|first3=RongRong|last4=Wang|first4=Yijin|last5=Meng|first5=Jing|last6=Jin|first6=Yan|last7=Wu|first7=Wu|last8=Zhang|first8=Min|last9=Vinson|first9=Joe|title=Sea Cucumber Hydrolysate Alleviates Immunosuppression and Gut Microbiota Imbalance Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Balb/c Mice through the NF-κB Pathway|journal= Foods|year=2023|volume=12|issue=8|page=1604 |doi=10.3390/foods12081604|doi-access=free|pmid=37107399|pmc=10137554}}</ref> 

The ''Stichopus variegatus'' are used in the production of traditional ''Gamat'' oil, ointment, and gel in both [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia) and Malaysia.{{sfn|A. Jalalal|2022|p=11}} In the Malaysia's state of [Kelantan](/source/Kelantan), ''gamat'' oil is traditionally used by the local Kelantanese Malays to heal childbirth wounds, particularly those after [vaginal delivery](/source/vaginal_delivery).{{sfn|Halim|Abdul Rani|2017|p=51}} 
The ''Stichopus variegatus'' extract also shows to be effective in reducing the gastrointestinal worm burden on [stray cat](/source/stray_cat)s.{{sfn|A. Jalalal|2022|p=11}}

Another species ''[Stichopus chloronotus](/source/Stichopus_chloronotus)'' is used for combating various types of [ringworm](/source/ringworm) infections, which are formulate into [cream](/source/cream_(pharmacy)), [ointment](/source/ointment), [lotion](/source/lotion) or solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/html/article.php/aid/643/cid/2/research/medicine/universiti_sains_malaysia/sea_cucumbers_to_combat_infections_%28picture_attached%29.html|title=Sea cucumbers to combat infections (Picture attached)|work=Universiti Sains Malaysia|via=Asia Research News|date=21 March 2006|access-date=2 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602035522/https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/html/article.php/aid/643/cid/2/research/medicine/universiti_sains_malaysia/sea_cucumbers_to_combat_infections_%28picture_attached%29.html|archive-date=2 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Teripang Emas'' (''[Stichopus herrmanni](/source/Stichopus_herrmanni)''), a type of Indonesian ''gamat'' ({{langx|id|teripang laut}}) is usually the dried, powdered bodies of sea cucumbers made into a lotion or other topical [salve](/source/salve).<ref>{{harv|Alpayet|Andi Mustika|Rahma|Andriyanto|Noviyanti Sutardi|2023|p=58–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tempo.co/arsip/manfaat-super-teripang-emas-bagi-kulit-dan-kecantikan-1157438|title=Manfaat Super Teripang Emas bagi Kulit dan Kecantikan|trans-title=Super Benefits of Golden Sea Cucumber for Skin and Beauty|lang=id|work=Tempo|date=17 October 2017|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601154549/https://www.tempo.co/arsip/manfaat-super-teripang-emas-bagi-kulit-dan-kecantikan-1157438|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> It is sometimes mixed into clay and applied to the face as a mask treatment, or put in tea and consumed for stomach complaints.{{sfn|Pahrurodji|2021|p=5}}

A research by Indonesian Dental Faculty on rats found the administration of ''teripang emas'' powder can reduce the risk of [oral candidiasis](/source/oral_candidiasis) with 0.09mg/kgBW dose of ''stichopus hermanii'' are able to reduce the thickness of the tongue epithelium in the group exposed to smoke and induced by ''[candida albicans](/source/candida_albicans)''.{{sfn|Devi Oktaviani|Wahjuningsih|Andriani|2018|p=10}} The same faculty also found that the water extract of ''teripang emas'' has a positive benefit in the wound healing process.{{sfn|Damaiyanti|2015|p=74}}

== Scarcity ==
Sea cucumbers in the waters of [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia) have been [over-harvested](/source/over-harvested) to supply consumers of the folk remedy, and as a result the animal and its products are becoming scarce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/16797/a_rapid_assessment_of_online_trade_in_sea_cucumber_and_fish_maw_in_malaysia_and_singapore_final.pdf|title=A Rapid Assessment of Online Trade in Sea Cucumber and Fish Maw in Malaysia and Singapore|last1=James Ong|first1=Elliott|last2=Suk Teng|first2=Chin|date=January 2022|work=Traffic|access-date=1 June 2025|page=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601141634/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/16797/a_rapid_assessment_of_online_trade_in_sea_cucumber_and_fish_maw_in_malaysia_and_singapore_final.pdf|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts to restock the fishery have not generally been successful. Recently, a sea cucumber [aquaculture](/source/aquaculture) operation was opened on the shores of several Malaysian islands to increase the ''gamat'' supply.<ref>{{harv|Vaitilingon|Smith|Watson|Miller|Alattas|Ong Hock|Zainoddin|Zaidnuddin|first8=Ilias Zaidnuddin|Azhar|2016|p=67}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [Trepanging](/source/Trepanging)

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite thesis|url=https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/8619/1/ae0000002065....pdf|title=PENGGUNAAN UBATAN TRADISIONAL DI PASAR TAMU DAN PASAR BESAR DAERAH TAWAU, SABAH: SATU TINJAUAN|trans-title=USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN WEEKLY MARKET AND MAIN MARKET IN TAWAU DISTRICT, SABAH: A REVIEW|last=Jamaluddin|first=Ahmad Badawi|lang=ms|work=Conservation Biology Program School of Science and Technology|via=Universiti Malaysia Kelantan|year=2007|access-date=2 June 2025|pages=1–27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602043550/https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/8619/1/ae0000002065....pdf|archive-date=2 June 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jphpi/article/view/963/944|title=TERIPANG SEBAGAI SUMBER PANGAN DAN BIOAKTIF|trans-title=SEA CUCUMBER AS A FOOD AND BIOACTIVE SOURCE|author=Kustiariyah|lang=id|journal=Indonesian Journal of Aquatic Product Technology [Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan]|year=2007|volume=X|issue=1|pages=1–8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601165117/https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jphpi/article/view/963/944|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/209|title=Karakterisasi Esktrak Air Teripang Emas (Stichopus hermanii)|trans-title=Characterization Of Water Extract Gold Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)|last=Damaiyanti|first=Dian Widya|lang=id|journal=Denta (Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi)|year=2015|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–8|issn=1907-5987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602050841/https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/view/209|archive-date=2 June 2025|url-status=live|quote=50px|class=noviewer Text is licensed by DENTA (Journal Kedokteran Gigi) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://mauricoast.com/pics/mauricoastpics/BDM36_67_Vaitilingon.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516185232/https://mauricoast.com/pics/mauricoastpics/BDM36_67_Vaitilingon.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2021|title=Sea cucumber hatchery seed production in Malaysia: From research and development, to pilot-scale production of the sandfish Holothuria scabra|last1=Vaitilingon|first1=Devarajen|last2=Smith|first2=Stuart|last3=Watson|first3=Guy|last4=Miller|first4=Tim|last5=Alattas|first5=Syed|last6=Ong Hock|first6=Keat|last7=Zainoddin|first7=Jamari|last8=Zaidnuddin|first8=Ilias|last9=Azhar|first9=Hamzah|journal=SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin|via=Sustainable Aquaculture Research & Development (Mauritius)|year=2016|issue=36|pages=67–75}}
* {{cite book |url=https://hq.moh.gov.my/tcm/ms/upload/amalan/laporan_kajian/postnatal.pdf|title=Amalan Perubatan Tradisional Melayu bagi Penjagaan Ibu-Ibu Selepas Bersalin di Negeri Kelantan|trans-title=Traditional Malay Medical Practices for Postpartum Maternal Care in Kelantan|last1=Halim|first1=Adilla Nur|last2=Abdul Rani|first2=Aidatul Azura|collaboration=Kadri, Rozeeda; Abdul Aziz, Farhana; Ridzuan, Mohd Naufal; Hassan, Ali Noor; Wazir, Maznah; Arzeni, Lydiawati|lang=ms|publisher=Traditional and Complementary Medicine Practice Branch, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Division, Ministry of Health of Malaysia|year=2017|pages=1–90|isbn=978-983-44782-9-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602024600/https://hq.moh.gov.my/tcm/ms/upload/amalan/laporan_kajian/postnatal.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journalarticle.ukm.my/11867/1/9_mazliadiyana_et_al_pdf_73379.pdf|title=Optimum Dose of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus Chloronotus) Extract for Wound Healing|last1=Mazliadiyana|first1=M|last2=Nazrun|first2=AS|last3=Isa|first3=NM|journal=Med & Health|year=2017|volume=12|issue=1|pages=83–89|doi=10.17576/MH.2017.1201.09}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/download/69/59/81|title=Efektivitas Suplementasi Teripang Emas (Stichopus Hermanii) Dalam Mencegah Terjadinya Oral Candidiasis Pada Tikus Wistar|trans-title=Effectivity of Stichopus hermanii Supplementation to Prevent Oral Candidiasis on Rats|last1=Devi Oktaviani|first1=Paramita|last2=Wahjuningsih|first2=Endah|last3=Andriani|first3=Dwi|lang=id|journal=Denta (Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi)|year=2018|volume=12|issue=1|pages=9–15|doi=10.30649/denta.v12i1.155 |issn=1907-5987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601161630/https://journal-denta.hangtuah.ac.id/index.php/jurnal/article/download/69/59/81|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live|quote=50px|class=noviewer Text is licensed by DENTA (Journal Kedokteran Gigi) under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/peat/article/view/2736/1496|title=Investigation of Bioactive Compounds from Sea Cucumber Extract and Stingless Bee Honey Using Critical Literature Review and Bioinformatics Approach for Potential Synergy Combination|last1=Hafiz Leong|first1=Muhamad Nur|last2=Mohd Fauzi|first2=Noor Akhmazillah|last3=Rahim Kamarudin|first3=Kamarul|last4=Mohamed Rehan|first4=Aisyah|journal=Progress in Engineering Application and Technology|via=Universiti Tun Hussein Onn|year=2021|volume=2|issue=2|pages=732–751|eissn=2773-5303|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601131942/https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/peat/article/view/2736/1496|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pahrurodji|first=Purwanti|title=Dari Dapur Rumput Laut: Makananmu adalah Obatmu dan Obatmu adalah Makananmu|trans-title=From the Kitchen of Seaweed: Your Food is Your Medicine and Your Medicine is Your Food|lang=id|publisher=Pimedia|date=6 August 2021|isbn=978-623-6488-06-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Utc7EAAAQBAJ&q=teripang%2520emas%2520konsumsi&pg=PA5}}
* {{cite thesis|url=http://discol.umk.edu.my/id/eprint/10658/|title=EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL GAMAT EXTRACT (Stichopus variegatus) PREPARATION ON STRAY CATS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS|last=A. Jalalal|first=Syamimi|lang=ms|work=Degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine|via=Universiti Malaysia Kelantan|year=2022|access-date=2 June 2025|pages=1–112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602032548/http://discol.umk.edu.my/id/eprint/10658/1/SYAMIMI%20BINTI%20A.%20JALALAL.pdf|archive-date=2 June 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/currbiomed/article/download/44902/25138/|title=Penyembuhan luka sayatan menggunakan krim ekstrak teripang laut dan kunyit|trans-title=Healing of incision wound using sea cucumber and turmeric extracts cream|last1=Alpayet|first1=Rahmat|last2=Andi Mustika|first2=Aulia|last3=Rahma|first3=Anisa|last4=Andriyanto|first4=Andriyanto|last5=Noviyanti Sutardi|first5=Lina|lang=id|journal=Current Biomedicine|via=IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia|year=2023|volume=1|issue=2|pages=732–751|doi=10.29244/currbiomed.1.2.54-61 |eissn=2985-4784|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601134838/https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/currbiomed/article/download/44902/25138/|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}

Category:Southeast Asian traditional medicine

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gamat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.