# Frederick Todd

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For the British naval architect, see [Frederick H. Todd](/source/Frederick_H._Todd).

**Frederick Gage Todd** (March 11, 1876 – February 15, 1948) was the first resident [landscape architect](/source/Landscape_architect) in Canada. For the majority of his life he was one of a small group committed to the art and practice of structuring urban growth in the first half of the century. His projects ranged from [Vancouver, B.C.](/source/Vancouver,_B.C.) to [St John's, Newfoundland](/source/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador), from the smallest scale details of garden design to a study of the nation's capital.

## Chronological events

Frederick G. Todd was born March 11, 1876, in [Concord, New Hampshire](/source/Concord,_New_Hampshire). He attended the [agricultural](/source/Agricultural) college in [Amherst, Massachusetts](/source/Amherst,_Massachusetts), where he studied botany, biology, agriculture and site engineering. After completing school in 1896 he became an apprentice as a landscape architect with the firm of [Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot](/source/Olmsted_Brothers), in [Brookline, Massachusetts](/source/Brookline,_Massachusetts), until he moved to [Montreal](/source/Montreal) in 1900. During Todd's time in Montreal he established the first resident practices of landscape architecture in Canada. In 1903 Todd prepared a comprehensive report on the future growth of the nation's capital for the [Ottawa](/source/Ottawa) Improvement Commission.[1] Between 1904 and 1907 Todd prepared and executed the plans for [Assiniboine Park](/source/Assiniboine_Park) in Winnipeg and [Wascana Park](/source/Wascana_Centre) in Regina, and developed a prototype for future garden cities. In 1905 he became a fellow of the [American Society of Landscape Architects](/source/American_Society_of_Landscape_Architects). Between 1907 and 1912 Frederick designed three major garden city projects in [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia); Shaughnessy Heights and [Point Grey](/source/Point_Grey) in [Vancouver](/source/Vancouver), and [Port Mann](/source/Port_Mann) on the [Fraser River](/source/Fraser_River). From 1913 to 1918 he designed and supervised major urban parks in [Quebec City](/source/Quebec_City) and [Bowring Park](/source/Bowring_Park,_St._John's) in [St. John's, Newfoundland](/source/St._John's,_Newfoundland) as well as developed the model city plan for the town of [Mount Royal](/source/Mount_Royal) Montreal. Todd also worked as a consultant for Alcan and designed a number of private gardens and institutional grounds as well as urban parks for smaller urban communities between 1918 and 1930. From 1930 to 1940 he designed and supervised major public works projects in Quebec during the depression including St. Helen's Island (1936), Beaver Lake in Mount Royal Park (1939) and developed a proposal for an impressive sports centre for the [British Empire](/source/Empire_Games) and [Olympic Games](/source/Olympic_Games) in Maisonneuve Park, Montreal (1938). In 1939, Todd was elected president of the Quebec Horticultural Society. In 1945, he was appointed vice-president of the City Improvement League, Montreal. Between 1945 and 1948 he initiated plans and supervised construction of the Garden of the Way of the Cross adjacent to St. Joseph's Oratory. On February 15, 1948, he died in Montreal at the age of 71.

## Design projects

While working under [Frederick Law Olmsted](/source/Frederick_Law_Olmsted)'s firm, Todd helped with the design plan for [Mount Royal](/source/Mount_Royal) along with many houses designed by [William Sutherland Maxwell](/source/William_Sutherland_Maxwell) and [Edward Maxwell](/source/Edward_Maxwell_(architect)).[1] It is said that when Frederick Todd began working on his own that his "influence on his home city of Montreal was profound",[2] which included many works created for private or public, along with individuals and groups. Some of his works in Montreal included [St. Helen's Island](/source/Saint_Helen's_Island) Park (Île Sainte-Hélène),[3] [Beaver Lake](/source/Beaver_Lake_(Montreal)) on [Mount Royal](/source/Mount_Royal) and the Garden of the Way of the Cross at [St. Joseph's Oratory](/source/Saint_Joseph's_Oratory). Todd was also the designer for some other public spaces, for example, the [Plains of Abraham](/source/Plains_of_Abraham), the National Capital, which was the Ottawa Improvement Commission Report.[4][5]

Todd masterminded the bucolic lots found in the elite Shaughnessy Heights in [Vancouver, B.C.](/source/Vancouver,_B.C.), the 1907 neighbourhood built for the Canadian Pacific Railway.[6] Later projects include St. John's [Bowring Park](/source/Bowring_Park_(St._John's)), and design plans for [Trinity College](/source/University_of_Trinity_College) in Toronto. Todd also worked on a number of smaller projects including residences and works for other cities within Canada.

Todd was involved in a number of organizations including the City Improvement League (Montreal), the Olmsted Legacy, the director of the Parks and Playgrounds Association (Montreal),[7] and the Community Garden League of Montreal. He was appointed to Montreal City Council as a representative of the City Improvement League.[8] He was very active and "devoted much time and energy to a variety of civic institutions and was a fellow of three professional organizations: the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects [9] and the Town Planning Institute of Canada" (Todd, 1).

## Importance

Frederick G. Todd is an influential and important figure in history for a few reasons. Although he is not a well known landscape architect, even in Canada, he created many spaces that still remain today. He was considered a "modest man whose work and ideals are little known," however he is responsible for much of Canada's beauty and usefulness (Todd, 1). Todd worked on many improvement plans for the communities that also made him very influential to most of North America. He created many designs that dealt with "[parks](/source/Parks), open spaces, public institutions, [roadways](/source/Roadways), and [neighborhoods](/source/Neighborhoods)," some of which were donations and gifts to the communities (CSLA, 1).

One of the most defining points of Frederick Todd as a designer was how he "popularized naturalistic [landscape](/source/Landscape) [designs](/source/Designs) and the idea of a 'necklace of parks' as linked open spaces- a concept still used today" (OALA, 1). Many people respect Canadian landscape architects for three main features that most exhibit in their professional practices; creativity, sensitivity, and practicality. Todd was a person that, although not widely known, was considered "one of the great landscape architects and urban planners in Canada at the end of the 19th Century" who had created a respectable image as a designer that will remain prominent in Canadian history over time.

Todd was designated a [National Historic Person](/source/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance) on October 21, 2020, on the recommendation of the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board.[10]

## References

1. Gordon, David (2001). "From Noblesse Oblige to Nationalism: Elite Involvement in Planning Canada’s Capital". *Journal of Urban History*. **28** (1): 3-34.

1. Peter Jacob. ["Frederick Gage Todd"](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frederick-gage-todd). *The Canadian Encyclopedia*

1. Nancy Pollock-Ellwand (November 2017). ["The prolific interpreter of the Olmsted vision: Frederick G. Todd, Canada's first landscape architect"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321132728)

1. David L.A. Gordon (December 2015). ["Crown Plans: ‘Parking’ the Capital, University of Ottawa Press"](https://www.townandcrown.ca)

1. David L.A. Gordon (2002), "Frederick G. Todd and the origins of the park system in Canada’s capital." *Journal of Planning History 1*, 1: 29-57.

1. ["Crescent Park"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060624223019/http://www.greenclub.bc.ca/Regions/Vancouver/West/Shaughnessy/shaughnessy.htm). Archived from [the original](http://www.greenclub.bc.ca/Regions/Vancouver/West/Shaughnessy/shaughnessy.htm) on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2006-10-30.

1. ["Social and Philanthropic Organizations"](http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/resources/guide/vol2_3/gen10.htm#MONTREAL+PARKS). *www.archives.mcgill.ca*

1. Between 1940 and 1960, one-third of Montreal City Council was formed of appointees of civic organizations. See [Democracy in Montreal](http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives/democratie/democratie_en/expo/crises-reformes/regime-corporatiste/index.shtm)

1. ["CSLA Main"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060202/http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/csla.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/csla.html) on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2006-10-30.

1. [Government of Canada Announces Two New National Historic Designations](https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2020/10/government-of-canada-announces-two-new-national-historic-designations.html), Parks Canada news release, Ottawa, Oct. 21, 2020

## External links

Advisory Council's Report. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010232956 and http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/text/acr03_e.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20061010232956/http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/text/acr03_e.html)

Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060152/http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/briefhis.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060152/http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/briefhis.html)

City Planning and Urban Beautification. [http://cac.mcgill.ca/maxwells/essay/06.htm](http://cac.mcgill.ca/maxwells/essay/06.htm)

Cultivating Canadian Gardens. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061028103358 and http://www.collectionscanada.ca/garden/h11-2024-e.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20061028103358/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/garden/h11-2024-e.html)

Ontario Association of Landscape Architects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191706 and http://www.oala.on.ca/articles.aspx?catID=314](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191706/http://www.oala.on.ca/articles.aspx?catID=314)

The Canadian Encyclopedia. [Frederick Todd](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frederick-gage-todd) [\[1\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20070312060152/http://www.csla.ca/eng/engdocs/briefhis.html)

Gordon, David L. A. "Frederick G. Todd and the origins of the park system in Canada's capital." *Journal of Planning History 1*, 1 (2002): 29-57

Jacobs, Peter. (1983). Frederick G. Todd and the Creation of Canada's Urban Landscape. *Association for Preservation Technology Bulletin* 15, no. 4: 27-34

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Frederick Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Todd) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Todd?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.