# GD2

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/GD2
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/GD2.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD2
> Source revision: 1322460057
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Not to be confused with [GD Graphics Library](/source/GD_Graphics_Library).

GD2 Names IUPAC name (2R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[3-[(2S,3S,4R,6S)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(E)-3-hydroxy-2-(octadecanoylamino)octadec-4-enoxy]oxan-3-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3-amino-6-carboxy-4-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxypropoxy]-5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)oxane-2-carboxylic acid Other names Ganglioside G2 Identifiers CAS Number [https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=65988-71-8 ChemSpider ID: 4952955 65988-71-8 ChemSpider ID: 4952955] Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image PubChem CID 6450346 UNII FUI2V09E1C Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70893901 InChI InChI=1S/C74H134N4O32/c1-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-52(89)78-43(44(84)32-30-28-26-24-22-20-17-15-13-11-9-7-5-2)40-101-69-61(95)60(94)63(50(38-81)104-69)106-70-62(96)67(64(51(39-82)105-70)107-68-55(77-42(3)83)59(93)58(92)49(37-80)103-68)110-74(72(99)100)35-46(86)54(76)66(109-74)57(91)48(88)41-102-73(71(97)98)34-45(85)53(75)65(108-73)56(90)47(87)36-79/h30,32,43-51,53-70,79-82,84-88,90-96H,4-29,31,33-41,75-76H2,1-3H3,(H,77,83)(H,78,89)(H,97,98)(H,99,100)/b32-30+/t43?,44?,45-,46-,47?,48?,49-,50-,51-,53+,54+,55-,56?,57?,58+,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64+,65+,66+,67-,68+,69-,70+,73-,74+/m1/s1 Key: FFILOTSTFMXQJC-QCFYAKGBSA-N SMILES CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NC(CO[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)O[C@@]4(C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)C(C(CO[C@@]5(C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O5)C(C(CO)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)N)O)C(=O)O)O)O)O)C(/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC)O Properties Chemical formula C74H134N4O32 Molar mass 1591.882 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

**GD2** is a [disialoganglioside](/source/Disialoganglioside) expressed on tumors of [neuroectodermal](/source/Neuroectoderm) origin, including human [neuroblastoma](/source/Neuroblastoma) and [melanoma](/source/Melanoma), with highly restricted expression on normal tissues, principally to the [cerebellum](/source/Cerebellum) and [peripheral nerves](/source/Peripheral_nerves) in humans.

The relatively tumor-specific expression of GD2 makes it a suitable target for [immunotherapy](/source/Immunotherapy) with monoclonal antibodies or with artificial [T cell receptors](/source/T_cell_receptor), Recently, GD2 has been explored as a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma using genetically engineered M13 bacteriophages. In this approach, the phages were modified to display an anti-GD2 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the FDA-approved antibody Dinutuximab on their pIII coat protein. These engineered phages were further loaded with hundreds of photosensitizer molecules to enable selective delivery to GD2-positive neuroblastoma cells. Upon activation by laser light or ultrasound, the photosensitizers triggered precise and targeted killing of GD2-expressing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo.[1][2] An example of such antibodies is hu14.18K322A, a [monoclonal antibody](/source/Monoclonal_antibody). This anti-GD2 antibody is currently undergoing a phase II clinical trial in the treatment of previously untreated high risk [neuroblastoma](/source/Neuroblastoma) given alongside combination chemotherapy prior to [stem cell transplant](/source/Stem_cell_transplant) and [radiation therapy](/source/Radiation_therapy).[3] A prior phase I clinical trial for patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma designed to decrease toxicity found safe dosage amounts and determined that common toxicities, particularly pain, could be well managed.[4] The chimeric (murine-human) anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody ch14.18 is FDA-approved for the treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma and has been studied in patients with other GD2-expressing tumors.[5]

## See also

- [3F8](/source/3F8)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Zadran, Suleman Khan; Facchinello, Nicola; De Rosa, Piergiuseppe; Saporetti, Roberto; Costantini, Paolo Emidio; Ulfo, Luca; Nigro, Michela et al. (2025). "Systematic Targeting of GD2‐Positive Neuroblastoma Tumors With a Photooncolytic Phage Nanovector Platform." Advanced Science. 12: e15356. [https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202415356](https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202415356) .

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Wierzbicki, Andrzej; Gil, Margaret; Ciesielski, Michael; Fenstermaker, Robert A.; Kaneko, Yutaro; Rokita, Hanna; Lau, Joseph T.; Kozbor, Danuta (2008). ["Immunization with a Mimotope of GD2 Ganglioside Induces CD8+ T Cells That Recognize Cell Adhesion Molecules on Tumor Cells"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730120). *Journal of Immunology*. **181** (9): 6644–6653. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6644](https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.181.9.6644). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2730120](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730120). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18941255](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18941255).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Clinical trials using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A"](https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/anti-gd2-monoclonal-antibody-hu1418k322a). *National Cancer Institute*. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Navid F, et al. (May 2014). ["Phase I trial of a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, Hu14.18K322A, designed to decrease toxicity in children with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017710). *Journal of Clinical Oncology*. **32** (14): 1445–52. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1200/JCO.2013.50.4423](https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2013.50.4423). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4017710](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017710). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24711551](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24711551).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Bassel N, Cengiz I, Owonikoko TK (July 2020). ["Disialoganglioside GD2 Expression in Solid Tumors and Role as a Target for Cancer Therapy"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358363). *Frontiers in Oncology*. **10**: 1000. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3389/fonc.2020.01000](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.01000). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2234-943X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2234-943X). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7358363](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358363). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32733795](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32733795).

## Further reading

- Ahmed M, Cheung NK (January 2014). ["Engineering anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies for cancer immunotherapy"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2013.11.030). *FEBS Lett*. **588** (2): 288–97. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.030](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2013.11.030). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24295643](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24295643).

- Cheung NK, Dyer MA (June 2013). ["Neuroblastoma: developmental biology, cancer genomics and immunotherapy"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386662). *Nat Rev Cancer*. **13** (6): 397–411. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nrc3526](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3526). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4386662](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386662). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23702928](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702928).

- Sarkar TR, Battula VL, Werden SJ, Vijay GV, Ramirez-Peña EQ, Taube JH, Chang JT, Miura N, Porter W, Sphyris N, Andreeff M, Mani SA (June 2015). ["GD3 synthase regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324395). *Oncogene*. **34** (23): 2958–67. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/onc.2014.245](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fonc.2014.245). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4324395](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324395). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25109336](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109336).

v t e Glycoconjugates, lipids, and glycolipids: sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids, and metabolic intermediates Simple glycosphingolipids Cerebroside Galactocerebroside Glucocerebroside Sulfatide Lactosylceramide Globosides Globotriaosylceramide Stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 Globo H Forssman antigen Gangliosides GM1 GM2 GM3 GD2 Other Sphingomyelin Sphingosine-1-phosphate

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [GD2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD2) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD2?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.