# Fran Christina

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American drummer

Fran Christina Born Francis Anthony Christina (1951-02-01) February 1, 1951 (age 75) Westerly, Rhode Island, US Genres Blues, blues rock, western swing, jump blues, R&B Occupations Musician, Producer, Printer Instruments Drums, Vocals Years active 1963-present Labels Chrysalis, Epic, Sony, Columbia Formerly of Roomful of Blues, The Fabulous Thunderbirds

Musical artist

**Francis Anthony Christina** (born February 1, 1951) is an American drummer known for his work in Texas blues band [the Fabulous Thunderbirds](/source/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds) (1979–97). He was also the founding drummer of [Roomful of Blues](/source/Roomful_of_Blues) (1967–1971).[1][2]

## Early life

Christina was born in [Westerly, Rhode Island](/source/Westerly%2C_Rhode_Island), United States. He is the third of seven children born to James Christina and Josephine Trebisacci in an Italian-American Catholic family. As a boy, he would sneak into the local [Black Baptist](/source/Black_Baptist_church) church to listen to the music there. At the age of 10, he improvised as a drummer for his brother's [garage band](/source/Garage_band). At age 12, Christina was given his first real set of drums.[3] He taught himself music, then formed a band and began to perform at venues including a [bowling alley](/source/Bowling_alley) lounge and a [strip club](/source/Strip_club).[1][2]

## Career

**Roomful of Blues**

In 1967, Christina along with [Duke Robillard](/source/Duke_Robillard), [Al Copley](/source/Al_Copley) and Larry Peduzzi formed the blues band, [Roomful of Blues](/source/Roomful_of_Blues).[4] The quartet eventually became an R&B/jump blues band.[4]

**The Boogie Brothers**

Following Roomful of Blues in 1971, Christina joined with his former associates, including guitarist/ vocalist [Johnny Nicholas](/source/Johnny_Nicholas), harmonica [Steve Nardella](/source/Steve_Nardella), and bass player Sarah Brown, and formed the Boogie Brothers in 1971, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Except for Sarah Brown, all the members were previously part of a group named Black Cat. They became the house band at [The Blind Pig](/source/Blind_Pig_(venue)), where they were a backing/touring band for various blues artists, including Johnny Shines, Big Walter "Shakey" Horton, Boogie Woogie Red, Mississippi Fred McDowell, Billy Boy Arnold, and others.[5] in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

In 1971 and 1972, Christina and the Boogie Brothers performed at the [Ann Arbor Blues and Jazz Festival](/source/Ann_Arbor_Blues_and_Jazz_Festival).[5][6]

**The Rhythm Rockers, Vipers, and others**

In 1972, Christina toured with Johnny Nicholas and Brown as the Rhythm Rockers, backing [Big Walter Horton](/source/Big_Walter_Horton), and in the following year, he formed The Vipers. He then became a drummer for the multi-Grammy award-winning western swing band [Asleep at the Wheel](/source/Asleep_at_the_Wheel) and later toured the US with [Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen](/source/Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen) and [The Fabulous Thunderbirds](/source/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds). Christina performed on two albums with the band Asleep at the Wheel. In 1983 Christina performed on [Carlos Santana](/source/Carlos_Santana)'s *[Havana Moon](/source/Havana_Moon)* album. In 1984 he recorded with [Stevie Ray Vaughan](/source/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan) on the multi-platinum album *[Couldn't Stand the Weather](/source/Couldn't_Stand_the_Weather)* and in 1988 he performed with [Bonnie Raitt](/source/Bonnie_Raitt) on the Grammy Award-winning *[Nick of Time](/source/Nick_of_Time_(album))* album.[7] He then toured the US with [Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen](/source/Commander_Cody_and_His_Lost_Planet_Airmen) and [The Fabulous Thunderbirds](/source/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds). Christina was the drummer for the western swing band [Asleep at the Wheel](/source/Asleep_at_the_Wheel).

**The Fabulous Thunderbirds**

In 1979, he officially became a member of an Austin Blues band The Fabulous Thunderbirds.[8][9][10][11] Other than Christina on drums, the band included Jimmie Vaughan on guitar, Kim Wilson on vocals and harmonica, and Keith Ferguson on bass. After joining the band full-time, Christina performed with the band's second release *What's the Word* for the Chrysalis label. He then performed on several albums with the band.[12][8]

The band's 1986 album *Tuff Enuff*[13] was commercially successful and was certified platinum. They were nominated for two Grammys in 1987. Several artists invited them to open shows including The Rolling Stones, ZZ Top, Tom Petty, The Doobie Brothers, The Who, REO Speedwagon, B.B. King, The Eurythmics, Bob Seeger and Crosby, Stills & Nash. Christina was a member of the band until he left in 1996. During his time with the Fabulous Thunderbirds, the band won the W. C. Handy Band of the Year award in 1986, was nominated for two Grammys in 1987, and their songs were selected as soundtracks for numerous movies[14] and Christina departed in 1996.[15]

**Post-Thunderbirds career**

Christina played with blues singer and pianist [Marcia Ball](/source/Marcia_Ball) and [Doug Sahm](/source/Doug_Sahm)’s Last Real Texas Blues Band before retiring from the road in 1999.[16] In 2021 and 2022m Christina worked on a [Matt "Guitar" Murphy](/source/Matt_%22Guitar%22_Murphy) tribute album project with his brother, fellow drummer Bobby Christina. Christina performed on the album and produced several cuts.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Since 1995, Christina has been producing intaglio etchings for his wife, artist [Julie Speed](/source/Julie_Speed).[17]

In 2023, he performed on [Al Staehely](/source/Al_Staehely)'s *Somewhere In West Texas*.

## Citations and awards

Year Nominee/Work Category Award Result 1981 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Best Blues/Soul Buddy Won 1981 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Band of the Year[18] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1981 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Best Blues Band[19] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1982 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Band of the Year[20] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1982 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Best Blues Band[21] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1982 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Hall of Fame[22] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Band of the Year[23] W. C. Handy Won 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds "Down at Antones" Best Rock Instrumental[24] Grammy Nominated 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds "Tuff Enough" Best Rock Vocal[24] Grammy Nominated 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Band of the Year[25] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 1990 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Band of the Decade[26] Austin Chronicle Music Awards Won 2012 Roomful of Blues Hall of Fame[27] Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame Won

## Discography

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ALBUMS (** PLATINUM *** MULTI-PLATINUM ) The Fabulous Thunderbirds Title Label Year The Fabulous Thunderbirds What's the Word Chrysalis 1980 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Butt Rockin’ Chrysalis 1981 The Fabulous Thunderbirds T-Bird Rhythm Chrysalis 1982 The Fabulous Thunderbirds ** Tuff Enuff CBS Associated 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Hot Number Epic 1988 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Powerful Stuff Epic 1989 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Walk That Walk Epic 1991 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Roll of the Dice Private Music 1995 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Girls Go Wild (CD reissue of 1979 album with 3 bonus tracks that feature Fran) Benchmark 2000

Band Member Title Label Year Bobo Jenkins Just a Fool in Love Again Big Star 1972 Boogie Woogie Red Live at the Bling Pig Blind Pig 1973 Boogie Woogie Red Red Hot Blind Pig 1977 Johnny Shines, Big Walter Horton, The Boogie Brothers Ann Arbor Jazz & Blues Fest Atlantic 1977 Asleep at the Wheel Served Live Atlantic 1978 Asleep at the Wheel Framed Atlantic 1980 The Fabulous Thunderbirds King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents KBFH Records 1987 Big Walter Horton Live at the El Mocambo Red Lightnin’ 1991 Big Walter Horton Ann Arbor Jazz & Blues Fest #4 Sequel 1996 Marcia Ball Let Me Play With Your Poodle Rounder 1997 Al Copley Good Understanding Bullseye 1997 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Martin Scorsese Presents Hip-O 2003 Doug Sahm Live in Stockholm Dougalive1 2012

Guest Title Label Year Carlos Santana Havana Moon Columbia 1983 Stevie Ray Vaughan *** Couldn’t Stand the Weather Epic 1984 Denny Freeman Blues Cruise Amazing 1986 Lou Ann Barton Read My Lips Antone's 1987 Ron Levy Wild Kingdom Black Top 1987 Bonnie Raitt *** Nick of Time Capitol 1988 Dunn Packer Band Love Against the Wall Tramp Records 1990 Kim Wilson Tigerman Antone's 1993 W.C. Clark Heart of Gold Black Top 1994 Kim Wilson That's Life Antone's 1995 Sarah Brown Sayin' What I'm Thinkin' Blind Pig 1996 Pat Boyack and the Prowlers Super Blue and Funky Bullseye 1997 The Radio Kings Money Road Bullseye 1998 Knickerbocker All-Stars Open Mike at the Knick JP Cadillac 2016 Lou Ann Barton The Best Rockbeat 2016

SINGLES Title Label Year The Vipers “Buzzard Luck”/"Huron River Drive" Debut launch of Blind Pig 1973 Asleep at the Wheel “Choo Choo Ch'Boogie” Capitol 1979 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Sugar Coated Love” Chrysalis 1980 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White” Chrysalis 1981 Carlos Santana “Havana Moon” Columbia 1983 Junior Brown “Too Many Nights in the Roadhouse” Dynamic 1984 Denny Freeman “Out of Control” V-8 Records 1984 Sarah Brown “Four Hours Sleep” V-8 Records 1985 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Wrap it Up” Sonet; CBS 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Tuff Enuff” Sonet 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “How Do You Spell Love?” CBS 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Why Get Up?” CBS 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Stand Back” CBS 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “The Crawl” Chrysalis 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Powerful Stuff” Elektra 1988

Band Title Label Year Jimmie Vaughan w/Thunderbirds The Jimmie Vaughan Story Last 2021 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Austin R&B Xmas Austin; Epic 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Antone’s Anthology, Vol. 2 Antone's 1991 The Fabulous Thunderbirds The Essential EMI/Capitol 1991 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Hot Stuff: Greatest Hits Epic 1992 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Blues Masters Rhino 1992 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Wrap It Up Sony BMG 1993 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Butt Rockin'/T-Bird Rhythm Beat Goes On (BGO) 1996 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Different Tacos Country Town 1996 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Best of Fabulous Thunderbirds Chrysalis 1997 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Tuff Enuff/Powerful Stuff Sony 1999 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Gold & Platinum Hits '80s Realm Records 2001 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Tacos Deluxe Benchmark 2003 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Collection Disky 2004 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Tuff Enuff/Hot Number Acadia 2007 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Pure America Sony 2011 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Early Bird Special: The Best of the Fabulous Thunderbirds Benchmark 2011 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Pure Guitar Legends Sony 2012 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Powerful Stuff/Walk That Walk Floating World 2013 The Fabulous Thunderbirds The Bad and the Best of Repertoire 2013 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Tuff Enuff/Hot Number/Roll of the Dice Floating World 2014 The Fabulous Thunderbirds Portfolio EMI 1987

Producer/Executive Producer (EP) Title Label Year Denny Freeman Blues Cruise Amazing 1986 Fabulous Thunderbirds (EP) Tuff Enuff CBS/SONY 1986 Fabulous Thunderbirds (EP) Powerful Stuff CBS/SONY 1989 Fabulous Thunderbirds (EP) Walk That Walk CBS/SONY 1991 Sarah Brown Sayin' What I’m Thinkin' Blind Pig 1996

SOUNDTRACKS Film/TV Show Song Performed With Year Roadie “Texas Me & You” Asleep at the Wheel 1979 Wanda Nevada “Behind Shadowed Walls” Asleep at the Wheel 1979 Tex “Incidental” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1982 Tough Guys “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1986 The Naked Cage “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1986 Gung Ho “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1986 My Cousin Vinny “Way Down South” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1987 Porky's Revenge Stagger Lee The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1985 Live from London The Fabulous Thunderbirds The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1985 Don't Mess With Texas “Don’t Mess With Texas” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1987 Light of Day (appears in) “Twisted Off” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1987 Bull Durham “Can’t Tear it up Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1988 *** Cocktail “Powerful Stuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1988 Great Balls of Fire “Great Balls of Fire” Jerry Lee Lewis, Dennis Quaid, Jimmie Vaughan, John Doe 1989 The Preppie Murders “Wrap It Up” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1989 Ricochet “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1991 Married With Children “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 1992 The Game Plan “Tuff Enuff” The Fabulous Thunderbirds 2007

Video Band Song Year Lucky Oceans “Deep Water” 1978 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “How Do You Spell Love” 1980 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Can’t Tear It Up Enough” 1980 The Fabulous Thunderbirds "I Believe I'm in Love With You" 1981 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Live From London” 1985 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Tuff Enuff” 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Wrap It Up” 1986 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “How do You Spell Love” ver.2 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Stand Back” 1987 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Powerful Stuff” 1988 The Fabulous Thunderbirds “Knock Yourself Out” 1989 Denis Quaid, Jimmie Vaughan, John Doe “Great Balls of Fire” 1989

### Equipment

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Drums: [Slingerland](/source/Slingerland_Drum_Company) Radio King, [Pearl](/source/Pearl_Drums) Custom, Christina Custom Card, [Premiere](/source/Premier_Percussion), [Tama](/source/Tama_Drums)

Snare: 6 ½ + 8 1/2 x12

Rack: 9 x 14

Floor Tom: 16 x 16

Cymbals: [Sabian](/source/Sabian_Cymbals) 22”ride, 18” crash, K [Zildjian](/source/Avedis_Zildjian_Company) 16” crash

## See also

- [Blues Musicians](/source/List_of_blues_musicians#F1)

- [Music of Austin, Texas](/source/Music_of_Austin%2C_Texas)

- [Music of Texas](/source/Music_of_Texas)

- [Texas Blues](/source/Texas_blues)

- [Western Swing](/source/Western_swing)

- [List of Texas Blues Musicians](/source/List_of_Texas_blues_musicians#F)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto1_1-1) Chip Stern (5 January 2018). ["Fran Christina's T-Bird Rhythms"](https://www.moderndrummer.com/article/august-1983-fran-christinas-t-bird-rhythms/). *Moderndrummer.com*. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_2-1) *Sound Waves* Interview with Fran Christina (volume 32, issue 12, December 2022)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Cooper, Carrie B. (16 October 1986). "Nightstage: The Fabulous Thunderbirds". *Westerly Sun*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) Komara, Edward (2005). *Encyclopedia of the Blues*. New York: Routledge. p. 847. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0415926997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415926997).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_5-1) Komara, Edward (2006). *Encyclopedia of the Blues*. New York: Routledge. p. 718. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0415926997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415926997).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Various - Ann Arbor Blues & Jazz Festival 1972"](https://www.discogs.com/release/11079573-Various-Ann-Arbor-Blues-Jazz-Festival-1972). *Discogs.com*. Retrieved 2022-07-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Komora, Edward (2005). *Encyclopedia of the Blues*. New York: Routledge. pp. xxx. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0415926997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415926997).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto2_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto2_8-1) Fricke, David (14 August 1986). ["The Fabulous Thunderbirds: 'Tuff' Luck"](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/the-fabulous-thunderbirds-tuff-luck-70451/). *Rollingstone.com*. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Davis, John T. (November 1981). "Flying High With The Fabulous Thunderbirds: When Nothing Will Do But a Hot Bowl of the Blues". *Third Coast*: 28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Birnbaum, Larry (September 1986). "Born Near the Bayou". *Guitar World*: 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Stern, Chip (August 1983). ["Fran Christina's T-Bird Rhythms"](https://www.moderndrummer.com/article/august-1983-fran-christinas-t-bird-rhythms-2/). *Modern Drummer*: 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** *Rolling Stone* September 1980 feature article

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Barol, Bill (5 May 1986). "T-Birds in the Fast Lane". *Newsweek*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fabthun_14-0)** ["Fabulous Thunderbirds"](https://www.grammy.com/artists/fabulous-thunderbirds/8366). *Recording Academy Grammy Awards*. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["TSHA | Fabulous Thunderbirds"](https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/fabulous-thunderbirds#:~:text=In%20that%20same%20year%20the,expanded%20the%20band%27s%20fan%20base.). *Tshaonline.org*. Retrieved 2022-07-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Northeast Scene"](https://jstor.org/stable/community.32630489). *Scene Entertainment Weekly*. **28** (27). July 1997. Retrieved 30 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Smith, Mark Lesly (2016). *Flatbed Press at 25*. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 205–206. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1477310083](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477310083).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Austin Music Awards 1981-1982 › BEST PERFORMING BANDS - Best Blues"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1981/category:best-performing-bands/). *The Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Austin Music Awards 1981-1982 › BEST PERFORMING BANDS - Best Blues"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1981/category:best-performing-bands/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Austin Music Awards 1982-1983 › BEST OF THE YEAR - Band of the Year"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1982/category:best-of-the-year/305925/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Austin Music Awards 1982-83 - Best Performing Band - Best Blues"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1982/category:best-performing-bands/303713/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Austin Music Awards - 1982-83 - Hall of Fame"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1982/category:hall-of-fame/305903/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Mazak, Grant (July 26, 2020). ["Fabulous Thunderbirds"](https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/fabulous-thunderbirds#:~:text=In%20that%20same%20year%20the,expanded%20the%20band's%20fan%20base.). *TSHA | Texas State Historical Association*. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_24-1) Recording Academy Grammy Awards (November 11, 2022). ["Fabulous Thunderbirds - 29th Annual Grammy Awards"](https://www.grammy.com/artists/fabulous-thunderbirds/8366). *Recording Academy Grammy Awards*. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Austin Music Awards - 1986-1987 › BEST OF THE YEAR - Band of the Year"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1986/category:best-of-the-year/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Austin Music Awards 1989-1990 Best Performing Band - Band of the Decade"](https://www.austinchronicle.com/austin-music-awards/year:1989/category:best-performing-bands/435033/). *Austin Chronicle*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["The Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame Inaugural Class 2012"](http://www.rhodeislandmusichalloffame.com/inductees2012.htm). *Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame*. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.

## External links

- List of Fran Christina credits on IMDb [Fran Christina | Actor, Soundtrack](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0160396/)

- List of Fran Christina credits on AllMusic.com [Fran Christina Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More](https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fran-christina-mn0000186415)

- Online Interview with Fran Christina on KRTS, July 2021 [Mixcloud](https://www.mixcloud.com/DocCactus/7-12-2021-blue-monday-show-marfa-public-radio-interview-with-fran-christina/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fran Christina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Christina) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Christina?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.