# Galindians
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{{Short description|Eastern Baltic tribe}}
{{Split|Western Galindians|Eastern Galindians|date=September 2023|discuss=Talk:Galindians#Split proposal|reason=these two tribes are unrelated and should not be grouped into one article}}
[[Image:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|right|The Western Galindians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, [circa](/source/Wiktionary%3Acirca) 1200 [CE](/source/Common_Era). The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate.]]
'''Galindians''' were two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the [Balts](/source/Balts). Most commonly, Galindians refers to the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of [Prussia](/source/Prussia_(region)). Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today [Moscow](/source/Moscow) ({{langx|ru|Голядь}}).
== Etymology ==
[Johannes Voigt](/source/Johannes_Voigt) (supported by many others) suggested that name is derived from the Baltic word *''galas'' ("the end", probably synonymous to "located farthest", "located near the border of the territory or area"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}}
Polish historian {{ill|Jerzy Nalepa|pl}} suggested another etymology: the name ''Galind''- may be derived from the [hydronym](/source/hydronym) of {{ill|Gielądzkie Lake|pl|Gielądzkie Jezioro}} in the province of [Olsztyn](/source/Olsztyn), in what was the very center of ancient ''Galindia''. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *''gal''- was originally a different [ablaut](/source/apophony) grade of the same root found in Lithuanian "''gilus''" – deep, and "''gelmė''" – depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.[Nalepa, Jerzy, 'Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź.', Opuscula. Slavica 1, [=Slaviska och baltiska studier 9]: 93–115. Lund 1971 Även publicerad i: Acta-Baltico Slavica 9: 191–209. Wrocław 1976.]
The Russian 'golyad' is the result of the common shift of nasal '-en'(ę) into '-ya'(я) in Russian language.
== Galindians ==
Galindians ([Old Prussian](/source/Old_Prussian): *''Galindis'',[An asterisk placed before the word means that it is [reconstructed](/source/Linguistic_reconstruction) and is therefore not attested.] [Latin](/source/Latin): ''Galindae'') – at first a West Baltic [tribe](/source/tribe), and later an Old Prussian [clan](/source/clan) – lived in '''Galindia''', roughly the area of present-day [Masuria](/source/Masuria) but including territory further south in what would become the [Duchy of Masovia](/source/Duchy_of_Masovia). The region lay adjacent to the territory of the [Yotvingians](/source/Yotvingians), which is today in [Podlaskie Voivodeship](/source/Podlaskie_Voivodeship).
thumb|The Prussian tribes in the 13th century (Galindia shown in light grey).|left
[Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) was the first to mention the Galindians ([Koine Greek](/source/Koine_Greek): ''Galindoi'' – '''Γαλίνδοι''') in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|p=99}} From the 6th/7th century until the 17th century the former central part of the Galindian tribe continued to exist as the [Old Prussian](/source/Old_Prussians) [clan](/source/clan) of *Galindis. The language of the Old Prussians in Galindia became extinct by 17th century, mainly because of the 16th centuries influx of Protestants seeking refuge from Catholic Poland into the Galindian area{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} and German-language administration of Prussia.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
== Eastern Galindians ==
thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.
The Eastern Galindians ([East Galindian](/source/Golyad_language): *''Galindai'', {{Langx|ru|голядь|lit=Goliadj}}, from [Old East Slavic](/source/Old_East_Slavic) голѧдь ''golędĭ''), an extinct [East Baltic](/source/East_Baltic_languages) [tribe](/source/tribe), lived from the 4th century in the basin of the [Protva](/source/Protva) River, near the modern [Russia](/source/Russia)n towns of [Mozhaysk](/source/Mozhaysk), [Vereya](/source/Vereya), and [Borovsk](/source/Borovsk). It is probable that the Eastern Galindians, as the bearers of the [Moshchiny culture](/source/Moshchiny_culture), also occupied all the [Kaluga Oblast](/source/Kaluga_Oblast) before the [Early East Slavs](/source/Early_East_Slavs) populated the Moshchiny culture's area at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.{{Sfn|Sedov|1982|p=41-45}}
The contemporary sources mention ''Golyad'' only twice, briefly.[{{cite Efron|Голядь}}]
The Golyad are first mentioned in the [Laurentian Codex](/source/Laurentian_Codex), where it is written that they were conquered by [Iziaslav I of Kiev](/source/Iziaslav_I_of_Kiev) in 1058.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} This shows that even at the height of the power of the [Kievan Rus'](/source/Kievan_Rus'), were not its subjects or [tributaries](/source/Tributary_state).[{{Cite book |date=1986 |title=Studia Ucrainica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsgcAAAAMAAJ |issue=3 |pages=24 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=9780776601403}}]
Second, the [Hypatian Codex](/source/Hypatian_Codex) mentions that [Sviatoslav Olgovich](/source/Sviatoslav_Olgovich) defeated the Golyad' who lived up the Porotva (now [Protva](/source/Protva)) river in 1147 ("взя люди Голядь, верхъ Поротве").{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}}
In addition the [Novgorod Fourth Chronicle](/source/Novgorod_Fourth_Chronicle) mentioned that [Mikhail Khorobrit](/source/Mikhail_Khorobrit) "was killed by 'Litva' (Lithuanians) on the Porotva" ({{Langx|ru| убьенъ бысть от Литвы на Поротве|translit=ubien byst' ot Litvy na Porotve}}) in 1248. Historian {{ill|Valentin Sedov|ru|Седов, Валентин Васильевич}} argues that this 'Litva' people were descendants the Galindians, because he sees no reason why would actual [Lithuanians](/source/Lithuanians) make military excursions so far from their lands.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}
The [Russians](/source/Russians) probably did not completely assimilate them until the 15th (or 16th) century.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|pp=100–112}}
There are several toponyms probably related to ''golyad'': two villages named Голяди, a village Голяжье, and the Golyada River, a tributary of the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River).[
In folk traditions that lived on into the 20th century there are tales about mighty giants with the (personal) name ''Golyada''.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} However, this may have been conflated with the Biblical mention about [Goliath](/source/Goliath).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
==Language==
{{main article|Galindian language}}
{{main article|Golyad language}}
== See also ==
* [Dnieper Balts](/source/Dnieper_Balts)
* [Yotvingians](/source/Yotvingians)
* [Neuri](/source/Neuri)
==Notes==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bojtár |first=Endre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&dq=galindians+Moscow&pg=PA109 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |publisher=[Central European University Press](/source/Central_European_University_Press) |year=1999 |isbn=9789639116429}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tarasov |first=Ilya |date=2017 |title=Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов |trans-title=Balts in the migrations of the Great Migration |url=https://www.academia.edu/37147068 |journal=Исторический формат |language=ru |volume=3–4 |issue=11–12 |pages=95–124}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wixman |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&q=Golyad |title=Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook |publisher=[Routledge](/source/Routledge) |year=2017 |isbn=9780873325066 |location=London and New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sedov |first=V.V. |title=Восточные славяне в VI-XIII вв. |year=1982 |language=ru |trans-title=Eastern Slavs in the VI-XIII centuries}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sedov |first=Valentin V. |url=http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |title=Iš baltų kultūros istorijos |publisher=Diemedis |year=2000 |editor-last=Kazakevičius |editor-first=Viktoras |location=Vilnius |pages=75–84 |language= |chapter=Голядь |trans-chapter=Golyad' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718054016/http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Galindia in the Viking Age - new shape of the culture |last=Nowakiewicz |first=Tomasz |title=Transformatio mundi: the transition from the late migration period to the Early Viking Age in the East Baltic |editor=Mindaugas Bertašius |location=Kaunas |publisher=Kaunas University of Technology Department of Philosophy and Cultural Science |date=2006 |pages=161–172 |isbn=9955982713}}
* {{cite journal |title=Galindai Europos platybėse: archeologija, istorija, lingvistika |trans-title=Galindians across the vastness of Europe: archaeology, history, linguistics |last1=Luchtanas |first1=Aleksiejus |last2=Poliakovas |first2=Olegas |journal=Lietuvos istorijos studijos |trans-journal=LIS: Studies of Lithuania's History |date=2018 |volume=41 |pages=9–39 |lang=Lithuanian |doi=10.15388/LIS.2018.0.11910 |url=https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/75240|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Rudnicki |first=Mirosław |chapter=The Olsztyn Group and the Galindians |title=The Olsztyn Group in the Early Medieval Archaeology of the Baltic Region |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2018 |pages=211–217 |doi=10.1163/9789004381728_007|isbn=978-90-04-26494-6 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Baltic onyms in time and space |last=Blažienė |first=Grasilda |title=Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология: Материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора Иосифа Моисеевича Тронского, 21-23 июня 2021 г |trans-title=Indo-European linguistics and classical philology |date=2021 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=69–98 |url=https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/100301}}
{{refend}}
{{prussian clans}}
{{interwiki extra|qid=Q684211}}
Category:Historical Baltic peoples
Category:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Galindians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galindians) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galindians?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.
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