# Francesco Marmaggi

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Italian cardinal (1870–1949)

His Eminence Francesco Marmaggi Prefect of the Congregation of the Council Church Roman Catholic Church Appointed 14 March 1939 Term ended 3 November 1949 Predecessor Luigi Maglione Successor Giuseppe Bruno Other post Cardinal-Priest of Santa Cecilia (1936–49) Previous posts Undersecretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1917–20) Apostolic Nuncio to Romania (1920–23) Titular Archbishop of Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (1920–35) Apostolic Nuncio to Czechoslovakia (1923–28) Apostolic Nuncio to Poland (1928–35) Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Poland (1935–36) Orders Ordination 14 April 1900 Consecration 26 September 1920 by Pietro Gasparri Created cardinal 16 December 1935 by Pope Pius XI Rank Cardinal-Priest Personal details Born Francesco Marmaggi 31 August 1876 Rome, Kingdom of Italy Died 3 November 1949(1949-11-03) (aged 73) Rome, Italy Buried Campo Verano (first) Santa Cecilia in Trastevere (current) Alma mater Pontifical Roman Seminary Motto Lux de luce

Styles of Francesco Marmaggi Reference style His Eminence Spoken style Your Eminence Informal style Cardinal See Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (titular see)

**Francesco Marmaggi** (31 August 1876 – 3 November 1949) was a [Cardinal](/source/Cardinal_(Catholicism)) of the [Roman Catholic Church](/source/Roman_Catholic_Church) who served as [Prefect](/source/Prefect) of the [Congregation of the Council](/source/Congregation_for_the_Clergy) and, earlier, as [Nuncio](/source/Nuncio) in [Romania](/source/Romania), [Czechoslovakia](/source/First_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia) and [Poland](/source/Second_Republic_of_Poland), as well as being a special envoy to [Turkey](/source/Turkey).

## Biography

Marmaggi was born in [Rome](/source/Rome) at a time when the [Kingdom of Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)) was just coming into being. He was educated at the [Pontifical Roman Seminary](/source/Pontifical_Roman_Seminary) in the city, earning a [doctorates](/source/Doctorate) in [Philosophy](/source/Philosophy) and [Theology](/source/Theology).

Marmaggi was [ordained](/source/Ordination) in Rome, on 14 April 1900, and afterwards worked in [pastoral care](/source/Pastoral_care) in the [Diocese of Rome](/source/Diocese_of_Rome), as well as being a faculty member of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Sant'Apollinare, and an official in the [Apostolic Penitentiary](/source/Apostolic_Penitentiary) until 1904. He was created [Privy Chamberlain](/source/Monsignor) of [Pope](/source/Pope) [Pius X](/source/Pope_Pius_X) on 15 November 1907, and reappointed on 7 September 1914. Marmaggi was raised to the level of Domestic Prelate on 2 June 1915.

[Pope Benedict XV](/source/Pope_Benedict_XV) appointed him [Titular Archbishop](/source/Titular_Archbishop) of [Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto](/source/Hadrianopolis_in_Haemimonto) and first [Nuncio to the Kingdom of Romania](/source/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Romania) on 1 September 1920. The appointment followed a long period of negotiations between Romania and the Papacy and was replicated by the appointment of [Dimitrie Pennescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Pennescu&action=edit&redlink=1) as first [Ambassador of Romania to the Holy See](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambassador_of_Romania_to_the_Holy_See&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] He was consecrated on 26 September by [Pietro Gasparri](/source/Pietro_Gasparri), [Cardinal Secretary of State](/source/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State). Marmaggi represented the Pope at the 1922 coronation of [Ferdinand I](/source/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania) as [King](/source/King_of_Romania) of [Greater Romania](/source/Greater_Romania), a ceremony which took place in [Alba Iulia](/source/Alba_Iulia).

Marmaggi was named extraordinary envoy to Turkey after the [Greco-Turkish War](/source/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)), part of [Pope Pius XI](/source/Pope_Pius_XI)'s decision to upgrade the papacy's diplomatic relations, which had outlined in the encyclical *[Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrimum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacem,_Dei_Munus_Pulcherrimum&action=edit&redlink=1)*, breaking with the tradition of ceding to Franch the role of protector for [Middle Eastern](/source/Middle_East) Catholics.[2] At the same time, Pope Pius also sent [Celso Costantini](/source/Celso_Costantini) to establish contacts with the [Beiyang Government](/source/Beiyang_Government) in [China](/source/China).[2]

Marmaggi was made the second Nuncio to [Czechoslovakia](/source/First_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia) in 1923. Five years later, he was recalled to Rome as a sign of protest as a result of several disagreements on both sides, sparked by the Czechoslovak decision to continue celebrating the [local festival](/source/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic) *Den upálení mistra Jana Husa*, which honored the 15th-century thinker [Jan Hus](/source/Jan_Hus), who influenced [Protestant](/source/Protestantism) dogma and was [burned at the stake](/source/Execution_by_burning) as a [heretic](/source/Heresy).[3][4][5]

Marmaggi left [Prague](/source/Prague) on 6 July 1925, after repeatedly warning President [Tomáš Masaryk](/source/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk), Premier [Antonín Švehla](/source/Anton%C3%ADn_%C5%A0vehla) and Foreign Minister [Edvard Beneš](/source/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1) not to attend the ceremonies.[4][5] They reportedly argued that they were participating as private persons.[5] Marmaggi's protest was echoed by the Catholic [People's Party](/source/Christian_and_Democratic_Union_%E2%80%93_Czechoslovak_People's_Party), which criticized Masaryk.[4] As a result of Marmaggi's departure, Czechoslovakia cut diplomatic ties with the Holy See.[4]

Marmaggi then served as Nuncio to [Poland](/source/Second_Republic_of_Poland) from 1928 until he was made [Cardinal-Priest](/source/Cardinal-Priest) of Santa Cecilia in the [consistory](/source/Papal_consistory) of 16 December 1935 by Pius XI. Two years later, alongside Cardinals Maglione, [Pietro Boetto](/source/Pietro_Boetto), [Nicola Canali](/source/Nicola_Canali), [Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano](/source/Mario_Nasalli_Rocca_di_Corneliano), [Alberto di Jorio](/source/Alberto_di_Jorio), [Giovanni Mercati](/source/Giovanni_Mercati), [Raffaele Rossi](/source/Raffaele_Rossi), [Carlo Salotti](/source/Carlo_Salotti), [Federico Tedeschini](/source/Federico_Tedeschini) and [Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent_Tisserant), he sat on a papal commission analyzing the situation created by the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) and its implications for [Roman Catholic clergy](/source/Roman_Catholicism_in_Spain) in [Spain](/source/Spain).[6] The body was created because Pope Pius was alarmed by [Nationalist](/source/Spain_under_Franco) leader [Francisco Franco](/source/Francisco_Franco)'s decision to overturn [Republican](/source/Second_Spanish_Republic) reforms at a time when the zone controlled by Nationalist forces was much smaller than the Republican area.[6]

Marmaggi participated in the [conclave of 1939](/source/Papal_conclave%2C_1939) that elected [Pius XII](/source/Pope_Pius_XII). He left Poland in March 1939, when he was appointed cardinal and Prefect of the [Congregation of the Council](/source/Congregation_for_the_Clergy). Reportedly, he wanted his successor in Poland to be [Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli](/source/Pope_John_XXIII), the Nuncio to Turkey and Greece and future Pope John XXIII.[7]

Marmaggi was Prefect until his death in 1949. A street in Rome was named in his honor "Via Cardinale Marmaggi".

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** (in Romanian) Dumitru Preda, Marius Bucur, ["România - Vatican. 80 ani de relaţii diplomatice"](http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi56.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050951/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi56.htm) October 10, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), in *[Magazin Istoric](/source/Magazin_Istoric)*, May 2000

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pontieri711_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pontieri711_2-1) Ernesto Pontieri, *Storia universale*, Vol.7 (Part 11), Francesco Vallardi, Milan, 1959, p.81

1. **[^](#cite_ref-timerender_3-0)** "Rendering unto Prague", in *[Time](/source/Time_(magazine))*, February 13, 1928

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-kitchenwars_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-kitchenwars_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-kitchenwars_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-kitchenwars_4-3) Martin Kitchen, *Europe Between the Wars*, [Pearson](/source/Pearson_Education)/[Longman](/source/Longman), London, 2006, p.207. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-582-89414-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-89414-X)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rotshece_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rotshece_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-rotshece_5-2) Joseph Rothschild, *East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars*, [University of Washington Press](/source/University_of_Washington_Press), Seattle, 1992, p.107-108. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-295-95357-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95357-8)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-redondo_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-redondo_6-1) Gonzalo Redondo, *Historia de la Iglesia en España, 1931-1939*, Ediciones Rialp, Madrid, 1993, p.291. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [84-321-3016-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-321-3016-8)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Peter Hebblethwaite](/source/Peter_Hebblethwaite), *Pope John XXIII, Shepherd of the Modern World*, [Doubleday](/source/Doubleday_(publisher)), New York, 1985, p.150

Catholic Church titles Preceded by Filippo Giustini Prefect of the Congregation of the Council 14 March 1939 – 3 November 1949 Succeeded by Domenico Jorio

v t e Cardinals created by Pius XI 1922 Locatelli Bonzano Reig y Casanova Charost Tosi Touchet Mori Ehrle 1923 V Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano Sincero XII Lucidi Galli 1924 Mundelein Hayes 1925 III Illundáin y Esteban Casanova y Marzol XII Cerretti Gasparri O'Donnell Verde 1926 VI Capotosti Perosi XII Lauri Gamba 1927 VI van Roey Hlond XII Lépicier Rouleau Segura y Sáenz Binet Serédi 1929 VI Schuster XII Gonçalves Cerejeira Pacelli Lavitrano Minoretti MacRory Verdier 1930 da Silveira Cintra Marchetti Selvaggiani Rossi Serafini Liénart 1933 Dolci Fumasoni Biondi Fossati Villeneuve Dalla Costa Innitzer Tedeschini Salloti 1935 Tappouni Sibilia Marmaggi Maglione Cremonesi Baudrillart Suhard Kašpar Copello Gomá y Tomás Caccia Dominioni Canali Jorio Lapuma Cattani Amadori Massimi Mariani Boetto 1936 Mercati Tisserant 1937 Piazza Pellegrinetti Hinsley Pizzardo Gerlier Catholic Church portal

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography)
- [Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism)
- [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy)

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND National France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Poland Vatican

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