# G

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Seventh letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see [G (disambiguation)](/source/G_(disambiguation)).

For [technical reasons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)), "G#" redirects here. For the musical note, see [G♯ (musical note)](/source/G%E2%99%AF_(musical_note)).

G G g Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic Language of origin Latin language Sound values [ɡ] [d͡ʒ] [ʒ] [ŋ] [j] [ɣ~ʝ] [x~χ] [d͡z] [ɟ] [k] [ɠ] [ɢ] [z] In Unicode U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 Alphabetical position 7 History Development Γ γ 𐌂 C G g Time period c. 300 BCE to present Descendants ₲ Ȝ Ᵹ Sisters C Г ࠂ ℷ 𐡂 Գ գ (ג ﺝ ﮒ ܓ) Transliterations C Other Associated graphs gh, g(x) Writing direction Left-to-right This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

ISO basic Latin alphabet AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz v t e

**G** ([minuscule](/source/Letter_case): **g**) is the seventh [letter](/source/Letter_(alphabet)) of the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet), used in the [modern English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet), the alphabets of other Western [European languages](/source/Languages_of_Europe), and others worldwide. Its name in English is [*gee*](/source/English_alphabet#Letter_names) (pronounced [/ˈdʒiː/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-G.wav)), plural *gees*.[1]

The [lowercase](/source/Letter_case) version can be written in two forms: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") **g** and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") **g**. The former is commonly used in handwriting and [typefaces](/source/Typeface) based on it, especially in texts intended to be read by children; it is the style used by most [sans-serif typefaces](/source/Sans-serif), such as [Helvetica](/source/Helvetica). The latter form is used by most [serif typefaces](/source/Serif_typefaces), such as [Times](/source/Times_(typeface)).

## History

For earlier history, see [C § History](/source/C#History).

Egyptian Phoenician gaml Western Greek Gamma Etruscan C Old Latin C Latin G

The evolution of the Latin alphabet's G can be traced back to the Latin alphabet's predecessor, the [Greek alphabet](/source/Greek_alphabet). The voiced velar stop was represented by the third letter of the Greek alphabet, [gamma (Γ)](/source/Gamma), which was later adopted by the [Etruscan language](/source/Etruscan_language). Latin then borrowed this "rounded form" of gamma, C, to represent the same sound in words such as *recei*, which was likely an early dative form of *[rex](/source/Rex_(title))*, meaning "king", as found in an "early Latin inscription."[2] Over time, however, the letter C shifted to represent the [voiceless velar stop](/source/Voiceless_velar_stop), leading to the displacement of the letter K. Scholars believe that this change can be attributed to the influence of the Etruscan language on Latin.[2]

Afterwards, the letter 'G' was introduced in the [Old Latin period](/source/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet#Old_Latin_period) as a variant of '[C](/source/C)' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/, and G was used to represent a [voiced velar stop](/source/Voiced_velar_stop) from this point on and C "stood for the unvoiced velar only".[2]

The recorded originator of 'G' is [freedman](/source/Freedman) [Spurius Carvilius Ruga](/source/Spurius_Carvilius_Ruga), who added letter G to the teaching of the [Roman alphabet](/source/Roman_alphabet) during the 3rd century BCE:[3] he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around [230 BCE](/source/230_BC). At this time, '[K](/source/K)' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to express /k/ in all environments.

Ruga's positioning of 'G' shows that [alphabetic order](/source/Alphabetic_order) related to the letters' values as [Greek numerals](/source/Greek_numerals) was a concern even in the 3rd century BCE. According to some records, the original seventh letter, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BCE by the [Roman censor](/source/Roman_censor) [Appius Claudius](/source/Appius_Claudius_Caecus), who found it distasteful and foreign.[4] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter."[5]

George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a direct descendant of [zeta](/source/Zeta). Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the [Old Italic scripts](/source/Old_Italic_script); the development of the [monumental](/source/Roman_square_capitals) form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the development of 'C' from [gamma](/source/Gamma). He suggests that the pronunciation /k/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.[6]

Eventually, both [velar consonants](/source/Velar_consonant) /k/ and /ɡ/ developed [palatalized](/source/Palatalization_(phonetics)) [allophones](/source/Allophone) before front vowels; consequently in today's [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ have different sound values depending on context (known as [hard and soft C](/source/Hard_and_soft_C) and [hard and soft G](/source/Hard_and_soft_G)). Because of [French](/source/French_orthography) influence, [English language orthography](/source/English_orthography) shares this feature.

### Typographic variants

[Typographic variants](/source/Allograph) include a double-storey and a single-storey **g**.

The modern [lowercase](/source/Lowercase) g has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes "opentail") g, and the double-storey (sometimes "looptail") g. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the [serif](/source/Serif) that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop (thus closing the loop), and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed [bowl](/source/Bowl_(typography)) or loop. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear". The loop-tail form is the original one, as seen in 9th century [Carolingian script](/source/Carolingian_script); evolving over centuries of [monastic copying](/source/Scriptorium), the open-tail variant came to predominate and it was this that [Gutenberg](/source/Johannes_Gutenberg) adopted when creating the first [Blackletter](/source/Blackletter) typefaces – until that in turn was replaced by [Humanist minuscule](/source/Humanist_minuscule), which reasserted the closed-tail form.[7]

Generally, the two forms are complementary and interchangeable; the form displayed is a [typeface](/source/Typeface) selection choice. In [Unicode](/source/Unicode), the two appearances are generally treated as glyph variants with no [semantic](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semantic) difference. Most [serif](/source/Serif) typefaces use the looptail form (for example, g) and most [sans-serif](/source/Sans-serif) typefaces use the opentail form (for example, g) but the [code point](/source/Code_point) in both cases is U+0067. For applications where the single-storey variant must be distinguished (such as strict [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) in a typeface where the usual g character is double-storey), the character U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G is available, as well as an upper case version, U+A7AC Ɡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G.

Occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet), opentail ⟨⟩ has always represented a [voiced velar plosive](/source/Voiced_velar_plosive), while looptail ⟨⟩ represented a [voiced velar fricative](/source/Voiced_velar_fricative) from 1895 to 1900.[8][9] In 1948, the Council of the [International Phonetic Association](/source/International_Phonetic_Association) recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ as typographic equivalents,[10] and this decision was reaffirmed in 1993.[11] While the 1949 *Principles of the International Phonetic Association* recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an advanced one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian,[12] this practice never caught on.[13] The 1999 *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*, the successor to the *Principles*, abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.[14]

In 2018, a study found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail form (g).The authors write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite being informed directly that G has two lowercase print forms, nearly half of the participants failed to reveal any knowledge of the looptail 'g', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly".[15][16]

## Use in writing systems

See also: [Hard and soft G](/source/Hard_and_soft_G)

Pronunciation of ⟨g⟩ by language Orthography Phonemes Environment Afrikaans /χ/ Arabic romanization /ɡ/ A dialectal sound not found in Standard Arabic. However, the digraph gh is used to romanize the Standard Arabic sound /ɣ/. Azeri /ɟ/ Catalan /ɡ/ Except before e, i /(d)ʒ/ Before e, i Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /k/ Danish /k/ Except word-initially /ɡ/ Word-initially Dutch /ɣ/ or /χ/ English /ɡ/ Any /dʒ/ Before e, i, y /ʒ/ Before e, i in more recent loanwords from French silent Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant Esperanto /ɡ/ Faroese /j/ soft, lenited; see Faroese phonology /k/ hard /tʃ/ soft /v/ after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u /w/ after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u silent after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a Fijian /ŋ/ French /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y /ʒ/ Before e, i, y Galician /ɡ/ ~ /ħ/ Except before e, i, see Gheada for consonant variation /ʃ/ Before e, i, obsolete, replaced by ⟨x⟩ Greek romanization /ɡ/ Ancient Greek /ɣ/ Modern Greek except before ai, e, i, oi, y /ʝ/ Modern Greek before ai, e, i, oi, y Icelandic /c/ soft /k/ hard /ɣ/ hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology /j/ soft, lenited Irish /ɡ/ Except after i or before e, i /ɟ/ After i or before e, i Italian /ɡ/ Except before e, i /dʒ/ Before e, i Malay /g/ Norman /ɡ/ Except before e, i /dʒ/ Before e, i Norwegian /ɡ/ Except before ei, i, j, øy, y /j/ Before ei, i, j, øy, y Portuguese /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y /ʒ/ Before e, i, y Romanian /ɡ/ Except before e, i /dʒ/ Before e, i Romansh /ɡ/ Except before e, i /dʑ/ Before e, i Samoan /ŋ/ Scottish Gaelic /k/ Except after i or before e, i /kʲ/ After i or before e, i Spanish /ɡ/ Except before e, i, y /x/ Before e, i, y Swedish /ɡ/ Except before ä, e, i, ö, y /j/ Before ä, e, i, ö, y Turkish /ɡ/ Except before e, i, ö, ü /ɟ/ Before e, i, ö, ü Vietnamese /ɣ/ /z/ ~ /j/ Before i

### English

In English, the letter appears either alone or in some [digraphs](/source/Digraph_(orthography)). Alone, it represents

- a [voiced velar plosive](/source/Voiced_velar_plosive) (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨g⟩), as in *goose*, *gargoyle*, and *game*;

- a [voiced palato-alveolar affricate](/source/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate) (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates before ⟨i⟩, ⟨e⟩ or ⟨y⟩, as in *giant*, *ginger*, and *geology*; or

- a [voiced palato-alveolar sibilant](/source/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant) (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such as *rouge*, *beige*, *genre* (often), and *[margarine](/source/Margarine)* (rarely)

⟨g⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. It is hard in those derivations from *[γυνή](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AE) (gynḗ)* meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft ⟨g⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church/academic use, French, Spanish, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English, closely align to their Ancient Latin and [Greek](/source/Ancient_greek_language) roots (such as *[fragile](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fragile)*, *[logic](/source/Logic)* or *[magic](/source/Magic_(supernatural))*). There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is hard followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (*get*, *give*, *gift*, *gig*, *girl*, *giggle*), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed by ⟨a⟩ such as *[gaol](/source/Gaol)*, which since the 20th century is almost always written as "jail". The word *fungi*, although from Romance origin, is pronounced with a hard ⟨g⟩.

The double consonant ⟨[gg](/source/Dg_(digraph))⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨g⟩) as in *nugget*, with very few exceptions: /d͡ʒ/ in *exaggerate* and *veggies* and dialectally /ɡd͡ʒ/ in *suggest*.

The digraph ⟨[dg](/source/Dg_(digraph))⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨g⟩), as in *badger*. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can also occur, in compounds like *floodgate* and *headgear*.

The digraph ⟨[ng](/source/Ng_(digraph)#N)⟩ may represent:

- a [velar nasal](/source/Velar_nasal) ([/ŋ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English)) as in *length*, *singer*

- the latter followed by hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in *jungle*, *finger*, *longest*

Non-digraph ⟨ng⟩ also occurs, with possible values

- /nɡ/ as in *engulf*, *ungainly*

- /nd͡ʒ/ as in *sponge*, *angel*

- /nʒ/ as in *melange*

The digraph ⟨[gh](/source/Gh_(digraph))⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter [yogh](/source/Yogh), which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may represent:

- /ɡ/ as in *ghost*, *aghast*, *burgher*, *spaghetti*

- /f/ as in *cough*, *laugh*, *roughage*

- ∅ (no sound) as in *through*, *neighbor*, *night*

- /x/ in *ugh*

- (rarely) /p/ in *hiccough*

- (rarely) /k/ in *[s'ghetti](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%27ghetti)*

Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like *foghorn*, *pigheaded*.

The digraph ⟨[gn](/source/Dg_(digraph))⟩ may represent:

- /n/ as in *gnostic*, *deign*, *foreigner*, *signage*

- /nj/ in loanwords like *champignon*, *lasagna*

Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, as in *signature*, *agnostic*.

The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in *gingham* or *dinghy*. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like *stronghold* and *dunghill*.

G is the [tenth least frequently used letter](/source/Letter_frequency) in the English language (after [Y](/source/Y), [P](/source/P), [B](/source/B), [V](/source/V), [K](/source/K), [J](/source/J), [X](/source/X), [Q](/source/Q), and [Z](/source/Z)), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.

### Other languages

Most [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages) and some [Scandinavian languages](/source/Scandinavian_languages) also have two main pronunciations for ⟨g⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨g⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in [French](/source/French_language) and [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), [(d)ʒ] in [Catalan](/source/Catalan_language), /d͡ʒ/ in [Italian](/source/Italian_language) and [Romanian](/source/Romanian_language), and /x/ in most dialects of [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language)), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.

In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to represent /ɡ/ before front vowels where ⟨g⟩ would otherwise represent a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨[gn](/source/Gn_(digraph))⟩ is used to represent the [palatal nasal](/source/Palatal_nasal) /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English *canyon*. In Italian, the [trigraph](/source/Trigraph_(orthography)) ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or as the article and pronoun *[gli](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gli)*, represents the [palatal lateral approximant](/source/Palatal_lateral_approximant) /ʎ/. Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɡ/, regardless of position.

Amongst European languages, [Czech](/source/Czech_language), [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), [Estonian](/source/Estonian_language) and [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language) are exceptions, as they do not have /ɡ/ in their native words. In [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language), ⟨g⟩ represents a [voiced velar fricative](/source/Voiced_velar_fricative) /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in modern English, but there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([x] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, word-finally, it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and the Netherlands. On the other hand, some dialects (like [Amelands](/source/Amelands)) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.

[Faroese](/source/Faroese_language) uses ⟨g⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and also uses it to indicate a [glide](/source/Semivowel).

In [Māori](/source/M%C4%81ori_language), ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the [velar nasal](/source/Velar_nasal) /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in *singer*.

The [Samoan](/source/Samoan_language) and [Fijian](/source/Fijian_language) languages use the letter ⟨g⟩ by itself for /ŋ/.

In older [Czech](/source/Czech_language) and [Slovak](/source/Slovak_language) orthographies, ⟨g⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨g⟩ with [caron](/source/Caron)).

The [Azerbaijani](/source/Azerbaijani_language) Latin alphabet uses ⟨g⟩ exclusively for the "soft" sound, namely /ɟ/. The sound /ɡ/ is written as ⟨q⟩. This leads to unusual spellings of loanwords: *qram* 'gram', *qrup* 'group', *qaraj* 'garage', *qallium* 'gallium'.

### Other systems

In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet), ⟨ɡ⟩ represents the [voiced velar plosive](/source/Voiced_velar_plosive). The [small caps](/source/Small_caps) ⟨ɢ⟩ represents the [voiced uvular plosive](/source/Voiced_uvular_plosive).

## Other uses

Main article: [G (disambiguation)](/source/G_(disambiguation))

- [Unit prefix](/source/Unit_prefix) G, meaning 1,000,000,000 times.

## Related characters

### Ancestors, descendants and siblings

- 𐤂 : [Semitic](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) letter [Gimel](/source/Gimel), from which the following symbols originally derive

- C c : Latin letter [C](/source/C), from which G derives

- Γ γ : [Greek](/source/Greek_alphabet) letter [Gamma](/source/Gamma), from which C derives in turn

- ɡ : Latin letter [script small G](/source/%EA%9E%AC)

- [ᶢ](/source/%E1%B6%A2) : Modifier letter small script g is used for phonetic transcription[17]

- 𝼁 : Latin small letter reversed script g, an [extension to IPA](/source/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet) for disordered speech (extIPA)[18][19]

- ᵷ : [Turned g](/source/Turned_g)

- 𝼂 : Latin letter small capital turned g, an [extension to IPA](/source/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet) for disordered speech (extIPA)[18][19]

- Г г : [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) letter [Ge](/source/Ge_(Cyrillic))

- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter [Yogh](/source/%C8%9C)

- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter [Gamma](/source/Latin_gamma)

- Ᵹ ᵹ : [Insular g](/source/Insular_g)

- ᫌ : Combining insular g, used in the [Ormulum](/source/Ormulum)[20]

- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g

- Ꟑ ꟑ : Closed insular g, used in the [Ormulum](/source/Ormulum)[20]

- ɢ : Latin letter small capital G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a [voiced uvular stop](/source/Voiced_uvular_stop)

- 𐞒 : Modifier letter small capital G, used as a [superscript IPA letter](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA)[21]

- ʛ : Latin letter small capital G with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a [voiced uvular implosive](/source/Voiced_uvular_implosive)

- 𐞔 : Modifier letter small capital G with hook, used as a [superscript IPA letter](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA)[21]

- 𐞓 : Modifier letter small g with hook, used as a [superscript IPA letter](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA)[21]

- ᴳ ᵍ: Modifier letters are used in the [Uralic Phonetic Alphabet](/source/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet)[22]

- ꬶ : Used for the [Teuthonista](/source/Teuthonista) phonetic transcription system[23]

- G with [diacritics](/source/Diacritic): [Ǵ ǵ](/source/%C7%B4) [Ǥ ǥ](/source/G_with_stroke) [Ĝ ĝ](/source/%C4%9C) [Ǧ ǧ](/source/%C7%A6) [Ğ ğ](/source/%C4%9E) [Ģ ģ](/source/Cedilla) [Ɠ ɠ](/source/%C6%93) [Ġ ġ](/source/%C4%A0) [Ḡ ḡ](/source/%E1%B8%A0) [Ꞡ ꞡ](/source/%EA%9E%A0) [ᶃ](/source/%E1%B6%83)

- ց : Armenian alphabet [Tso](/source/Co_(Armenian_letter))

### Ligatures and abbreviations

- ₲ - [Paraguayan guaraní](/source/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD)

- ㎏ - the [kilogram](/source/Kilogram) symbol as a single character in the [CJK Compatibility](/source/CJK_Compatibility) block

## Other representations

### Computing

The principal forms of the letter have [codepoints](/source/Codepoint) in [Unicode](/source/Unicode) as listed below. The ASCII codes for G and g are the same as the Unicode codepoints:

- U+0047 G LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G

- U+0067 g LATIN SMALL LETTER G

- U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G

- U+A7AC Ɡ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SCRIPT G

- U+FF27 Ｇ FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G

- U+FF47 ｇ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER G

In addition, there are many forms of 'G with a [diacritic](/source/Diacritic)', encoded either as a [precomposed character](/source/Precomposed_character) or using a [combining diacritic](/source/Combining_diacritic).

### Other

NATO phonetic Morse code Golf ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ

Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-1245 Unified English Braille

## See also

- [Carolingian G](/source/Carolingian_G)

- [Hard and soft G](/source/Hard_and_soft_G)

- [Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg](/source/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics#Gg)

## Notes

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** *The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language*. 1976.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ray-Britannica_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ray-Britannica_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Ray-Britannica_2-2) Ray, Michael; Gaur, Aakanksha (2022-04-27). ["G"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/G-letter). [Encyclopedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopedia_Britannica). Retrieved 2023-05-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011-09-13). [*The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nlEPhP900-UC&q=Boustrophedon). John Wiley & Sons. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781444359855](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444359855).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Encyclopaedia Romana](http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/zed.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. ["Sorting the letter ÞORN"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180924083021/http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html). *Evertype*. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from [the original](https://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html) on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters G and Z". *[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association](/source/Transactions_and_Proceedings_of_the_American_Philological_Association)*. **30**. [The Johns Hopkins University Press](/source/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press): 24–41. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/282560](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282560). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [282560](https://www.jstor.org/stable/282560).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Zhang, Sarah (April 9, 2018). ["The 'g' in Google's Old Logo Is Really Weird: a tale of two "g"s"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/04/lowercase-g/557504/). *[The Atlantic](/source/The_Atlantic)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Association phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. *Le Maître Phonétique*. **10** (1): 16–17. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44707535](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44707535).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. *Le Maître Phonétique*. **15** (2/3): 20. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44701257](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44701257).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. *Le Maître Phonétique*. 26 (63) (90): 28–30. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44705217](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44705217).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". *[Journal of the International Phonetic Association](/source/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association)*. **23** (1): 32–34. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S002510030000476X](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000476X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [249420050](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249420050).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** International Phonetic Association (1949). *The Principles of the International Phonetic Association*. Department of Phonetics, [University College, London](/source/University_College%2C_London). Supplement to *Le Maître Phonétique* 91, January–June 1949. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [i40200179](https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40200179). - Reprinted in *Journal of the International Phonetic Association* 40 (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0025100311000089](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100311000089).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Wells, John C. (6 November 2006). ["Scenes from IPA history"](https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm). *John Wells's phonetic blog*. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180613022900/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0611a.htm) from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** International Phonetic Association (1999). *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet*. Cambridge: [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). p. 19. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-63751-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63751-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 April 2018). "The Devil's in the g-tails: Deficient letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience". *Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance*. **44** (9): 1324–1335. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1037/xhp0000532](https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fxhp0000532). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [29608074](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29608074). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4571477](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4571477).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Dean, Signe (4 April 2018). ["Most People Don't Know What Lowercase 'G' Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding"](https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension). *Science Alert*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073304/https://www.sciencealert.com/lowercase-g-two-print-forms-looptail-opentail-writing-reading-comprehension) from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-L204132_17-0)** Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). ["L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L220116_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L220116_18-1) Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). ["L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20116r-ext-ipa-voqs-expansion.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201024034839/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20116r-ext-ipa-voqs-expansion.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L221021_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L221021_19-1) Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). ["L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210108092102/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-08.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L220268_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L220268_20-1) Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (2020-10-05). ["L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033958/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-L220252_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-L220252_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-L220252_21-2) Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). ["L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Everson, Michael](/source/Michael_Everson); et al. (2002-03-20). ["L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). ["L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"](https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24.

## External links

- Media related to [G](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/G) at Wikimedia Commons

- The dictionary definition of [*G*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/G) at Wiktionary

- The dictionary definition of [*g*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g) at Wiktionary

- [Lewis and Short *Latin Dictionary*: G](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2319181)

v t e Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Additional Latin letters Æ æ Ɑ ɑ Ʌ ʌ Ꞵ ꞵ Ð ð Ɛ ɛ Ə ə Ǝ ə Ɣ ɣ Ƣ ƣ Ɩ ɩ Ɥ ɥ Ꟛ ꟛ Ŋ ŋ Œ œ Ɔ ɔ Ɤ ɤ Kʼ ĸ Ʀ ʀ ẞ ß Ʃ ʃ Ɯ ɯ Ʊ ʊ Ꞷ ꞷ Ʋ ʋ Ƿ ƿ Ȝ ȝ ϴ θ Ʒ ʒ Ƹ ƹ Þ þ Ȣ ȣ Ꭓ ꭓ Ɂ ʔ ɂ ꟎ ʕ ꟏ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ Ꞌ ꞌ Ƨ ƨ Ꜫ ꜫ Ꜭ ꜭ Ƽ ƽ Ƅ ƅ 7 Letter G with diacritics Ǵǵ Ğğ Ĝĝ Ǧǧ Ġġ G̃g̃ Ģģ Ḡḡ Ǥǥ Ꞡꞡ Ɠɠ Gʻgʻ ᶃ ꬶ ⅁ᵷ Multigraphs Digraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Keyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Historical standards ISO/IEC 646 Western Latin character sets Current standards Unicode DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.