# Gaj's Latin alphabet

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Form of Latin script used to write Serbo-Croatian

Gaj's Latin alphabet Gajeva latinica / Гајева латиница Script type Alphabet Period early 19th century – present Languages Serbo-Croatian Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian Related scripts Parent systems Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Old Italic scripts Latin alphabet Czech alphabet Gaj's Latin alphabet Child systems Slovene alphabet Montenegrin Latin alphabet Macedonian Latin alphabet Bulgarian Latin alphabet Sister systems Slovak alphabet Latvian alphabet Unicode Unicode range subset of Latin This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

**This article contains [special characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters).** Without proper [rendering support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters), you may see [question marks, boxes, or other symbols](/source/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character).

**Gaj's Latin alphabet**[a][b] is the form of the [Latin script](/source/Latin_script) used for writing all four [standard varieties](/source/Standard_varieties) of [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian): [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language), [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language), [Montenegrin](/source/Montenegrin_language), and [Serbian](/source/Serbian_language). It contains 30 letters: 22 letters of [basic Latin alphabet](/source/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet) (excluding Q, W, X, Y), 5 letters with diacritics (Č, Ć, Đ, Š, Ž) and 3 digraphs (Dž, Lj, Nj). Each letter (including digraphs) represents one [Serbo-Croatian phoneme](/source/Serbo-Croatian_phonology), yielding a highly [phonemic orthography](/source/Phonemic_orthography). It closely corresponds to the [Serbian Cyrillic alphabet](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet).

The alphabet was initially devised by Croatian linguist [Ljudevit Gaj](/source/Ljudevit_Gaj) during the [Illyrian movement](/source/Illyrian_movement). The alphabet's final form was defined in the late 19th century with contributions from other linguists, and it has since been in standard use. It was also the basis for a number of other Latin alphabets and romanizations in southeastern Europe. In Serbia, where Cyrillic is more prestigious, Gaj's Latin is nevertheless very common in media and everyday life.

## Letters

The alphabet consists of thirty [upper](/source/Capital_letters) and [lower case](/source/Lower_case) letters:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) A B C Č Ć D Dž Đ E F G H I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S Š T U V Z Ž Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters) a b c č ć d dž đ e f g h i j k l lj m n nj o p r s š t u v z ž Broad IPA Value /a/ /b/ /t͡s/ /t͡ʃ/ /t͡ɕ/ /d/ /d͡ʒ/ /d͡ʑ/ /e/ /f/ /ɡ/ /x/ /i/ /j/ /k/ /l/ /ʎ/ /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /o/ /p/ /r/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/ /u/ /ʋ/ /z/ /ʒ/

Gaj's Latin alphabet omits 4 letters (q,w,x,y) from the [ISO Basic Latin alphabet](/source/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet).

Letters are referred to by their name: *a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en, enj, o, pe, er, es, eš, te, u, ve, ze, že*,[1][2] or, in the case of consonants, by being appended by [schwa](/source/Schwa), e.g. /fə/.[3][4][5] In mathematics, ⟨j⟩ is commonly pronounced *jot*,[6] as in [German Standard German](/source/German_Standard_German).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Foreign letters

Various foreign letters are utilised in orthographically unadapted [loanwords](/source/Loanword) and foreign proper names, such as *Québec*.[7][8][9] Orthographically unadapted spelling of foreign names and some loanwords is standard in Croatia, whereas Serbians prefer to use orthographically adapted spellings. Non-native letters [Q](/source/Q), [W](/source/W), [X](/source/X), and [Y](/source/Y) appear on the [Serbo-Croatian keyboard](#Keyboard_layout). These four letters are usually named as follows: ⟨q⟩ as *kve* or *ku*, ⟨w⟩ as *duplo ve* or *dvostruko ve*, ⟨x⟩ as *iks*, and ⟨y⟩ as *ipsilon*.[7][10][11]

## Digraphs

[Digraphs](/source/Digraph_(orthography)) ⟨[dž](/source/D%C5%BE)⟩, ⟨[lj](/source/Lj_(letter))⟩ and ⟨[nj](/source/Nj_(letter))⟩ are considered to be single letters, and they signify single phonemes. However, they are distinguished from occurrences of two such letters that signify two distinct phonemes: *džep* (/d͡ʒêp/, Cyrillic џеп) uses the digraph, while *nadživjeti* (/nadʒǐːvjeti/, Cyrillic надживјети, morphological boundary: prefix *nad-* + base *živjeti*) uses two separate letters.

- In dictionaries, *njegov* comes after *novine*, in a separate ⟨nj⟩ section after the end of the ⟨n⟩ section; *bolje* comes after *bolnica*; *nadžak* (digraph ⟨dž⟩) comes after *nadživjeti* (⟨d⟩+⟨ž⟩ sequence), and so forth.

- If only the initial letter of a word is capitalized, only the first of the two component letters is capitalized: *Njemačka* ('[Germany](/source/Germany)'), not *NJemačka*. Uppercase is used only if the entire word was capitalized: *NJEMAČKA*.[12] In [Unicode](/source/Unicode), the form ⟨Nj⟩ is referred to as *[titlecase](/source/Titlecase)*, as opposed to the uppercase form ⟨NJ⟩, representing one of the few cases in which titlecase and uppercase differ.

U LJ E M J E NJ A Č N I C A

- In vertical writing (such as on signs), ⟨dž⟩, ⟨lj⟩, ⟨nj⟩ are written horizontally, as a unit. For instance, if *ulje* ('oil') is written vertically, ⟨lj⟩ appears on the second line. In [crossword](/source/Crossword) puzzles, ⟨dž⟩, ⟨lj⟩, ⟨nj⟩ each occupy a single square. The word *mjenjačnica* ('[bureau de change](/source/Bureau_de_change)') is written vertically with ⟨nj⟩ on the fourth line, while ⟨m⟩ and ⟨j⟩ appear separately on the first and second lines, respectively, because ⟨mj⟩ contains two letters, not one.

- If words are written with a space between each letter (such as on signs), each digraph is written as a unit. For instance: *U LJ E*, *M J E NJ A Č N I C A*.

## Accent marks

The vowels *a*, *e*, *i*, *o*, *u*, along with the [syllabic consonants](/source/Syllabic_consonant) *r* and *l*, can take one of 5 accents: the [double grave accent](/source/Double_grave_accent) (◌̏) for a short vowel with falling tone, the [inverted breve](/source/Inverted_breve) (◌̑) for a long vowel with falling tone, the [grave accent](/source/Grave_accent) (◌̀) for a short vowel with rising tone, the [acute accent](/source/Acute_accent) (◌́) for long vowel with rising tone, and [macron](/source/Macron_(diacritic)) (◌̄) for a non-tonic long vowel. These diacritic accents are typically used in dictionaries and linguistic publications, and in poetry to denote [metrically](/source/Metre_(poetry)) correct reading. In ordinary prose they occur when needed to resolve semantic ambiguity between [homographs](/source/Homograph): *kod* ('at') vs. *kȏd* ('code'), *sam* ('am') vs. *sȃm* ('alone'). For the same reason, the length of an unaccented syllable can be marked with ⟨◌̄⟩ or [circumflex](/source/Circumflex) ⟨◌̂⟩, without accentuating the rest of the word. This is typically used to distinguish homographic nominative or genitive singular and genitive plural forms of nouns, where the genitive plural has a long final vowel: *knjiga* ('book' Nsg.) vs. *knjigâ* or *knjigā* ('books' Gpl.), *prijatelja* ('friend' Gsg.) vs. *prijateljâ* or *prijateljā* ('friends' Gpl.).[13][14]

## History

### Croatian Latin alphabet before Gaj

In Croatian writing the Latin alphabet became dominant in the 16th century, marginalising the [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) and the [Glagolitic](/source/Glagolitic) alphabets.[15] In the 17th century there coalesced two major orthographic practices for using the Latin alphabet. [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia) used a system based on the [Italian orthography](/source/Italian_orthography), whereas the continental [Kaykavian](/source/Kaykavian) writing was based on [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_alphabet). In the 18th century the [Slavonian](/source/Slavonia) orthography arose as well, a mixture of the previous two.[16] However, the specifics of the alphabetic systems tended to vary from writer to writer.[17]

In addition to these three widely used systems, multiple individual writers attempted their own reforms of the alphabet. These include [Rajmund Đamanjić](/source/Rajmund_%C4%90amanji%C4%87) (1639), the early 1700s Dubrovnik academy work led by [Đuro Matijašević](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90uro_Matija%C5%A1evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Ignjat Đurđević](/source/Ignjat_%C4%90ur%C4%91evi%C4%87), as well as the early 1700s *Lexicon Latino-Illyricum* by [Pavao Ritter Vitezović](/source/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87).

Croatian linguist [Ljudevit Gaj](/source/Ljudevit_Gaj)

### Gaj's reform and its revisions

The alphabet was initially devised by Croatian linguist [Ljudevit Gaj](/source/Ljudevit_Gaj) in 1835 during the [Illyrian movement](/source/Illyrian_movement) in [ethnically Croatian](/source/Croats) parts of the [Austrian Empire](/source/Austrian_Empire). It was meant to serve as a unified orthography for [three Croat-populated kingdoms](/source/Triune_Kingdom) within the Austrian Empire at the time, namely [Croatia](/source/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)), [Dalmatia](/source/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia) and [Slavonia](/source/Kingdom_of_Slavonia), and their three dialect groups, [Kajkavian](/source/Kajkavian), [Chakavian](/source/Chakavian) and [Shtokavian](/source/Shtokavian), which historically utilized different spelling rules.

It was largely based on [Jan Hus](/source/Jan_Hus)'s [Czech alphabet](/source/Czech_alphabet), (č, ž, š) and [Polish](/source/Polish_alphabet) (ć). Gaj invented ⟨lj⟩, ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩, according to similar solutions in [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_alphabet) (ly, ny and dzs, although dž combinations exist also in Czech (and Polish as dż)). In 1830 in [Buda](/source/Buda_(city)), he published the book *Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja* ("Brief basics of the Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian [orthography](/source/Orthography) book.

Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the [Czech orthography](/source/Czech_alphabet), making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following [Vuk Karadžić](/source/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87)'s reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, in the 1830s Ljudevit Gaj did the same for *latinica*, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system.[18]

[Đuro Daničić](/source/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87) added the letter "Đ" instead of "Dj" in *Croatian Academy* 1882.

In 1878 [Đuro Daničić](/source/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87) proposed a replacement of the digraphs ⟨dž⟩, ⟨dj⟩,[c] ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ with single letters: ⟨ģ⟩, ⟨đ⟩, ⟨ļ⟩ and ⟨ń⟩ respectively.[21] Of the four, ⟨đ⟩ was accepted in [Ivan Broz](/source/Ivan_Broz)'s 1892 *Hrvatski pravopis* ("Croatian Orthography") and it thus became a part of the standard alphabet, though it was not immediately accepted by all writers and publishers.[22][20] The other three letters remained in use only in certain philological publications.[19][20] Names of individual people have sometimes retained the pre-*đ* spelling: *[Ksaver Šandor Gjalski](/source/Ksaver_%C5%A0andor_Gjalski)* (/d͡ʑâːlskiː/),[23] *[Gjuro Szabo](/source/Gjuro_Szabo)* (/d͡ʑǔːro/).[24][25]

[Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian) was regarded as a single language since the 1850 [Vienna Literary Agreement](/source/Vienna_Literary_Agreement), to be written in two forms: one ([Serb](/source/Serbs)) in the adapted Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, **ćirilica**; the other ([Croat](/source/Croats)) in the adapted Croatian Latin alphabet,[26] that is to say Gaj's Latin alphabet, *latinica*.

### Introduction in Serbian

Main alphabets used in Europe around 1900:

  [Latin script](/source/Latin_script): [Fraktur](/source/Fraktur_(script)) variant

  Latin script: [Antiqua](/source/Antiqua_(typeface_class)) variant

  [Cyrillic script](/source/Cyrillic_script)

  [Greek alphabet](/source/Greek_alphabet)

  [Arabic script](/source/Arabic_script)

  [Kalmyk](/source/Clear_script)–[Mongolian](/source/Mongolian_script) script

The Latin alphabet was not initially taught in schools in Serbia when it became independent in the 19th century. After a series of efforts by Serbian writers [Ljubomir Stojanović](/source/Ljubomir_Stojanovi%C4%87) and [Jovan Skerlić](/source/Jovan_Skerli%C4%87), it became part of the school curriculum after 1914.[27]

During World War I, [Austria-Hungary](/source/Austria-Hungary) banned the Cyrillic alphabet in [Bosnia](/source/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)[28] and its use in occupied Serbia was banned in schools.[29] Cyrillic was banned in the [Independent State of Croatia](/source/Independent_State_of_Croatia) in World War II.[30]

The government of [SFR Yugoslavia](/source/SFR_Yugoslavia) made some initial effort to promote romanization, use of the Latin alphabet even in the [Orthodox Serbian](/source/Orthodox_Serbian) and [Montenegrin](/source/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro) parts of Yugoslavia, but met with resistance.[31] The use of *latinica* did however become more common among Serbian speakers, and the Serbian language became an example of [digraphia](/source/Digraphia).

### Modern history

In late 1980s, a number of articles had been published in Serbia about a danger of Cyrillic being fully replaced by Latin, thereby endangering what was deemed a Serbian national symbol.[32]

Following the [breakup of Yugoslavia](/source/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia), Gaj's Latin alphabet remained in use in [Bosnian](/source/Bosnian_language) and [Croatian](/source/Croatian_language) standards of [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian). Another standard of Serbo-Croatian, [Montenegrin](/source/Montenegrin_language), uses a slightly modified version of it, the [Montenegrin Latin alphabet](/source/Montenegrin_Latin_alphabet).

In 1993, the authorities of [Republika Srpska](/source/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)) under [Radovan Karadžić](/source/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87) and [Momčilo Krajišnik](/source/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik) decided to proclaim [Ekavian](/source/Ekavian) and [Serbian Cyrillic](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic) to be official in Republika Srpska, which was opposed both by native [Bosnian Serb](/source/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) writers at the time and the general public, and that decision was rescinded in 1994.[33] Nevertheless, it was reinstated in a milder form in 1996, and today still the use of Serbian Latin is officially discouraged in [Republika Srpska](/source/Republika_Srpska), in favor of Cyrillic.[34]

A road sign in Serbia using Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The towns are [Šid](/source/%C5%A0id) (pronounced [ʃiːd]), [Novi Sad](/source/Novi_Sad) and [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade).

Article 10 of the [Constitution of Serbia](/source/Constitution_of_Serbia)[35] adopted by a referendum in 2006 defined Cyrillic as the official script in [Serbia](/source/Serbia), while Latin was given the status of "Script in official use".

A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors Cyrillic; the remaining 17% has no preference.[36]

Today, Serbian is more likely to be written in Latin in [Montenegro](/source/Montenegro) than in Serbia.[37] Exceptions to this include Serbian websites where use of Latin alphabet is often more convenient, and increasing use in tabloid and popular media such as *[Blic](/source/Blic)*, *[Danas](/source/Danas_(newspaper))* and *Svet*.[38] More established media, such as the formerly state-run *[Politika](/source/Politika)*, and [Radio Television of Serbia](/source/Radio_Television_of_Serbia),[39] or foreign [Google News](/source/Google_News),[40] [Voice of Russia](/source/Voice_of_Russia)[41] and [Facebook](/source/Facebook) tend to use Cyrillic script.[42] Some websites offer the content in both scripts, using Cyrillic as the source and auto generating Romanized version.

In 2013 in Croatia there were [massive protests against official Cyrillic signs](/source/Anti-Cyrillic_protests_in_Croatia) on local government buildings in [Vukovar](/source/Vukovar).[43]

## Correspondence between Cyrillic and Latin alphabets

Each Cyrillic and Latin Serbo-Croatian letter has its exact counterpart in the other alphabet, although Latin digraphs ⟨lj⟩, ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩ correspond to Cyrillic single letters ⟨љ⟩, ⟨њ⟩ and ⟨џ⟩, so knowledge of Serbian is sometimes required to do proper transliteration from Latin back to Cyrillic. This is the case in relatively rare instances when what appears like a digraph in Latin in fact represents two separate letters. Transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin does not pose such challenges as Cyrillic does not employ digraphs.

The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of Gaj's Latin alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic alphabet.

Cyrillic А а Б б В в Г г Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ж ж З з И и Ј ј К к Л л Љ љ М м Latin A a B b V v G g D d Đ đ E e Ž ž Z z I i J j K k L l Lj lj M m

Cyrillic Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Latin N n Nj nj O o P p R r S s T t Ć ć U u F f H h C c Č č Dž dž Š š

### Practical correspondence

Sign of [George Washington](/source/George_Washington) street in [Belgrade](/source/Belgrade)

Serbian personal and place names are consistently mapped between *ćirilica* and *latinica*. A problem is presented by the letter [Đ](/source/%C4%90)/[đ](/source/%C4%90) that represents the [affricate](/source/Affricate) [[dʑ](/source/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate)] (the same sound written as ⟨j⟩ in most romanizations of [Japanese](/source/Japanese_language), similar, though not identical to English ⟨j⟩ as in "jewel"), which is still sometimes represented by ⟨dj⟩. A [transcribed](/source/Transcription_(linguistics)) "Dj" is still sometimes encountered in rendering Serbian names into English (e.g. [Novak Djokovic](/source/Novak_Djokovic)), though strictly Đ should be used (as in Croatian). Conversely, in Serbian, foreign names are phonetically [transliterated](/source/Transliterated) into both Latin and Cyrillic. For example, in Serbian, [George Washington](/source/George_Washington) becomes *Džordž Vašington* or Џорџ Вашингтон.[44] An exception to this are place names which are so well known as to have their own form ([exonym](/source/Exonym_and_endonym)): just as English has *[Vienna](/source/Vienna), [Austria](/source/Austria)* (and not [German](/source/German_language) *Wien**, *Österreich**) so Croatian and Serbian have *Beč, Austrija* ([Serbian Cyrillic](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet): Беч, Аустрија).

## Computing

In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper [character encoding](/source/Character_encoding) to use to write text in Latin Croatian on computers.

- An attempt was made to apply the 7-bit "[YUSCII](/source/YUSCII)", later "CROSCII", which included the five letters with diacritics at the expense of five non-letter characters ([, ], {, }, @), but it was ultimately unsuccessful. Because the ASCII character @ sorts before A, this led to jokes calling it *žabeceda* (*žaba*=frog, *abeceda*=alphabet).

- Other short-lived vendor-specific efforts were also undertaken.[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)*]

- The [8-bit](/source/8-bit) [ISO 8859-2](/source/ISO_8859-2) (Latin-2) standard was developed by ISO.

- [MS-DOS](/source/MS-DOS) introduced 8-bit encoding CP852 for Central European languages, disregarding the ISO standard.

- [Microsoft Windows](/source/Microsoft_Windows) spread yet another 8-bit encoding called [CP1250](/source/CP1250), which had a few letters mapped one-to-one with ISO 8859-2, but also had some mapped elsewhere.

- [Apple](/source/Apple_computer)'s [Macintosh Central European encoding](/source/Macintosh_Central_European_encoding) does not include the entire Gaj's Latin alphabet. Instead, a separate codepage, called [MacCroatian encoding](/source/MacCroatian_encoding), is used.

- [EBCDIC](/source/EBCDIC) also has a Latin-2 encoding.[45]

The preferred [character encoding](/source/Character_encoding) for Croatian today is either the [ISO 8859-2](/source/ISO_8859-2), or the [Unicode](/source/Unicode) encoding [UTF-8](/source/UTF-8) (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). However, as of 2010[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet&action=edit), one can still find programs as well as databases that use [CP1250](/source/CP1250), CP852 or even CROSCII.

Digraphs ⟨dž⟩, ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ in their upper case, title case and lower case forms have dedicated Unicode code points as shown in the table below, However, these are included chiefly for backwards [compatibility with legacy encodings](/source/Unicode_compatibility_characters) which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic; modern texts use a sequence of characters.

Character sequence Composite character Unicode code point DŽ DŽ U+01C4 Dž Dž U+01C5 dž dž U+01C6 LJ LJ U+01C7 Lj Lj U+01C8 lj lj U+01C9 NJ NJ U+01CA Nj Nj U+01CB nj nj U+01CC

It's possible to also use the [English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet), by dropping diacritics. This is sometimes known as "ASCII Serbian". It is commonly used in SMS messages, comments on the Internet or e-mails, mainly when users do not have a Serbian keyboard installed. In its ASCII form, the number of used letters drops down to 22, as the letters "q", "w", "x" and "y" are not used. This leads to some ambiguity due to [homographs](/source/Homographs), however, context is usually sufficient to clarify these issues.

Using such an incomplete *latinica* does not allow for easy transliteration back to Cyrillic without significant manual work. Google tried using a machine learning approach to solving this problem and developed an interactive text input tool that enables typing Serbian in ASCII and auto-converting to Cyrillic.[46] However, manual typing is still required with occasional disambiguation selection from the pop-up menu.

Serbian text can be converted from Cyrillic to Latin and vice versa automatically by computer. There are add-in tools available for [Microsoft Word](/source/Microsoft_Word)[47] and [OpenOffice.org](/source/OpenOffice.org),[48] as well as command line tools for Linux, MacOS and Windows.

## Usage for Slovene

Main article: [Slovene alphabet](/source/Slovene_alphabet)

Since the early 1840s, Gaj's alphabet was increasingly used for [Slovene](/source/Slovene_language). In the beginning, it was most commonly used by Slovene authors who treated Slovene as a variant of Serbo-Croatian (such as [Stanko Vraz](/source/Stanko_Vraz)), but it was later accepted by a large spectrum of Slovene-writing authors. The breakthrough came in 1845, when the Slovene conservative leader [Janez Bleiweis](/source/Janez_Bleiweis) started using Gaj's script in his journal *[Kmetijske in rokodelske novice](/source/Kmetijske_in_rokodelske_novice)* ("Agricultural and Artisan News"), which was read by a wide public in the countryside. By 1850, Gaj's alphabet (known as *gajica* in Slovene) became the only official [Slovene alphabet](/source/Slovene_alphabet), replacing three other writing systems that had circulated in the [Slovene Lands](/source/Slovene_Lands) since the 1830s: the traditional *[bohoričica](/source/Bohori%C4%8Dica)*, named after [Adam Bohorič](/source/Adam_Bohori%C4%8D), who codified it; the *[dajnčica](/source/Dajn%C4%8Dica)*, named after [Peter Dajnko](/source/Peter_Dajnko); and the *[metelčica](/source/Metel%C4%8Dica)*, named after [Franc Serafin Metelko](/source/Franc_Serafin_Metelko).

The Slovene version of Gaj's alphabet differs from the Serbo-Croatian one in several ways:

- The Slovene alphabet does not have the characters ⟨ć⟩ and ⟨đ⟩; the sounds they represent do not occur in Slovene.

- In Slovene, the digraphs ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ are treated as two separate letters and represent separate sounds (the word [polje](/source/Polje) is pronounced [\[ˈpóːljɛ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene) or [\[pɔˈljéː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene) in Slovene, as opposed to [\[pôʎe\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian) in Serbo-Croatian).

- While the phoneme /dʒ/ exists in modern Slovene and is written ⟨dž⟩, it is used in only borrowed words and so ⟨d⟩ and ⟨ž⟩ are considered separate letters, not a digraph.

As in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene orthography does not make use of diacritics to mark accent in words in regular writing, but [headwords](/source/Headword) in dictionaries are given with them to account for [homographs](/source/Homographs). For instance, letter ⟨e⟩ can be pronounced in four ways (/eː/, /ɛ/, /ɛː/ and /ə/), and letter ⟨v⟩ in two ([ʋ] and [w], though the difference is not [phonemic](/source/Phoneme)). Also, it does not reflect consonant voicing assimilation: compare e.g. Slovene ⟨odpad⟩ and Serbo-Croatian ⟨otpad⟩ ('junkyard', 'waste').

## Usage for Macedonian

Main article: [Romanization of Macedonian](/source/Romanization_of_Macedonian)

[Romanization](/source/Romanization) of [Macedonian](/source/Macedonian_language) is done according to Gaj's Latin alphabet[49][50] with slight modification. Gaj's *ć* and *đ* are not used at all, with *ḱ* and *ǵ* introduced instead. The rest of the letters of the alphabet are used to represent the equivalent Cyrillic letters. Also, Macedonian uses the letter *dz*, which is not part of the Serbo-Croatian phonemic inventory. As per the orthography, both *lj* and *ĺ* are accepted as romanisations of љ and both *nj* and *ń* for њ. For informal purposes, like texting, most Macedonian speakers will omit the diacritics or use a digraph- and trigraph-based system for ease as there is no Macedonian Latin keyboard supported on most systems. For example, *š* becomes *sh* or *s*, and *dž* becomes *dzh* or *dz*.

## Influence on Romani alphabets

This alphabet influenced [alphabets of Romani languages](/source/Romani_alphabets) that are spoken in [Southeast Europe](/source/Southeast_Europe), namely [Vlax](/source/Vlax_Romani_language) and [Balkan Romani](/source/Balkan_Romani).

## Keyboard layout

See also: [QWERTZ § South Slavic Latin](/source/QWERTZ#South_Slavic_Latin)

The standard Gaj's Latin alphabet [keyboard layout](/source/Keyboard_layout) for personal computers is as follows:

Gaj's Latin alphabet keyboard layout

## Polling

Several polls have been conducted regarding the preferred writing script in Serbia. Polls ask respondents to identify the script they tend to use more.

Latin is predominant in online spaces, while official documentation favours the Cyrillic script. North and west of Serbia tend to use Latin more than South and East. Younger people are more likely to use Latin, while older people are more likely to use Cyrillic. People in urban areas are more likely to use Latin, whilst people in rural areas are more likely to use Cyrillic.[51]

Year Pollster Result Cyrilic Latin Both 2002[51] 21.9% 39.8% 38.3% 2011[51] 35% 35% 25% 2014[52] Politika 36.2% 47.3% 16% 2018[51] 63% 18% 18%

## See also

South Slavic languages and dialects Western South Slavic Serbo-Croatian Standard languages Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian (Slavonic-Serbian) Dialects Shtokavian (Younger Ikavian Bunjevac Slavonian Šokac Dubrovnik Eastern Herzegovinian Užice Zeta–Raška Kosovo–Resava (Smederevo–Vršac) Šumadija–Vojvodina Prizren–Timok (Prizren–South Morava Gorani Janjevo–Letnica Svrljig–Zaplanje Timok–Lužnica)) Chakavian (Burgenland Molise) Kajkavian Torlak (Prizren–South Morava Gorani Janjevo–Letnica Svrljig–Zaplanje Timok–Lužnica) Accents Ekavian Ijekavian Ikavian Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Slovene Dialects (Prekmurje Slovene Resian) Eastern South Slavic Church Slavonic (Old) Bulgarian Dialects Banat Torlak Meshterski Macedonian Dialects (Western Southeastern Northern Torlak) Spoken Macedonian Standard Macedonian Transitional dialects Serbian–Bulgarian–Macedonian Transitional Bulgarian dialects Torlak Gorani Croatian–Slovenian Kajkavian Bulgarian–Macedonian Slavic dialects of Greece Alphabets Modern Gaj's Latina Serbian Cyrillic Bulgarian Cyrillic Macedonian Cyrillic Montenegrin Slovene Historical Bohoričica Dajnčica Metelčica Arebica Bosnian Cyrillic Glagolitic Serbian Cyrillic Early Cyrillic a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet. v t e

- [Glagolitic alphabet](/source/Glagolitic_alphabet)

- [Yugoslav braille](/source/Yugoslav_braille)

- [Yugoslav manual alphabet](/source/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian_language): *Gajeva latinica* / Гајева латиница, pronounced [\[ɡâːjeva latǐnit͡sa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Also known as ***abeceda***, [Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet): абецеда, pronounced [\[abet͡sěːda\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian), ***gajica***, [Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet): гајица, pronounced [\[ɡǎjit͡sa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian) and ***latinica***, [Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic](/source/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet): латиница

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** At the time ⟨gj⟩ was also in use.[19][20]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007173_3-0)** [Babić et al. 2007](#CITEREFBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007), p. 173.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽagarováPintarić1998129_4-0)** [Žagarová & Pintarić 1998](#CITEREFŽagarováPintarić1998), p. 129.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007115,_173_5-0)** [Babić et al. 2007](#CITEREFBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007), p. 115, 173.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽagarováPintarić1998130_6-0)** [Žagarová & Pintarić 1998](#CITEREFŽagarováPintarić1998), p. 130.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПиперКлајнДрагичевић202219_7-0)** [Пипер, Клајн & Драгичевић 2022](#CITEREFПиперКлајнДрагичевић2022), p. 19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Pašić, Mervan (24 October 2021). [*Uvod u kombinatoriku na faksu*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2Ae1aA6z68&t=4173s) [*Introduction to university-level combinatorics*]. [Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb](/source/Faculty_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computing%2C_University_of_Zagreb). Quote stats at 1:03:33 – via [YouTube](/source/YouTube). Prebrojavamo sve uređene četvorke a-jedan, a-dva, a-tri, a-četiri, pri čemu ovi a-jot idu po skupu dečki. [We're counting all ordered quadruples a-one, a-two, a-three, a-four, where these a-jay go over the set of boys.]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurinaMarkovićMićanović20085_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurinaMarkovićMićanović20085_9-1) [Badurina, Marković & Mićanović 2008](#CITEREFBadurinaMarkovićMićanović2008), p. 5.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalilović201711,_141_10-0)** [Halilović 2017](#CITEREFHalilović2017), p. 11, 141.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПешиканЈерковићПижурица201017_11-0)** [Пешикан, Јерковић & Пижурица 2010](#CITEREFПешиканЈерковићПижурица2010), p. 17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Mihaljević, Milica (2003). ["Internetsko nazivlje u govornim medijima"](https://hrcak.srce.hr/179380). *Govor*. **20** (1–2). Zagreb: Hrvatsko filološko društvo: 267.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalilović201711_13-0)** [Halilović 2017](#CITEREFHalilović2017), p. 11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurinaMarkovićMićanović20083_14-0)** [Badurina, Marković & Mićanović 2008](#CITEREFBadurinaMarkovićMićanović2008), p. 3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurinaMarkovićMićanović2008107-108_15-0)** [Badurina, Marković & Mićanović 2008](#CITEREFBadurinaMarkovićMićanović2008), p. 107-108.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEПешиканЈерковићПижурица2010139-140_16-0)** [Пешикан, Јерковић & Пижурица 2010](#CITEREFПешиканЈерковићПижурица2010), p. 139-140.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurina201269_17-0)** [Badurina 2012](#CITEREFBadurina2012), p. 69.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadurina201273,_77_18-0)** [Badurina 2012](#CITEREFBadurina2012), p. 73, 77.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaretić1889passim_19-0)** [Maretić 1889](#CITEREFMaretić1889), passim.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ComrieCorbett2003_20-0)** [Comrie, Bernard](/source/Bernard_Comrie); Corbett, Greville G., eds. (2003). [*The Slavonic Languages*](https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 45. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-203-21320-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-21320-9). Retrieved 23 December 2013. Following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latinica as applied to the Serbian and Croatian parallel system.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007176_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007176_21-1) [Babić et al. 2007](#CITEREFBabićBrozovićŠkarićTežak2007), p. 176.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaretić196325_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaretić196325_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaretić196325_22-2) [Maretić 1963](#CITEREFMaretić1963), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaničić1975–19765–9Dodatak:_Materijali_o_rječniku_24-0)** [Daničić 1975–1976](#CITEREFDaničić1975–1976), pp. 5–9, Dodatak: Materijali o rječniku.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoguš2009185_25-0)** [Moguš 2009](#CITEREFMoguš2009), p. 185.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** "Ђа̑лскӣ". *Речник српскохрватског књижевног и народног језика. Књига V (дугуљан—закључити)*. Београд: Институт за српскохрватски језик. 1968.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Deanović, Mirko; Jernej, Josip (1975). "Đúro". *Hrvatsko ili srpsko-talijanski rječnik* (4th ed.). Zagreb: Školska knjiga.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Šimunović, Petar (2009). *Uvod u hrvatsko imenoslovlje*. Zagreb: Golden Marketing - Tehnička knjiga. p. 129.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** The World and Its Peoples 2009 - Page 1654 "Until modern times, Serbo-Croat was regarded as a single language, written in two forms: one (Serb) in the Cyrillic alphabet; the other (Croat) in ...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Naimark, Norman M.; Case, Holly (2003). [*Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s*](https://books.google.com/books?id=u5tUbUyXtToC&pg=PA95). Stanford University Press. pp. 95–96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0804745943](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804745943). Retrieved 2012-04-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Horne2010_31-0)** John Horne (16 March 2010). [*A Companion to World War I*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AGpUuWvQXkQC&pg=PA375). John Wiley & Sons. p. 375. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4443-2364-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2364-1). Retrieved 26 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Serbia's_Great_War_1914-1918_32-0)** [*Serbia's Great War 1914-1918*](https://books.google.com/books?id=viqqqQ2KT7kC&pg=PA231). Purdue University Press. 2007. p. 231. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55753-477-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-477-4). Retrieved 26 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Copley1992_33-0)** Gregory R. Copley (1992). [*Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=AFExAQAAIAAJ). Copley & Associates. p. 17. Retrieved 26 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** The Social construction of written communication Bennett A. Rafoth, Donald L. Rubin - 1988 "Yugoslavian efforts to romanize Serbian (Kalogjera, 1985) and Chinese efforts to romanize Mandarin (De Francis, 1977b, 1984; Seybolt & Chiang, 1979) reveal that even authoritarian regimes may have to accept only limited success when the price of complete victory is too high."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Bagdasarov, Artur (2018). ["Ethnolinguistic policy in socialist Yugoslavia"](https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=319260&lang=en). *Filologija* (71). [Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts](/source/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts): 51. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.21857/m8vqrtze29](https://doi.org/10.21857%2Fm8vqrtze29). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1848-8919](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1848-8919). Retrieved 15 August 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). [*Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA78). Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0191514551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191514551). Retrieved 2012-04-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). [*Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA82). Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0191514551](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191514551). Retrieved 2012-04-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Constitution Principles"](http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217). *Constitution of the Republic of Serbia*. [Government of Serbia](/source/Government_of_Serbia). Retrieved 2013-04-26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Ivan Klajn: Ćirilica će postati arhaično pismo"](http://www.b92.net/kultura/vesti.php?nav_category=1087&yyyy=2014&mm=12&dd=16&nav_id=936784). 16 December 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost - Page 46 Peter Austin - 2008 "Croatian and Bosnian are written in the Latin alphabet; Serbian in both Serbia and Bosnia is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Both scripts are used for Serbian in Montenegro."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Home"](http://www.svet.rs/). *svet.rs*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["ТАНЈУГ | Новинска агенција"](http://www.tanjug.rs/index1.aspx).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [https://news.google.com/](https://news.google.com/)[*[not specific enough to verify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Глас Русије"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424081834/http://serbian.ruvr.ru/). Archived from [the original](http://serbian.ruvr.ru/) on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** Hitting the headlines in Europe: a country-by-country guide Page 166 Cathie Burton, Alun Drake - 2004 "The former state-run paper, Politika, which kept its retro style until very recently, using Serbian Cyrillic rather than the Latin alphabet, has been bought by a German company and is modernizing rapidly. There are a host of tabloids, .."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Agence France-Presse, April 7, 2013 [\[1\]](http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130407/croatians-protest-against-cyrillic-signs-vukovar) *Croatians protest against Cyrillic signs in Vukovar*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a grammar: with sociolinguistic commentary - Page 3 Ronelle Alexander - 2006 -"... name in original Serbian (Cyrillic) Serbian (Latin) Croatian George Џорџ Džordž; George Mary Мери Meri Mary; Winston Churchill Винстон Черчил Vinston Čerčil Winston Churchill; Charles de Gaulle Шарл де Гол Šarl de Gol Charles de Gaulle;"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["IBM Knowledge Center"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221109015244/https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/cics-ts/5.2?topic=documentation-knowledge-center). *www.ibm.com/us-en*. Archived from [the original](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/cics-ts/5.2?topic=documentation-knowledge-center) on 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2023-09-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [Google input tools for Serbian](https://www.google.com/intl/sr/inputtools/cloud/try/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** [Office 2003 Add-in: Latin and Cyrillic Transliteration](http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=1438)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** [OOoTranslit add-on for OpenOffice](http://oootranslit.info/download/)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Lunt, Horace G. (1952). *Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language*. Skopje.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Macedonian Latin alphabet, Pravopis na makedonskiot literaturen jazik, B. Vidoeski, T. Dimitrovski, K. Koneski, K. Tošev, R. Ugrinova Skalovska - Prosvetno delo Skopje, 1970, p.99

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Danas2021_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Danas2021_54-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Danas2021_54-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Danas2021_54-3) Bugarski, Ranko (24 October 2021). ["Ćirilica i latinica jednako su i istinski naša u jedinom važnom smislu"](https://www.danas.rs/vesti/drustvo/cirilica-i-latinica-jednako-su-i-istinski-nasa-u-jedinom-vaznom-smislu). Retrieved 7 September 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** ["Ćirilica ispred latinice samo na jugu i istoku Srbije"](https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/313142/cirilica-ispred-latinice-samo-na-jugu-i-istoku-srbije). 11 December 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

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- [Babić, Stjepan](/source/Stjepan_Babi%C4%87); [Brozović, Dalibor](/source/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87); [Škarić, Ivo](/source/Ivo_%C5%A0kari%C4%87); Težak, Stjepko (2007). *Glasovi i oblici hrvatskoga književnoga jezika*. Velika hrvatska gramatika. Vol. 1. Zagreb: Globus / HAZU. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-953-167-202-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-167-202-3).

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- Badurina, Lada (2012). ["Hrvatski slovopis i pravopis u predstandardizacijskome razdoblju"](https://www.hrvatskiplus.org/upload/zbornici/ZSS_2012.pdf) (PDF). In Mićanović, Krešimir (ed.). *Povijest hrvatskoga jezika / Književnost i kultura devedesetih: Zbornik radova 40. seminara Zagrebačke slavističke škole*. Zagreb: Zagrebačka slavistička škola. p. 65-96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-953-175-431-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-175-431-6).

- [Daničić, Đuro](/source/%C4%90uro_Dani%C4%8Di%C4%87) (1975–1976) [1878]. "Ogled". In Pavešić, Slavko; [Jonke, Ljudevit](/source/Ljudevit_Jonke) (eds.). *Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika: Dio XXIII (2. zlotvor – žvuknuti / popis izvora, dodatak)*. Zagreb: JAZU.

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- [Maretić, Tomo](/source/Tomo_Mareti%C4%87) (1963) [1899]. *Gramatika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika* (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.

- Jojić, Ljiljana (2003). *Pravopisni priručnik - dodatak Velikom rječniku hrvatskoga jezika* (in Croatian). Zagreb: Novi liber.

- Moguš, Milan; Vončina, Josip (1969). "Latinica u Hrvata". *Radovi Zavoda za slavensku filologiju*. **11**. Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski fakultet: 61–81.

- Moguš, Milan (2009). *Povijest hrvatskoga književnoga jezika* (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Globus.

- Пешикан, Митар; Јерковић, Јован; Пижурица, Мато (2010). *Правопис српскога језика*. Нови Сад: Матица српска.

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- Žagarová, Margita; Pintarić, Ana (July 1998). ["O nekim sličnostima i razlikama između hrvatskoga i slovačkoga jezika"](https://hrcak.srce.hr/31868) [On some similarities and differences between Croatian and Slovakian]. *Jezikoslovlje* (in Croatian). **1** (1). Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku: 129–134. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1331-7202](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1331-7202).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Gaj's Latin alphabet](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet).

- [Omniglot](http://www.omniglot.com/writing/croatian.htm)

v t e Orthographies of the world's languages Phonologies Orthographies Grammars Adjectives Determiners Nouns Prepositions Pronouns Verbs Indo-European Germanic Afrikaans Danish alphabet orthography Dutch Elfdalian English alphabet orthography Faroese German alphabet orthography Icelandic Norwegian alphabet orthography Swedish alphabet orthography West Frisian Yiddish Celtic Breton Cornish Kernewek Kemmyn Standard Written Form Kernowek Standard Modern Cornish Unified Cornish Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Welsh Romance Aromanian Catalan Corsican French Galician Istro-Romanian Italian Latin Phonology & orthography alphabet Portuguese Romanian Sicilian Spanish Walloon Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Slavic Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Classical orthography Bulgarian Czech Kashubian Macedonian Polish alphabet orthography Russian alphabet orthography Silesian Serbo-Croatian Serbian Cyrillic Latin alphabet Montenegrin alphabet Slovak Slovene Sorbian Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Iranian Avestan Kurdish Ossetian Pashto Persian Tajik Indo-Aryan Bengali Chakma Gujarati Gurmukhi Hindustani Urdu Maldivian Thaana Marathi Odia Romani other Albanian Armenian Greek Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian alphabet orthography Karelian Komi Livonian Mansi Mari Mordvinic Moksha Erzyan Sámi Kildin Sámi Udmurt Turkic Azerbaijani Bashkir Crimean Gagauz Kazakh Khakas Kyrgyz Nogai Tatar Turkish Turkmen Uyghur Arabic alphabet Latin alphabet Uzbek Yakut Tungus—Manchu Even Evenki Manchu Udege other European Abkhaz Basque Dargwa Georgian Lezgin Afroasiatic Arabic Aramaic Aramaic Syriac Ethiopian Semitic languages Hebrew Biblical Maltese Somali Niger–Congo Fula Sotho Vai Yoruba Dravidian Tamil Telugu Kannada Kurukh Malayalam Japonic Japanese Okinawan other East Asian Chinese (Dungan) Korean Mizo (Lushai) Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet Latin alphabet Thai Vietnamese Nivkh Austronesian Filipino alphabet orthography Hawaiian Malay Tetun Algic Massachusett Ojibwe other Native American Cherokee Inuktitut Nahuatl Osage Creole Haitian Creole Papiamento Constructed Esperanto

v t e Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Additional Latin letters Æ æ Ɑ ɑ Ʌ ʌ Ꞵ ꞵ Ð ð Ɛ ɛ Ə ə Ǝ ə Ɣ ɣ Ƣ ƣ Ɩ ɩ Ɥ ɥ Ꟛ ꟛ Ŋ ŋ Œ œ Ɔ ɔ Ɤ ɤ Kʼ ĸ Ʀ ʀ ẞ ß Ʃ ʃ Ɯ ɯ Ʊ ʊ Ꞷ ꞷ Ʋ ʋ Ƿ ƿ Ȝ ȝ ϴ θ Ʒ ʒ Ƹ ƹ Þ þ Ȣ ȣ Ꭓ ꭓ Ɂ ʔ ɂ ꟎ ʕ ꟏ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ Ꞌ ꞌ Ƨ ƨ Ꜫ ꜫ Ꜭ ꜭ Ƽ ƽ Ƅ ƅ 7 Multigraphs Digraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Keyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Historical standards ISO/IEC 646 Western Latin character sets Current standards Unicode DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography

v t e Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Elifba Egyptian hieroglyphs Elymaic Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Mandaic Manichaean Nabataean Ancient North Arabian Pahlavi Book Inscriptional Inscriptional Parthian Psalter Pegon Phoenician Paleo-Hebrew Pitman shorthand Proto-Sinaitic Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Bengali–Assamese Bhaiksuki Brahmi script Devanagari Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhi Kaithi Kalinga Khema Khojki Khudabadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Mahajani Marchen Meitei Modi Multani Nagari Nandinagari Nepalese scripts Bhujimol Golmol Himmol Kummol Kvemmol Kurukh Pachumol Newar Ranjana Tamyig Tirhuta Limbu Litumol Odia Karani ʼPhags-pa Sharada Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagri Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tocharian Zanabazar square Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buda Buhid Chakma Cham Fakkham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunoo Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Khom Thai Kulitan Lanna Langdi Lao Leke Lontara Bilang-bilang Makasar Malayalam Old Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Mon–Burmese Pallava Pyu Saurashtra Shan Sinhala Sukhothai Sundanese Old Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le New Tai Lue Tai Noi Tai Tham Tai Viet Lai Tay Tamil Tamil-Brahmi Tanchangya Telugu Thai Tigalari Ulu scripts Incung Lampung Lembak Ogan Pasemah Rejang Serawai Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Others Bharati Boyd's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Dham Fox I Geʽez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Sarati Jenticha Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Pahawh Hmong Sorang Sompeng Tengwar Thaana Thomas Natural Shorthand Warang Citi Rma Alphabets Linear Adlam Ariyaka Armenian Avestan Pazend Avoiuli Bassa Vah Carian Caucasian Albanian Cirth Coelbren Coorgi–Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Serbian Early Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Enochian Etruscan Formosan Fox II Franklin's phonetic Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Gadabuursi Garay alphabet Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Veso Bey Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek (Archaic) Greco-Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi Hurûf-ı munfasıla Sunuwar Kaddare Kayah Li Klingon Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular IPA Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Medefaidrin Mru Mundari Bani N'Ko Ogham Ol Chiki Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon-Yenisei (Old Hungarian) Old Uyghur Mongolian Evenki Galik alphabet Manchu Oirat Vagindra Ol Onal Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Phrygian Pisidian Runic Anglo-Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Shavian Sidetic Sorang Sompeng Sunuwar Tifinagh Todhri Tolong Siki Vellara Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Warang Citi Yezidi Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Flag semaphore Maritime flags Moon type New York Point Fingerspelling Telegraph code Ideograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbols Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji Isotype Kaidā Miꞌkmaw Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Anishinaabewibii'iganan Olmec Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze scripts Seal script large small bird-worm Hanja Kanji Chữ Nôm Sawndip Bowen Chinese-influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logosyllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto-Elamite Tenevil Wiigwaasabak Yi (Classical) Logoconsonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu-Arabic Abjad Attic (Greek) Muisca Roman Other Sitelen Pona Semi-syllabaries Full Linear Elamite Celtiberian Iberian Northeastern Southeastern Khom Dunging Redundant Espanca script Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Bopomofo Quốc Âm Tân Tự Sign languages ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun v t e Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French-ordered Albanian Cantonese Catalan Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned) Czech Dutch 6-dot 8-dot English (Unified English) Esperanto French German Ghanaian Guarani Hawaiian Hungarian Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot) Maltese Māori Navajo Nigerian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Samoan Slovak South African Spanish Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned) Turkish (Azerbaijani) Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Zambian Nordic family Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish Russian lineage family i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Egyptian lineage family i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan) Indian lineage family i.e. Bharati Braille Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India) Other scripts Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan Reordered Algerian Braille (obsolete) Frequency-based American Braille (obsolete) Independent Chinese semi-syllabaries Cantonese Mainland Chinese Mandarin Taiwanese Mandarin Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) Japanese Korean Eight-dot Dutch Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo People Louis Braille Charles Barbier Róża Czacka Valentin Haüy Harris Mowbray Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Gaj's Latin alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj's_Latin_alphabet) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj's_Latin_alphabet?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.