# Galindian language
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{{short description|Extinct Baltic languages}}The term '''Galindian''' is sometimes ascribed to two separate [Baltic languages](/source/Baltic_languages), both of which were peripheral dialects:
* a [West Baltic language](/source/West_Baltic_languages) referred to as '''[West Galindian](/source/West_Galindian_language)''';
* a Baltic language previously spoken in [Mozhaysk](/source/Mozhaysk) region (present day Russia), referred to as ['''East Galindian'''](/source/Golyad_language) or Golyad[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=galindai |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/galindai/ |access-date=2022-01-28 |language=lt |trans-title=The Galindians}}]
==Name==
There are three proposed etymologies for the denomination ''Galindian'':[{{cite book|first=Pietro U.|last=Dini|title=Foundations of Baltic languages|translator-first1=Milda B.|translator-last1=Richardson|translator-first2=Robert E.|translator-last2=Richardson|publisher=Vilniaus universitetas|place=Vilnius|date=2014|isbn=978-609-437-263-6}}]{{rp|pages=308–309}}
* Proto-Baltic {{Lang|mis|*Galind-}} meaning 'outsider' ({{langx|lt|gãlas}} 'wall; border').[{{cite book|first=Kazimieras|last=Būga|year=1924|language=lt|title=Lietuvių tauta ir kalba bei jos artimieji giminaičiai|trans-title=The language and nation of the Lithuanians and its close relatives|place=Kaunas}}] This is supported by the etymology of the common Old Russian term for the Galindians {{Lang|orv|Голядь}} {{lang|orv-latn|Goljad'}} > [Proto-Slavic](/source/Proto-Slavic_language) {{Lang|mis|*golędь}} > [Proto-Baltic](/source/Proto-Baltic_language) {{Lang|bat|*Galind-}}); the Proto-Slavic *''ę'' denotes a [nasal](/source/Nasal_vowel) ''e'' (/ẽ/)
* It is derived from the root {{Lang|mis|*gal-/*gil}} found in Baltic [hydronym](/source/hydronym)s;[{{cite book|last=Nalepa|first=Jerzy|year=1971|chapter=Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź|language=pl|trans-chapter=Proposal of a new etymology of the name Galindia or Golędź|title=Opuscula slavica 1|series=Slaviska och baltiska studier|volume=9|publisher=Slaviska institutionen vid Lunds universitet|place=Lund|pages=93–115}}][{{cite book|first=Vytautas|last=Mažiulis|author-link=Vytautas Mažiulis|year=1981|pages=318–319|title=Prūsų kalbos paminklai|trans-title=Monuments of the Prussian language|language=lt|publisher=Mokslas|volume=II|place=Vilnius}}] and
* The name means 'the powerful ones' ({{langx|lt|galià}} 'power, strength') and also Celtic languages ({{langx|ga|gal}} 'strength', {{langx|cy|gallus}} 'power', ''Galli'', ''Gallia'').[{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Wolfgang P.|year=1998|chapter=Galinder|trans-chapter=Galindians|title=Reallexikon der germanischen Alterskunde|trans-title=Dictionary of Germanic antiquities|language=de|volume=10|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|editor-first1=Heinrich|editor-last1=Beck|editor-first2=Dieter|editor-last2=Geuenich|editor-first3=Heiko|editor-last3=Steuer|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=325–327|isbn=978-3-11-015102-2}}]
==Proposed relation==
Golyad and West Galindian have been proposed by scientists to have had a common origin that is based on two ancient authors using the common name of Galindian for both of them.{{r|Dini|page=309}}[{{cite book|language=pl|chapter=Zagadnienie Galindów|trans-chapter=The Galindian question|title=Studia Historica. W 35-lecia pracy naukowej Henryka Łowmiańskiego|trans-title=Studia Historica. On the 35th jubilee of Henryk Łowmiański's scientific work|editor-first=Aleksander|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|editor-last=Gieysztor|year=1958|place=Warsaw|pages=37–41|first=Jan Szczepan|last=Otrębski}}] In order to prove this hypothesis, they investigate common features between [Prussian](/source/Old_Prussian_language)/West Galindian and Golyad.{{r|Dini|pages=309-310}}
[Marija Gimbutas](/source/Marija_Gimbutas) suggested that both the Golyads and West Galindians name could both originate from the word for end or borderland in Lithuanian ({{lang|lt|gãlas}}) and Latvian ({{lang|lv|gàls}}).[{{cite book|date=2013|author=Pauli Rahkonen|title=South-Eastern contact area of Finnic languages in the light of onomastics|chapter=4|isbn=9789637326189|publisher=Central European University Press|pages=109–111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmDTEAAAQBAJ|access-date=2024-11-15}}] This name could have come from the Golyad being the furthest Baltic tribe in the east.[{{cite book|url=https://prussia.online/Data/Book/th/the-balts/Gimbutas%20M.%20The%20Balts%20%281963%29,%20OCR.pdf|date=1963|author=[Marija Gimbutas](/source/Marija_Gimbutas)|publisher=Praeger|title=The Balts|pages=27, 28|access-date=2024-12-21}}]
Some theories that propose a relationship between West Galindian and Golyad are that the West Galindians migrated from their homeland in [Prussia](/source/Prussia_(region)) towards the Protva basin.[{{cite book|date=1 January 2000|author=Endre Bojtar|title=Foreword to The Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People|chapter=2|isbn=9789525866155|publisher=University of Helsinki|pages=209}}] In this theory, another group who also migrated West during this period, the [Goths](/source/Goths), are believed to have also inspired the language and culture of the Golyads.[{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g20OEAAAQBAJ|date=11 December 2020|author=Walther Friesen|title=The Russia-Germans - An Indigenous People of Eastern Europe: An Outline of Its History|chapter=1|isbn=9783752646337|publisher=Books on Demand|pages=20|access-date=2024-11-16}}] Another theory is that the Golyads were West Galindians that were [captured](/source/Prisoner_of_war) during wars with the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania) and the [Russian duchies](/source/Russian_principalities), but this is unlikely as local Slavs would not have replaced their own names for regions with names from their prisoners of war.