# Francisco de Quevedo

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Francisco_de_Quevedo
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Francisco_de_Quevedo.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo
> Source revision: 1331864868
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Spanish nobleman, writer and politician (1580–1645)

In this [Spanish name](/source/Spanish_name), the first or paternal [surname](/source/Surname) is *Gómez de Quevedo* and the second or maternal family name is *Santibáñez Villegas*.

Francisco de Quevedo Knight of the Order of Santiago Francisco de Quevedo, Juan van der Hamen, 17th century (Instituto Valencia de Don Juan) Born Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas 14 September 1580 Madrid, Spain Died 8 September 1645(1645-09-08) (aged 64) Villanueva de los Infantes, Spain Occupation Poet and politician Language Spanish Alma mater Universidad de Alcalá Period Spanish Golden Age Genres Poetry and novel Literary movement Conceptismo Signature

**Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas**, [Knight of the Order of Santiago](/source/Order_of_Santiago) (Spanish pronunciation: [\[fɾanˈθisko ðe keˈβeðo\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish); 14 September 1580 – 8 September 1645), was a Spanish nobleman, politician and writer of the [Baroque era](/source/Baroque_era). Along with his lifelong rival [Luis de Góngora](/source/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora), Quevedo was one of the most prominent Spanish poets of the age. His style is characterized by what was called *[conceptismo](/source/Conceptismo)*. This style existed in stark contrast to Góngora's *[culteranismo](/source/Culteranismo)*.

## Biography

Portrait of Quevedo (c. 1618) by [Francisco Pacheco](/source/Francisco_Pacheco).

 Statue of Francisco de Quevedo in [Alcalá de Henares](/source/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares).

Quevedo was born on 14 September 1580[1] in [Madrid](/source/Madrid) into a family of *[hidalgos](/source/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility))*[2] from the village of [Vejorís](/source/Santiurde_de_Toranzo), located in the northern mountainous region of [Cantabria](/source/Cantabria). His family was descended from the [Castilian](/source/Kingdom_of_Castile) nobility.

Quevedo's father, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, was secretary to [Maria of Spain](/source/Maria_of_Spain), daughter of emperor [Charles V](/source/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor) and wife of [Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Maximilian_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), and his mother, [Madrid](/source/Madrid)-born María de Santibáñez, was [lady-in-waiting](/source/Lady-in-waiting) to the queen. Quevedo matured surrounded by dignitaries and nobility at the royal court. Intellectually gifted, Quevedo was physically handicapped with a [club foot](/source/Club_foot), and [myopia](/source/Myopia). Since he always wore [pince-nez](/source/Pince-nez), his name in the plural, *quevedos*, came to mean "pince-nez" in the Spanish language.[3]

Orphaned by the age of six, he was able to attend the [Imperial School](/source/Colegio_Imperial_de_Madrid) run by the [Jesuits](/source/Society_of_Jesus) in Madrid. He then attended university at [Alcalá de Henares](/source/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares) from 1596 to 1600. By his own account, he made independent studies in philosophy, classical languages, Arabic, Hebrew, French and Italian.

In 1601, Quevedo, as a member of the Court, moved to [Valladolid](/source/Valladolid), where the Court had been transferred by the King's minister, the [Duke of Lerma](/source/Duke_of_Lerma). There he studied theology, a subject that would become a lifelong interest, and on which in later life he would compose the treatise *Providencia de Dios* (*God's Providence*) against atheism.

By this time, he was becoming noted as both a poet and a prose writer. Some of his poetry was collected in a 1605 generational anthology by Pedro Espinosa entitled *Flores de Poetas Ilustres* (*Flowers by Illustrious Poets*).

We can also date back to this time the first draft of his [picaresque novel](/source/Picaresque_novel) *[Vida del Buscón](/source/Vida_del_Busc%C3%B3n) –* apparently written as an exercise in courtly wit – and a few satirical pamphlets that made him famous among his fellow students and which he would later disown as juvenile pranks.

Around this time, he began a very erudite exchange of letters with the humanist [Justus Lipsius](/source/Justus_Lipsius), in which Quevedo deplored the wars that were ravaging Europe. The Court returned to Madrid in 1606, and Quevedo followed, remaining till 1611. By then, he was a well-known and accomplished man-of-letters. He befriended and was praised by [Miguel de Cervantes](/source/Miguel_de_Cervantes) and [Lope de Vega](/source/Lope_de_Vega), the premier playwright of the age.

Between 1616–1622, Quevedo attended the [Medrano Academy](/source/Medrano_Academy) (Poetic Academy of Madrid) founded by Dr. [Sebastián Francisco de Medrano](/source/Sebastian_Francisco_de_Medrano).[4]

### Enemies

Quevedo's enemies included, among others, the dramatist [Juan Ruiz de Alarcón](/source/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n) for, despite his own physical handicaps, Quevedo found Alarcón's [redheaded](/source/Red_hair) and [hunchbacked](/source/Kyphosis) physique a source of amusement. Quevedo also attacked [Juan Pérez de Montalbán](/source/Juan_P%C3%A9rez_de_Montalb%C3%A1n), the son of a bookseller with whom he had quarrelled, satirizing him in *La Perinola* (*The [Teetotum](/source/Teetotum)*), a piece against Montalbán's book *Para todos* (*For Everyone*). In 1608, being a skilled swordsman himself aside from a writer (*[las armas y las letras](/source/Las_armas_y_las_letras)*), Quevedo supposedly duelled with the author and [fencing](/source/Fencing) master [Luis Pacheco de Narváez](/source/Luis_Pacheco_de_Narv%C3%A1ez) as a result of Quevedo criticizing one of Pacheco's works. Quevedo took off Pacheco's hat in the first encounter. They remained enemies all their lives.[5] In Quevedo's *Buscón*, this duel was parodied with a fencer relying on mathematical calculations having to run away from a duel with an experienced soldier.

Quevedo could be impulsive. He was present at the [church of San Martín](/source/Church_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn_(Madrid)) in Madrid when a woman praying there was slapped on the cheek by another man who had rushed up to her. Quevedo seized the man, dragging him outside the church. The two men drew swords, and Quevedo ran his opponent through. The man, who died of his wounds some time later, was someone of importance. Quevedo thus retired temporarily to the palace of his friend and patron, [Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna](/source/Pedro_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Osuna).[6]

The preferred object of his fury and ridicule, however, was the poet [Góngora](/source/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora), whom, in a series of scathing satires, he accused of being an unworthy priest, a homosexual, a gambler, and a writer of indecent verse who used a purposefully obscure language. Quevedo lampooned his rival by writing a [sonnet](/source/Sonnet), *Aguja de navegar cultos,* which listed words from Góngora's [lexicon](/source/Lexicon): "He who would like to be a *culto* poet in just one day, / must the following jargon learn: / *Fulgores, arrogar, joven, presiente / candor, construye, métrica, armonía...*"[7]

Quevedo satirized Góngora's physique, particularly his prominent nose in the sonnet *A una nariz*, (*To a Nose*). It begins with the lines: *Érase un hombre a una nariz pegado, / érase una nariz superlativa, / érase una nariz sayón y escriba, / érase un peje espada muy barbado*.[8] (There was a man glued to a nose, / there was a superlative nose, / there was a nose that was an official and a scribe, / there was a bearded [swordfish](/source/Swordfish).)

### Relationships with the Duke of Osuna

About that time, Quevedo grew very close to [Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna](/source/Pedro_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Osuna), one of the great statesmen and generals of the age, whom he accompanied as secretary to Italy in 1613, carrying out a number of missions for him which took him to [Nice](/source/Nice), Venice, and finally back to Madrid. There he engaged in all manner of courtly intrigue to get the [viceroyalty](/source/Viceroyalty) of [Kingdom of Naples](/source/Kingdom_of_Naples) for Osuna, an effort that finally bore fruit in 1616. He then returned to Italy in the Duke's entourage, where he was entrusted with putting in order the Viceroyalty's finances, and sent on several espionage-related missions to the rival [Republic of Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice), although it is now believed these did not involve him personally. He was rewarded for his efforts with a knighthood in the [order of Santiago](/source/Order_of_Santiago) in 1618.

### Temporary exile and retirement

Casa Quevedo in [Torre de Juan Abad](/source/Torre_de_Juan_Abad).

With the fall from favor of Osuna in 1620, Quevedo lost his patron and protector and was exiled to [Torre de Juan Abad](/source/Torre_de_Juan_Abad) ([Ciudad Real](/source/Ciudad_Real)), whose fiefdom his mother had purchased for him. His supposed vassals, however, refused to acknowledge him, forcing Quevedo into an interminable legal battle with the town's [council](/source/City_council) that would not be won until after his death.

Quevedo would write some of his better poetry in this retirement, such as the sonnet *Retirado a la paz de estos desiertos...* or *Son las torres de Joray...*. He found consolation to his failed ambitions as a courtier in the [Stoicism](/source/Stoicism) of [Seneca](/source/Seneca_the_Younger), his study and commentary turning him into one of the main exponents of Spanish [Neostoicism](/source/Neostoicism).

The elevation of [Philip IV](/source/Philip_IV_of_Spain) to the throne in 1621 meant the end of Quevedo's exile, and his return to Court and politics, now under the influence of the new minister, the [Count-Duke of Olivares](/source/Count-Duke_of_Olivares). Quevedo accompanied the young king in trips to [Andalusia](/source/Andalusia) and [Aragon](/source/Aragon), recounting some of its various incidents in interesting letters.

At this time he decided to denounce to the [Spanish Inquisition](/source/Spanish_Inquisition) his own works, published without his consent by profiteering [booksellers](/source/Booksellers). It was a move to frighten off the booksellers and regain control over his writings, with a view to a definitive edition of his work that was not to come in his lifetime.

He became known for a disorderly lifestyle: he was a heavy [smoker](/source/Smoking), a frequent visitor to [brothels](/source/Brothels) and taverns, and cohabited with a woman only known as *Ledesma.* Góngora derided him as a drunkard in a satirical poem as *Don Francisco de Quebebo* (a play on his name that can be roughly translated as *Don Francisco of Drinksalot.*)

None of this put a stop to his career at court, perhaps because the king had an equally rowdy reputation. In fact, in 1632 he would become secretary to the king, thus reaching the apex of his political career.

His friend [Antonio Juan de la Cerda](/source/Antonio_de_la_Cerda%2C_7th_Duke_of_Medinaceli), the [Duke de Medinaceli](/source/Duke_de_Medinaceli), forced Quevedo to marry against his will with Doña Esperanza de Aragón, a widow with children. The marriage, made in 1634, barely lasted three months. Quevedo filled these years with febrile creative activity.

In 1634 he published *La cuna y la sepultura* (*The Cradle and the Sepulchre*) and the translation of *La introducción a la vida devota* (*Introduction to a Life of Devotion*) of [Francis of Sales](/source/Francis_of_Sales); between 1633 and 1635 he completed works like *De los remedios de cualquier fortuna* (*On the Remedies of Any Fortune*), the *Epicteto*, *Virtud Militante*, *Los cuatro fantasmas* (*The Four Ghosts*), the second part of *Política de Dios* (*The Politics of God*), *Visita y anatomía de la cabeza del cardenal Richelieu* (*Visit and Anatomy of the Head of [Cardinal Richelieu](/source/Cardinal_Richelieu)*) or *Carta a Luis XIII* (*Letter to [Louis XIII](/source/Louis_XIII)*).

In 1635 there appeared in [Valencia](/source/Valencia%2C_Spain) the most important of the numerous [libels](/source/Libel) destined to defame him, *El tribunal de la justa venganza, erigido contra los escritos de Francisco de Quevedo, maestro de errores, doctor en desvergüenzas, licenciado en bufonerías, bachiller en suciedades, catedrático de vicios y protodiablo entre los hombres.* (*The Court of the rightful revenge, erected against the writings of Francisco de Quevedo, teacher of errors, doctor in shamelessness, licensed in buffoonery, bachelor in dirt, university professor of vices and proto-devil among men.*)

### Arrest and exile

Convent of San Marcos in [León](/source/Le%C3%B3n%2C_Spain).

In 1639, he was arrested. His books were confiscated. The authorities, hardly giving Quevedo time to get dressed, took the poet to the [convent](/source/Convent) of [San Marcos](/source/San_Marcos_(Le%C3%B3n)) in [León](/source/Le%C3%B3n%2C_Spain). In the monastery Quevedo dedicated himself to reading, as recounted in his *Carta moral e instructiva* (*Moral and instructive letter*), written to his friend, Adán de la Parra, depicting hour by hour his prison life ("From ten to eleven, I spend my time in prayer and devotions, and from eleven to noon I read good and bad authors; because there is no book, despicable as it can be, that does not contain something good...").[9]

Quevedo, who was frail and very ill when he left from his confinement in 1643, resigned from royal court definitively to retire at Torre de Juan Abad. He died in the [Dominican](/source/Dominican_Order) convent of [Villanueva de los Infantes](/source/Villanueva_de_los_Infantes%2C_Ciudad_Real), on 8 September 1645. One tale tells that his tomb was pillaged days later by a gentleman who wished to have the gold [spurs](/source/Spur) with which Quevedo had been buried.

## Style

Wall poem in [Leiden](/source/Leiden)

Quevedo was an adherent of the style known as *conceptismo*, a name derived from *concepto*, which has been defined as "a brilliant flash of wit expressed in pithy or epigrammatic style."[10] *Conceptismo* is characterized by a rapid rhythm, directness, simple vocabulary, witty metaphors, and wordplay. In this style, multiple meanings are conveyed in a very concise manner, and conceptual intricacies are emphasised over elaborate vocabulary. *Conceptismo* can effect elegant philosophical depth, as well as biting satire and humor, such as in the case of the works of Quevedo and [Baltasar Gracián](/source/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n).[11]

The first tercet from Quevedo's sonnet *¡Ah de la vida!* is considered to exemplify *conceptismo* in poetry at its peak:[11][12]

- *Ayer se fue, mañana no ha llegado,*

- *Hoy se está yendo sin parar un punto;*

- *Soy un fue, y un será y un es cansado*.

## Works

Spanish [Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has original text related to this article:

**[Francisco de Quevedo](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/es:autor:Francisco_de_Quevedo)**

Monument to Quevedo in Madrid, by [Agustí Querol Subirats](/source/Agust%C3%AD_Querol_Subirats).

### Poetry

Quevedo produced a vast quantity of poetry.[13] His poetry, which was not published in book form during his lifetime, "shows the caricature-like vision its author had of men, a vision sometimes deformed by a sharp, cruel, violently critical nature."[14] This attitude is of a piece with the "black seventeenth century"[15] he lived in. Despite his satirical work, however, Quevedo was primarily a serious poet who valued love poems.[14]

His poetry gives evidence not only of his literary gifts but also of his erudition (Quevedo had studied [Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language), [Latin](/source/Latin), [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew), [Arabic](/source/Arabic), French, and Italian).[16] One of his sonnets, *A Roma sepultada en sus ruinas* (1650), was an adaptation of a French poem by [Joachim du Bellay](/source/Joachim_du_Bellay), *Nouveau venu qui cherches Rome en Rome,* from *Les Antiquités de Rome* (1558).[17] His poetic works range from satirical and mythological subjects to love poetry and philosophical pieces.

Quevedo constantly attacked [avarice](/source/Avarice) and avaricious people. His *Cartas del Caballero de la Tenaza* attack a notorious miser.[16] He also attacked [apothecaries](/source/Apothecaries), who had a reputation for adulterating and badly preparing medications.[16]

His love poetry includes such works as *Afectos varios de su corazón, fluctuando en las ondas de los cabellos de Lisi* (*Several Reactions of his Heart, Bobbing on the Waves of Lisi's Hair*). As one scholar has written, "Even though women were never very much appreciated by Quevedo, who is labeled as a [misogynist](/source/Misogynist), it is impossible to imagine that there was anyone else who could adore them more."[16] The first four lines run as follows:

- Within a curly storm of wavy gold

- must swim great gulfs of pure and blazing light

- my heart, for beauty eagerly athirst,

- when your abundant tresses you unbind.[18]

Plaque dedicated to *[El Buscón](/source/El_Busc%C3%B3n)* in [Segovia](/source/Segovia).

His work also employed [mythological](/source/Greek_mythology) themes, typical of the age,[16] though it also employs satirical elements, for example in his *To [Apollo](/source/Apollo) chasing [Daphne](/source/Daphne)*:

- Ruddy silversmith from up on high,

- in whose bright beams the rabble pick their fleas:

- Daphne, that [nymph](/source/Nymph), who takes off and won't speak,

- if you'd possess her, pay, and douse your light.[19]

Quevedo's poetry also includes pieces such as an imagined dedication to [Columbus](/source/Christopher_Columbus) by a piece of the ship in which the navigator had discovered the [New World](/source/New_World):

- Once I had an empire, wanderer,

- upon the billows of the salty sea;

- I was moved by the wind and well-respected,

- to southern lands I forged an opening.[20]

### Novel

Main article: [El Buscón](/source/El_Busc%C3%B3n)

The only novel written by Quevedo is the [picaresque](/source/Picaresque) novel *[Vida del Buscón](/source/El_Busc%C3%B3n)*, or *El Buscón* (full original title: *Historia de la vida del Buscón, llamado Don Pablos, ejemplo de vagamundos y espejo de tacaños*), published in 1626. The work is divided into three books. The novel was popular in English; it was first translated by [John Davies](/source/John_Davies_(translator)) in 1657 under the title *The Life and Adventures of Buscon the Witty Spaniard*, a second edition appearing in 1670.[21] New translations appeared in 1683 and 1707.[22]

### Theological works

*Obras de don Francisco de Quevedo Villegas*, 1699

Quevedo produced about 15 books on theological and [ascetic](/source/Ascetic) subjects.[3] These include *La cuna y la sepultura* (1612; *The Cradle and the Grave*) and *La providencia de Dios* (1641; *The Providence of God*).

### Literary criticism

His works on [literary criticism](/source/Literary_criticism) include *La culta latiniparla* (*The Craze for Speaking Latin*) and *Aguja de navegar cultos* (*Compass for Navigating among [Euphuistic](/source/Euphuistic) Reefs*). Both works were written with the purpose of attacking *[culteranismo](/source/Culteranismo)*.[3]

### Satire

Quevedo's satire includes *Sueños y discursos*, also known as *[Los Sueños](/source/Los_Sue%C3%B1os)* (1627; *Dreams and Discourses*). Quevedo employed much word-play in this work, which consists of five "dream-visions." The first is *The Dream of the [Last Judgment](/source/Last_Judgment)*, in which Quevedo finds himself witnessing the Day of Judgment, and closes with a glimpse of [Hell](/source/Hell) itself. The second dream is *The Bedeviled Constable* in which a constable is possessed by an evil spirit, which results in the evil spirit begging to be [exorcised](/source/Exorcism), since the constable is more evil of the two. The third dream is the long *Vision of Hell*. The fourth dream-vision is called *The World from the Inside*. The last dream is *Dream of Death*, in which Quevedo offers examples of man's dishonest ways.[23]

In the *Dreams*, the somewhat misanthropic Quevedo showcased his antipathy for numerous groups, including but not limited to tailors, innkeepers, alchemists, astrologers, women, the Genovese, Protestants, constables, accountants, Jews, doctors, dentists, apothecaries, and hypocrites of all kinds.

He wrote too, in a satirical tone, *La hora de todos y la Fortuna con seso* (1699), with many political, social and religious allusions. He shows in it his ability in the use of language, with word-play and fantastic and real characters. *[La Isla de los Monopantos](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Isla_de_los_Monopantos)*, a virulently antisemitic tale in the book portraying a secret Jewish plot to destroy Christendom with the assistance of the Monopanto chief Pragas Chincollos (a satirical portrayal of the [Count-Duke of Olivares](/source/Count-duke_of_Olivares)), is believed by some to have been a key influence in [Hermann Goedsche](/source/Hermann_Goedsche)'s novel *Biarritz*, one of the unacknowledged sources of *[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion](/source/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion)*.[24] A strident antisemite and opponent of the *[conversos](/source/Conversos)*, Quevedo had described the character of the Portuguese new Christians to Philip IV in his work *Execración contra los judíos* (a blend of a teological-medieval anti-Jewish worldview and racial antisemitism) in the following light: "mice they are, Lord, enemies of the light, friends of darkness, unclean, stinking, subterranean".[25]

### Political works

His political works include *La política de Dios, y gobierno de Cristo* (1617–1626; "The Politics of the Lord") and *La vida de Marco Bruto* (1632–1644; *The Life of [Marcus Brutus](/source/Marcus_Brutus)*).[3] According to writers Javier Martínez-Pinna and Diego Peña "in his writings he always manifested an obsession for the defense of the country, being convinced of the necessity and inevitability of the hegemony of Spain in the world, something that in the full Spanish decline had to do him much harm. It was also integrated in the tradition of laus Hispaniae, established by San Isidoro and used by Quevedo himself to try to recover the values that he thought, made the nation powerful. In a series of works like his defended Spain, he praised the greatness of his most prestigious compatriots, highlighting the Spanish superiority in the field of letters, visible in authors such as [Fray Luis de León](/source/Fray_Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n), [Jorge Manrique](/source/Jorge_Manrique) or [Garcilaso de la Vega](/source/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(poet)), but also in the art of war, making possible the victory of Castilian weapons in their confrontations against Arabs and other European powers during the sixteenth century."[26]

## Popular culture

- In [Giannina Braschi](/source/Giannina_Braschi)'s novel *[Yo-Yo Boing!](/source/Yo-Yo_Boing!)* contemporary Latin American poets have a heated, drunken debate about Quevedo's profile in defining the [Spanish Golden Age](/source/Spanish_Golden_Age).

- Quevedo is a main character in the [Captain Alatriste](/source/Captain_Alatriste) books written by [Arturo Pérez-Reverte](/source/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte). In the film *[Alatriste](/source/Alatriste)*, he was played by [Juan Echanove](/source/Juan_Echanove).

- He is a main character in the [alternate history](/source/Alternate_history) novel *[1635: The Cannon Law](/source/1635%3A_The_Cannon_Law)* by [Eric Flint](/source/Eric_Flint) and [Andrew Dennis](/source/Andrew_Dennis).

- He is also a main character in the 2013 novel *Sudden Death* (Spanish title: *Muerte súbita*) by [Álvaro Enrigue](/source/%C3%81lvaro_Enrigue), where he is pitted in a tennis match against the Italian [Baroque](/source/Baroque_painting) painter [Caravaggio](/source/Caravaggio).

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Francisco de Quevedo](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francisco_de_Quevedo).

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Francisco de Quevedo](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Francisco_de_Quevedo)***.

- [Siglo de Oro](/source/Siglo_de_Oro)

- [Spanish Literature](/source/Spanish_Literature)

- [Spanish poetry](/source/Spanish_poetry)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [EFE](/source/EFE) (31 July 2008). ["Una carta de Quevedo permite fijar la fecha exacta de su nacimiento"](http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/carta/Quevedo/permite/fijar/fecha/exacta/nacimiento/elpepucul/20080731elpepucul_5/Tes). *[El País](/source/El_Pa%C3%ADs)* (in Spanish). Toledo: Ediciones El País S.L. Retrieved 16 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Contraction of *hijos de algo*, meaning *sons of someone or something* who were a middle class of landed gentry just below the nobility

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bookrags.com_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bookrags.com_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bookrags.com_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-bookrags.com_3-3) [Francisco de Quevedo Biography and Analysis](http://www.bookrags.com/Francisco_de_Quevedo)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. ["Favores de las musas hechos a Don Sebastian Francisco de Medrano ..."](https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/favores-de-las-musas-hechos-a-don-sebastian-francisco-de-medrano--0/html/021e4282-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_19.html) *Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes* (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Famous Duels and Duellists"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071008071911/http://www.plumes.org/destreza/history/duels/narvaez_quevedo.html). *Destreza Translation & Research Project*. Ghost Sparrow Publications. 2005. Archived from [the original](http://www.plumes.org/destreza/history/duels/narvaez_quevedo.html) on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Epton, Nina](/source/Nina_Epton) (1961). *Love and the Spanish*. London: [Cassell](/source/Cassell_(publisher)). p. 61.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Alonso, Dámaso](/source/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso) (1935). ["La lengua poética de Góngora"](https://books.google.com/books?id=YC4oAQAAIAAJ). *Revista de Filología Española*. Madrid: [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas](/source/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas), Instituto Miguel de Cervantes: 114.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Ingber, Alix. ["A un hombre de gran nariz"](https://web.archive.org/web/20010309121448/http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Nariz.html). *Golden Age Sonnets* (in Spanish). [Sweet Briar College](/source/Sweet_Briar_College). Archived from [the original](http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Nariz.html) on 9 March 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** de Quevedo, Francisco; [Fernández-Guerra y Orbe, Aureliano](/source/Aureliano_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Guerra_y_Orbe); [Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino](/source/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo) (1859). [*Obras de Don Francisco de Quevedo Villegas*](https://archive.org/details/obrascompletasde02quev). Madrid: M. Rivadeneyra. p. 590.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Newmark, Maxim (1 January 1956). [*Dictionary of Spanish Literature*](https://books.google.com/books?id=7HqvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71). [Rowman & Littlefield](/source/Rowman_%26_Littlefield). p. 71. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781442234093](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442234093). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergIhriePérez1993425_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergIhriePérez1993425_11-1) [Bleiberg, Ihrie & Pérez 1993](#CITEREFBleibergIhriePérez1993), p. 425.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBleibergIhriePérez1993426_12-0)** [Bleiberg, Ihrie & Pérez 1993](#CITEREFBleibergIhriePérez1993), p. 426.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas (1580-1645)"](https://www.poesi.as/Francisco_de_Quevedo.htm). *Poesía en español (poesi.as)*. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Eugenio_Florit_1991_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Eugenio_Florit_1991_14-1) Eugenio Florit, *Introduction to Spanish Poetry* (Courier Dover, 1991), 67.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Dorschel, Andreas (9 February 2004). "Herrsche in Dir selbst" [Rule yourself]. *[Süddeutsche Zeitung](/source/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung)* (in German). p. 14.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-lenguasdefuego.net_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-lenguasdefuego.net_16-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-lenguasdefuego.net_16-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-lenguasdefuego.net_16-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-lenguasdefuego.net_16-4) Bitternut, Paul (2 June 2005). ["Faltar pudo el mundo al gran Quevedo pero no a su defensa sus poesías"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180717125010/http://www.lenguasdefuego.net/hemeroteca.php?codarticulo=25). *Lenguas de fuego*. Archived from [the original](http://www.lenguasdefuego.net/hemeroteca.php?codarticulo=25) on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Zarucchi, Jeanne Morgan (1997). "Du Bellay, Spenser, and Quevedo Search for Rome: A Teacher's Peregrination". *The French Review*. **17** (2): 192–203.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Quoted and translated at ["Afectos varios..."](https://web.archive.org/web/20070821052635/http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Afectos.html) Archived from [the original](http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Afectos.html) on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Quoted and translated in ["A Apolo siguiendo a Dafne"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070805000925/http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Apolo.html). Archived from [the original](http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Apolo.html) on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Quoted and translated in ["Túmulo Colón"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070805001601/http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Colon.html). Archived from [the original](http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo_Colon.html) on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Quevedo, Francisco de (1670). ["The Life and Adventures of Buscon the Witty Spaniard. Put into English by a Person of Honour. To which is added, the Provident Knight. With a dedicatory letter signed: J. D."](https://books.google.com/books?id=rHRnAAAAcAAJ)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Watson, George; Willison, Ian R.; Pickles, J. D. (2 July 1971). [*The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature: Volume 2, 1660-1800*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1968-IA91). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780521079341](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521079341).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Dreams and Discourses – Francisco de Quevedo](http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/espana/quevedo.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Joseph Pérez. *Los Judíos en España*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Stuczynski, Claude B. (1997). ["El antisemitismo de Francisco de Quevedo: ¿obsesivo o residual? Apuntes crítico-bibliográficos en torno a la publicación de la *Execración contra los judíos*"](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/233380446.pdf) (PDF). *Sefarad*. **57** (1): 198.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Martínez-Pinna, Javier; Peña, Diego (2017). "Francisco de Quevedo. Su obra más polémica". *Revista Clío Historia*: 88–91.

## Bibliography

- Bleiberg, Germán; Ihrie, Maureen; Pérez, Janet, eds. (1993). [*Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bsvkun_p3SgC&pg=PA425). Vol. 1: A–K. Westport, Conn.; London: [Greenwood Press](/source/Greenwood_Press). p. 425. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-313-28731-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28731-7).

- Crosby, James O., *The sources of the text of Quevedo's Política de Dios*. Millwood, New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1975 (first edited, 1959). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-527-20680-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-527-20680-6).

- Ettinghausen, Henry, *Francisco de Quevedo and the Neostoic movement*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-815521-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815521-2).

- Hennigfeld, Ursula, *Der ruinierte Körper. Petrarkistische Sonette in transkultureller Perspektive.* Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2008. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-8260-3768-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-3768-9).

- Quevedo, Francisco de. (2009). Christopher Johnson (ed.). *Selected Poetry of Francisco de Quevedo: A Bilingual Edition*. University of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-226-69889-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69889-2).

- Ariadna García-Bryce, *Transcending Textuality: Quevedo and Political Authority in the Age of Print* (University Park, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011).

## External links

- [Works by Francisco de Quevedo in eBook form](https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/francisco-de-quevedo) at [Standard Ebooks](/source/Standard_Ebooks)

- [Works by Francisco de Quevedo](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35792) at [Project Gutenberg](/source/Project_Gutenberg)

- [Works by or about Francisco de Quevedo](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20F%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francisco%20de%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francisco%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francisco%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francisco%20de%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francisco%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20de%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20F%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20F%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francisco%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francisco%20de%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francisco%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francisco%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francisco%20de%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francisco%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20d%2E%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francisco%20Quevedo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Quevedo%2C%20Francisco%22%29%20OR%20%28%221584-1645%22%20AND%20Quevedo%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive)

- [Works by Francisco de Quevedo](https://librivox.org/author/672) at [LibriVox](/source/LibriVox) (public domain audiobooks)

- [English translations of some of Quevedo’s sonnets](http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140314032251/http://sonnets.spanish.sbc.edu/Quevedo.html) 14 March 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [English translation of Quevedo's *Miré los muros de la patria mía*](https://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/10/quevedo-he-shows-how-all-things-warn-of.html)

- (in Spanish) [Fundación Francisco de Quevedo](http://www.franciscodequevedo.org/)

- (in Spanish) [Author's page on the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library](http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=6)

- (in Spanish) [Portal dedicated to the author on the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela website](https://web.archive.org/web/20130527065006/http://www.usc.es/~quevd/)

- (in Spanish) [*Quevedo y la crítica* on the Centro Virtual Cervantes](http://edicion/obref/quevedo_critica/default.htm)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

- (in Spanish) [Works by the author](http://www.los-poetas.com/f/quev.htm)

- (in Spanish) [El Colegio Imperial y el Instituto de San Isidro, Quevedo's high school](https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065645/http://www.educa.madrid.org/web/ies.sanisidro.madrid/)

- (in Spanish) [Analysis of Francisco de Quevedo: Life and Works](https://web.archive.org/web/20070705035553/http://www.portalmundos.com/mundoliteratura/escritores/franciscodequevedo.htm)

- (in Spanish) [Biography and short analysis of his works by Paul Bitternut](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113810/http://www.lenguasdefuego.net/hemeroteca.php?codarticulo=25)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Chile Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Belgium Croatia Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library 2 SNAC Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Francisco de Quevedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.