# Fred Brooks

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American computer scientist (1931–2022)

"Frederick Brooks" redirects here. For other people, see [Frederick Brooks (disambiguation)](/source/Frederick_Brooks_(disambiguation)).

Fred Brooks Brooks in 2007 Born Frederick Phillips Brooks Jr. (1931-04-19)April 19, 1931 Durham, North Carolina, U.S. Died November 17, 2022(2022-11-17) (aged 91) Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S. Education Duke University (BS) Harvard University (MS, PhD) Known for OS/360 The Mythical Man-Month[3] Spouse Nancy Lee Greenwood ​ (m. 1956)​ Children 3 Awards IEEE John von Neumann Medal (1993) ACM Fellow (1994) Turing Award (1999) Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2001) Turing Lecture (2005) Scientific career Fields Computer science Operating systems Software engineering Institutions IBM[1] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Duke University Harvard University Thesis The Analytic Design of Automatic Data Processing Systems (1956) Doctoral advisor Howard H. Aiken[2] Doctoral students Andrew Glassner[2] Website www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/

**Frederick Phillips Brooks Jr.** (April 19, 1931 – November 17, 2022) was an American [computer architect](/source/Computer_architecture), [software engineer](/source/Software_engineering), and [computer scientist](/source/Computer_scientist), best known for [managing](/source/Project_management) development of [IBM](/source/IBM)'s [System/360](/source/System%2F360) family of [mainframe computers](/source/Mainframe_computer) and the [OS/360](/source/OS%2F360) software support package, then later writing candidly about those experiences in his seminal book *[The Mythical Man-Month](/source/The_Mythical_Man-Month)*.[3]

In 1976, Brooks was elected to the [National Academy of Engineering](/source/National_Academy_of_Engineering) for "contributions to computer system design and the development of academic programs in computer sciences".[4]

Brooks received many awards, including the [National Medal of Technology](/source/National_Medal_of_Technology) in 1985 and the 1999 ACM [Turing Award](/source/Turing_Award).[5][6]

## Education

Born on April 19, 1931, in [Durham, North Carolina](/source/Durham%2C_North_Carolina),[7] he attended [Duke University](/source/Duke_University), graduating in 1953 with a [Bachelor of Science](/source/Bachelor_of_Science) degree in [physics](/source/Physics), and he received a [Ph.D.](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) in [applied mathematics](/source/Applied_mathematics) ([computer science](/source/Computer_science)) from [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University) in 1956, supervised by [Howard Aiken](/source/Howard_H._Aiken).[2]

Brooks served as the graduate teaching assistant for [Ken Iverson](/source/Kenneth_E._Iverson) at Harvard's graduate program in "automatic data processing", the first such program in the world.[8][9][10]

## Career and research

Brooks joined [IBM](/source/IBM) in 1956, working in [Poughkeepsie, New York](/source/Poughkeepsie%2C_New_York), and [Yorktown, New York](/source/Yorktown%2C_New_York). He worked on the architecture of the [IBM 7030 Stretch](/source/IBM_7030_Stretch), a $10 million scientific supercomputer of which nine were sold, and the [IBM 7950 Harvest](/source/IBM_7950_Harvest) computer for the National Security Agency. Subsequently, he became manager for developing the [IBM System/360](/source/IBM_System%2F360) family of computers and the [OS/360](/source/OS%2F360_and_successors) software package. During this time he coined the term "[computer architecture](/source/Computer_architecture)".[7]

In 1964, Brooks accepted an invitation to come to the [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill](/source/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill) and founded the university's computer science department, which he chaired for twenty years until 1984.[11] His research was mainly in [virtual environments](/source/Virtual_reality)[12] and [scientific visualization](/source/Scientific_visualization).[13] He was the founding Kenan Professor of Computer Science at UNC until his retirement in 2015. The Brooks Computer Science Building on the UNC-Chapel Hill campus is named in his honor.[14]

A few years after leaving IBM, he wrote *[The Mythical Man-Month](/source/The_Mythical_Man-Month)*. The seed for the book was planted by IBM's then-CEO [Thomas J. Watson Jr.](/source/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr.), who asked in Brooks's exit interview why it was so much harder to manage software projects than hardware projects. In this book, Brooks made the now-famous statement: "Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later", which has since come to be known as [Brooks's law](/source/Brooks's_law).[15] In addition to *The Mythical Man-Month*, Brooks is also known for the paper ["No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accident in Software Engineering"](/source/No_Silver_Bullet).[16][17]

In 2004 in a talk at the [Computer History Museum](/source/Computer_History_Museum) and also in a 2010 interview in [*Wired*](/source/Wired_(magazine)) magazine, Brooks was asked "What do you consider your greatest technological achievement?" Brooks responded, "The most important single decision I ever made was to change the IBM 360 series from a 6-[bit](/source/Bit) [byte](/source/Byte) to an [8-bit](/source/8-bit_computing) byte, thereby enabling the use of lowercase letters. That change propagated everywhere."[18]

A "20th anniversary" edition of *The Mythical Man-Month* with four additional chapters was published in 1995.[19][20]

As well as *The Mythical Man-Month*,[3] Brooks has authored or co-authored many books and [peer reviewed](/source/Peer_review) papers[5] including *Automatic Data Processing*,[21] "[No Silver Bullet](/source/No_Silver_Bullet)",[16] *Computer Architecture*,[22] and *[The Design of Design](/source/The_Design_of_Design)*.[23]

### Service and memberships

Brooks served on a number of US national boards and committees, including:[24]

- [Defense Science Board](/source/Defense_Science_Board) (1983–86)

- Member, Artificial Intelligence Task Force (1983–84)

- Chairman, Military Software Task Force (1985–87)

- Member, Computers in Simulation and Training Task Force (1986–87)

- [National Science Board](/source/National_Science_Board) (1987–92)

### Awards and honors

In chronological order:[24]

- Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1968)

- [W. Wallace McDowell Award](/source/W._Wallace_McDowell_Award) for Outstanding Contribution to the Computer Art, IEEE Computer Group (1970)

- Computer Sciences Distinguished Information Services Award, Information Technology Professionals (1970)

- [Guggenheim Fellowship](/source/Guggenheim_Fellowship) for studies on computer architecture and human factors of computer systems, [University of Cambridge](/source/University_of_Cambridge), England (1975)

- Member, [National Academy of Engineering](/source/National_Academy_of_Engineering) (1976)

- Fellow, [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences) (1976)

- Computer Pioneer Award, [IEEE Computer Society](/source/IEEE_Computer_Society) (1982)

- [National Medal of Technology and Innovation](/source/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation) (1985)

- Thomas Jefferson Award, [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill](/source/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill) (1986)

- Distinguished Service Award, [Association for Computing Machinery](/source/Association_for_Computing_Machinery) (1987)

- Harry Goode Memorial Award, [American Federation of Information Processing Societies](/source/American_Federation_of_Information_Processing_Societies) (1989)

- Foreign Member, [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](/source/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences) (1991)[25]

- Honorary Doctor of Technical Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich (1991)

- [IEEE John von Neumann Medal](/source/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1993)

- [Fellow](/source/Fellow) of the [Association for Computing Machinery](/source/Association_for_Computing_Machinery) (1994)[26]

- [Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society](/source/Distinguished_Fellow_of_the_British_Computer_Society) (DFBCS) (1994)

- International [Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering](/source/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering) (FREng), UK (1994)

- [Allen Newell Award](/source/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science#SCS_honors_and_awards), Association for Computing Machinery (1994)[27]

- [Bower Award and Prize in Science](/source/Franklin_Institute_Awards), Franklin Institute (1995)

- CyberEdge Journal Annual Sutherland Award (April 1997)

- [Turing Award](/source/Turing_Award), Association for Computing Machinery (1999)

- Member, [National Academy of Sciences](/source/National_Academy_of_Sciences) (2001)

- Received the [Computer History Museum](/source/Computer_History_Museum)'s Fellow Award, for his contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering.[28] (2001)

- [Eckert–Mauchly Award](/source/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Award), Association for Computing Machinery and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers–Computer Society (2004)

- IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award (2010)

In January 2005, he gave the [Turing Lecture](/source/Turing_Talk) on the subject of "Collaboration and Telecollaboration in Design".[29][30]

## Personal life

Brooks was an evangelical Christian who was active with [InterVarsity Christian Fellowship](/source/InterVarsity_Christian_Fellowship).[31]

Brooks married Nancy Lee Greenwood in 1956. They have three children.[7] He named his first son after [Kenneth E. Iverson](/source/Kenneth_E._Iverson).[32]

Brooks died on November 17, 2022, at age 91. He had been in poor health following a stroke.[33][34][35][36]

## See also

- [List of pioneers in computer science](/source/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Brooks, F. P. (1960). ["The execute operations—a fourth mode of instruction sequencing"](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367149.367168). *Communications of the ACM*. **3** (3): 168–170. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/367149.367168](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F367149.367168). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [37725430](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37725430).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mathgene_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mathgene_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-mathgene_2-2) [Fred Brooks](https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=25260) at the [Mathematics Genealogy Project](/source/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mmm_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mmm_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-mmm_3-2) Brooks, Frederick P. (1975). [*The mythical man-month: essays on software engineering*](https://archive.org/details/mythicalmanmonth00broo). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-201-00650-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-00650-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["NAE Website – Dr. Frederick P. Brooks"](https://www.nae.edu/29644/Dr-Frederick-P-Brooks-Jr). National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved May 21, 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-dblp_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-dblp_5-1) [Frederick P. Brooks Jr.](https://dblp.org/pid/b/FrederickPBrooksJr) at [DBLP](/source/DBLP_(identifier)) Bibliography Server

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shustek2015_6-0)** [Shustek, Len](/source/Len_Shustek) (2015). "An interview with Fred Brooks". *Communications of the ACM*. **58** (11): 36–40. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/2822519](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2822519). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0001-0782](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [44303152](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44303152).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TuringAward_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TuringAward_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-TuringAward_7-2) Booch, Grady (1999). ["Frederick Brooks - A.M. Turing Award Laureate"](https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/brooks_1002187.cfm). *amturing.acm.org*. [Association for Computing Machinery](/source/Association_for_Computing_Machinery). Retrieved November 20, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Iverson, Kenneth E. (June 1954). Arvid W. Jacobson (ed.). ["Graduate Instruction and Research"](http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/GradIR.htm). *Proceedings of the First Conference on Training Personnel for the Computing Machine Field*. Retrieved April 9, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Iverson, Kenneth E. (December 1991). ["A Personal View of APL"](http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLPersonalView.htm). *IBM Systems Journal*. **30** (4): 582–593. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1147/sj.304.0582](https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.304.0582). Retrieved April 9, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Cohen, I. Bernard](/source/I._Bernard_Cohen); Welch, Gregory W., eds. (1999). *Makin' Numbers*. MIT Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-262-03263-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03263-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BrooksCV2007_11-0)** Brooks, Frederick P. Jr. (April 19, 2007). ["Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr"](https://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/FPB_BIO.CV.04.2007.pdf) (PDF). Professional website. Retrieved November 18, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Brooks, Frederick P. Jr. (1999). ["What's Real About Virtual Reality"](http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/WhatsReal.pdf) (PDF). *IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications*. **19** (6): 16–27. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/38.799723](https://doi.org/10.1109%2F38.799723). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [3235380](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3235380). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20000818152648/http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/WhatsReal.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IBM_archive_13-0)** ["IBM Archives – Frederick P. Brooks Jr"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060904124939/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_brooksjr.html). *IBM*. January 23, 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_brooksjr.html) on September 4, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Remembering Department Founder Dr. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr"](https://cs.unc.edu/news-article/remembering-department-founder-dr-frederick-p-brooks-jr/). *Computer Science*. Retrieved September 19, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** [McConnell, Steve](/source/Steve_McConnell) (1999). ["From the Editor: Brooks' Law Repealed"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221120155655/https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/so/1999/06/s6006/13rRUEgs2JV). *www.computer.org*. **16** (November/December 1999). IEEE Computer Society: 6–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/MS.1999.10032](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.1999.10032). Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022 – via stevemcconnell.com.{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NoAgBullet_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NoAgBullet_16-1) Brooks, F. P. Jr. (1987). ["No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering"](http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~xswang/Research/Papers/SERelated/no-silver-bullet.pdf) (PDF). *Computer*. **20** (4): 10–19. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.117.315](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.117.315). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/MC.1987.1663532](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1987.1663532). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [372277](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:372277). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121004020418/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~xswang/Research/Papers/SERelated/no-silver-bullet.pdf) (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Grier, David Alan](/source/David_Alan_Grier_(writer)) (February 2021). ["There Is Still No Silver Bullet"](https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2021/02/09353507/1r8krp0NNK0). *Computer*. **54** (2): 60–62. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/MC.2020.3042682](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2020.3042682). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [231992114](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231992114). Retrieved November 20, 2022. No article has been so central to the discussion as "No Silver Bullet" by Frederick P. Brooks. Yet, almost 35 years after he wrote this contribution to knowledge, Brooks's observation remains true.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Kelly, Kevin](/source/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)) (July 28, 2010). ["Master Planner: Fred Brooks Shows How to Design Anything"](https://www.wired.com/2010/07/ff-fred-brooks/). *Wired*. Retrieved April 8, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Green, Bob, ed. (1995–2004). ["The Mythical Man-Month, A Book Review"](http://www.robelle.com/smugbook/manmonth.html). *Robelle Solutions Technology*. Retrieved August 6, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Bartlett, Roscoe A. (2008). ["Software Engineering Reading List"](https://bartlettroscoe.github.io/reading-list/#mythical_man_month_2th_1995). *github.io*. Retrieved November 20, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Iverson, Kenneth E.](/source/Kenneth_E._Iverson); Brooks, Frederick P. (1969). *Automatic data processing: System/360 edition*. New York: Wiley. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-10605-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-10605-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Brooks, Frederick P.; [Blaauw, Gerrit A.](/source/Gerrit_Blaauw) (1997). *Computer architecture: concepts and evolution*. Boston: Addison-Wesley. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-201-10557-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-10557-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Brooks, Frederick P. (2010). *The Design of Design: Essays from a Computer Scientist*. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Professional. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-201-36298-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-36298-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-homepage_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-homepage_24-1) ["Frederick P. Brooks, Jr"](http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/). *UNC Computer Science*. April 19, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2022.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["F.P. Brooks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150721042855/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/3952). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from [the original](https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/3952) on July 21, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Fred Brooks ACM awards"](https://awards.acm.org/award-recipients/brooks_1002187). *acm.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-brooks96_27-0)** Brooks, Frederick P. (1996). ["The computer scientist as toolsmith II"](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F227234.227243). *Communications of the ACM*. **39** (3). Association for Computing Machinery: 61–68. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/227234.227243](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F227234.227243). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0001-0782](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [34572148](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34572148). "The scientist builds in order to study; the engineer studies in order to build"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Frederick P. Brooks – CHM Fellow Award Winner"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250210180543/https://computerhistory.org/profile/frederick-p-brooks-jr/). Computerhistory.org. March 30, 2015. Archived from [the original](https://computerhistory.org/profile/frederick-p-brooks-jr/) on February 10, 2025. Retrieved February 10, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Turing Lecture – IET Conferences"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071606/http://conferences.theiet.org/turing/speaker/previous/index.cfm). [Institution of Engineering and Technology](/source/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology). 2015. Archived from [the original](http://conferences.theiet.org/turing/speaker/previous/index.cfm) (web.archive.org) on September 6, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2022. 2005 – Professor Fred Brooks Jr, FREng Dist. FBCS Founding Kenan Professor of Computer Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – Collaboration and Telecollaboration in Design

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Brooks, Frederick P. (January 20, 2005). ["7th Annual Turing Lecture: Collaboration and Telecollaboration in Design"](https://tv.theiet.org/?videoid=319) (video). *tv.theiet.org*. Institution of Engineering and Technology. Retrieved November 20, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-unc_31-0)** [Faculty Biography](http://cs.unc.edu/people/frederick-p-brooks-jr/) at UNC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Brooks, Frederick P. (August 2006). ["The Language, the Mind, and the Man"](http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10001240). *Vector*. **22** (3). Retrieved March 16, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Lohr, Steve (November 23, 2022). ["Frederick P. Brooks Jr., Computer Design Innovator, Dies at 91"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/technology/frederick-p-brooks-jr-dead.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved November 24, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Grüner, Sebastian (November 18, 2022). ["8-Bit-Byte-Erfinder Fred Brooks gestorben"](https://www.golem.de/news/nachruf-8-bit-byte-erfinder-fred-brooks-gestorben-2211-169865.html). *[Golem.de](/source/Golem.de)* (in German). Retrieved November 18, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-UNC2022_35-0)** ["Remembering Department Founder Dr. Frederick P. Brooks, Jr"](https://cs.unc.edu/news-article/remembering-department-founder-dr-frederick-p-brooks-jr/). *UNC Computer Science*. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Frederick P. Brooks Jr., 1931–2022"](https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/heraldsun/name/frederick-brooks-obituary?id=37962920) (Legacy.com). *[The Herald Sun](/source/The_Herald-Sun_(Durham%2C_North_Carolina))*. November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.

## External links

- Media related to [Fred Brooks](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fred_Brooks) at Wikimedia Commons

- Quotations related to [Fred Brooks](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fred_Brooks) at Wikiquote

- [Frederick P. Brooks Jr.](https://dblp.org/pid/b/FrederickPBrooksJr) at [DBLP](/source/DBLP_(identifier)) Bibliography Server

- Booch, Grady (1999). ["Frederick Brooks - A.M. Turing Award Laureate"](https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/brooks_1002187.cfm). *amturing.acm.org*. [Association for Computing Machinery](/source/Association_for_Computing_Machinery). Retrieved November 20, 2022.

v t e Fred Brooks Computer project management IBM mainframe computer System/360 OS/360 Writings, concepts The Mythical Man-Month Brooks's law Second-system effect No Silver Bullet The Design of Design Categories: IBM Research computer scientists • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty • Turing Award laureates

v t e APL programming Features APL syntax and symbols Direct function (dfn) Code pages Iverson bracket Rank Shared Variables Implementations Major Dyalog APL APL2 → APLX SHARP APL NARS → NARS2000° Dialects A → A+° APLNext → VisualAPL ELI GNU APL° J° kdb+ K, Q Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) Community Professional associations Association for Computing Machinery: SIGAPL British APL Association Organizations Business Ampere Analogic Corporation APL2000 CompuServe Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) DNA Systems Dyalog Ltd. IBM I. P. Sharp Associates KX Systems Micro Computer Machines (MCM) Science Research Associates Scientific Time Sharing Corporation (STSC) Soliton Incorporated Telecompute Integrated Systems, Inc. Time Sharing Resources (TSR) Education Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) University of Maryland People Phil Abrams Bob Bernecky Larry Breed Charles Brenner Fred Brooks Jim Brown Adin Falkoff Patrick E. Hagerty Herbert Hellerman Roger Hui Kenneth E. Iverson Dick Lathwell Eugene McDonnell Robert Metzger Roger Moore Alan Perlis John Scholes J. Henri Schueler Bob Smith Edward H. Sussenguth Jr. Arthur Whitney William Yerazunis Rodnay Zaks Iverson Award Italics = discontinued ° = Open-source software Commons Category

v t e Software engineering Fields Computer programming DevOps Empirical software engineering Experimental software engineering Formal methods Requirements engineering Search-based software engineering Site reliability engineering Social software engineering Software deployment Software design Software maintenance Software testing Systems analysis Concepts Abstraction CI/CD Compatibility Backward compatibility Compatibility layer Compatibility mode Forward compatibility Software incompatibility Component-based software engineering Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Programming paradigm Software Software archaeology Software architecture Software configuration management Software development process/methodology Software quality Software quality assurance Software system Software verification and validation Structured analysis Essential analysis Orientations Agile Aspect-oriented Object orientation Ontology SDLC Service orientation Models Developmental Agile EUP Executable UML Incremental model Iterative model Prototype model RAD Scrum Spiral model UP V-model Waterfall model XP Model-driven engineering Round-trip engineering Other CMMI Data model ER model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model SPICE Systems model View model Languages IDEF SysML UML USL Related fields Computer engineering Computer science Information science Project management Risk management Systems engineering Category Commons

v t e A. M. Turing Award laureates Alan Perlis (1966) Maurice Wilkes (1967) Richard Hamming (1968) Marvin Minsky (1969) James H. Wilkinson (1970) John McCarthy (1971) Edsger W. Dijkstra (1972) Charles Bachman (1973) Donald Knuth (1974) Allen Newell / Herbert A. Simon (1975) Michael O. Rabin / Dana Scott (1976) John Backus (1977) Robert W. Floyd (1978) Kenneth E. Iverson (1979) Tony Hoare (1980) Edgar F. Codd (1981) Stephen Cook (1982) Dennis Ritchie / Ken Thompson (1983) Niklaus Wirth (1984) Richard Karp (1985) John Hopcroft / Robert Tarjan (1986) John Cocke (1987) Ivan Sutherland (1988) William Kahan (1989) Fernando J. Corbató (1990) Robin Milner (1991) Butler Lampson (1992) Juris Hartmanis / Richard E. Stearns (1993) Edward Feigenbaum / Raj Reddy (1994) Manuel Blum (1995) Amir Pnueli (1996) Douglas Engelbart (1997) Jim Gray (1998) Fred Brooks (1999) Andrew Yao (2000) Ole-Johan Dahl / Kristen Nygaard (2001) Leonard Adleman / Ron Rivest / Adi Shamir (2002) Alan Kay (2003) Vint Cerf / Bob Kahn (2004) Peter Naur (2005) Frances Allen (2006) Edmund M. Clarke / E. Allen Emerson / Joseph Sifakis (2007) Barbara Liskov (2008) Charles P. Thacker (2009) Leslie Valiant (2010) Judea Pearl (2011) Shafi Goldwasser / Silvio Micali (2012) Leslie Lamport (2013) Michael Stonebraker (2014) Whitfield Diffie / Martin Hellman (2015) Tim Berners-Lee (2016) John L. Hennessy / David Patterson (2017) Yoshua Bengio / Geoffrey Hinton / Yann LeCun (2018) Ed Catmull / Pat Hanrahan (2019) Alfred Aho / Jeffrey Ullman (2020) Jack Dongarra (2021) Robert Metcalfe (2022) Avi Wigderson (2023) Andrew Barto / Richard S. Sutton (2024) Charles H. Bennett / Gilles Brassard (2025)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fred Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Brooks?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.