# Fox Film > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fox_Film > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fox_Film.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film > Source revision: 1353538806 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|American film production company (1915–1935)}} {{about|the defunct film studio|its extant successor|20th Century Studios|the current company|Fox Corporation}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}} {{Use American English|date=December 2023}} {{infobox company | name = Fox Film Corporation | logo = Fox_Film.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | logo_caption = Final logo, used from 1931 to 1935 | industry = [Film](/source/film_industry) | predecessors = {{unbulleted list|Greater New York Film Rental Company|Box Office Attraction Company}} | fate = Merged with [Twentieth Century Pictures](/source/Twentieth_Century_Pictures) to form [20th Century-Fox](/source/20th_Century-Fox) | successor = 20th Century-Fox | founded = {{start date and age|1915|2|1}} in [Fort Lee, New Jersey](/source/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey) | founder = [William Fox](/source/William_Fox_(producer)) | defunct = {{end date and age|1935|05|31}} | subsidiaries = {{unbulleted list|Fox-Case Corporation|Fox Movietone Corporation|Sunshine Comedy}} }} The '''Fox Film Corporation''' (also known as '''Fox Studios''') was an American [independent company](/source/independent_company) that produced motion pictures and was formed in 1915 by the theater "chain" pioneer [William Fox](/source/William_Fox_(producer)). It was the corporate successor to his earlier Greater New York Film Rental Company and Box Office Attraction Company (founded 1913). The company's first film studios were set up in [Fort Lee, New Jersey](/source/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey), but in 1917, William Fox sent [Sol M. Wurtzel](/source/Sol_M._Wurtzel) to [Hollywood, California](/source/Hollywood%2C_California), to oversee the studio's new [West Coast](/source/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) production facilities, where the climate was more hospitable for filmmaking. On July 23, 1926, Fox Studios bought the [patent](/source/patent)s of the [Movietone sound system](/source/Movietone_sound_system) for recording sound onto [film](/source/film).Raymond Fielding, ''The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911-1967'' (McFarland & Company, 2006) p.102 ISBN 9780786426348 After the [Wall Street crash of 1929](/source/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929), William Fox lost control of the company in 1930, during a [hostile takeover](/source/hostile_takeover). Under new president Sidney R. Kent, the new owners merged the company with [Twentieth Century Pictures](/source/Twentieth_Century_Pictures) to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation (later [20th Century Studios](/source/20th_Century_Studios)) in 1935. ==History== ===Background=== [[File:William Fox 1921.jpg|thumb|Founder [William Fox](/source/William_Fox_(producer))]] [William Fox](/source/William_Fox_(producer)) entered the film industry in 1904 when he purchased a one-third share of a [Brooklyn](/source/Brooklyn) [nickelodeon](/source/nickelodeon_(movie_theater)) for $1,667.{{efn|${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1667|1904}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars}}{{sfn|Solomon|2014|pp=10–11}} He reinvested his profits from that initial location, expanding to fifteen similar venues in the city, and purchasing [prints](/source/film_print) from the major studios of the time: [Biograph](/source/Biograph_Studios), [Essanay](/source/Essanay), [Kalem](/source/Kalem), [Lubin](/source/Lubin_Manufacturing_Company), [Pathé](/source/Path%C3%A9), [Selig](/source/Selig_Polyscope_Company), and [Vitagraph](/source/Vitagraph).{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=11}} After experiencing further success presenting live [vaudeville](/source/vaudeville) routines along with motion pictures, he expanded into larger venues beginning with his purchase of the disused Gaiety theater,{{efn|Unrelated to the [Broadway theatre](/source/Broadway_theatre) operating at the same time, also called the [Gaiety](/source/Embassy_Five_Theatre)}} and continuing with acquisitions throughout New York City and New Jersey, including the [Academy of Music](/source/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)).{{sfn|Solomon|2014|pp=11–12}} Fox invested further in the film industry by founding the Greater New York Film Rental Company as a [film distributor](/source/film_distributor).{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=12}} The major film studios responded by forming the [Motion Picture Patents Company](/source/Motion_Picture_Patents_Company) in 1908 and the [General Film Company](/source/General_Film_Company) in 1910, in an effort to create a [monopoly](/source/monopoly) on the creation and distribution of motion pictures. Fox refused to sell out to the monopoly, and sued under the [Sherman Antitrust Act](/source/Sherman_Antitrust_Act), eventually receiving a $370,000{{efn|${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|370000|1913}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars}} settlement, and ending restrictions on the length of films and the prices that could be paid for screenplays.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=12}} {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400|align=right |image1= William_Fox_(1914).png |image2=Fox_Film_(1914).png |footer= Fox Film Corporation movie title card}} In 1914, reflecting the broader scope of his business, he renamed it the Box Office Attraction Company.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=13}} He entered into a contract with the [Balboa Amusement Producing Company](/source/Balboa_Amusement_Producing_Company) film studio, purchasing all of their films for showing in his [New York area](/source/New_York_metropolitan_area) theaters and renting the prints to other exhibitors nationwide.{{sfn|Slide|2001|pp=26–27}} He also continued to distribute material from other sources, such as [Winsor McCay](/source/Winsor_McCay)'s early animated film ''[Gertie the Dinosaur](/source/Gertie_the_Dinosaur)''.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=182}}{{sfn|Crafton|1993|p=112}} Later that year, Fox concluded that it was unwise to be so dependent on other companies, so he purchased the [Éclair](/source/%C3%89clair_(company)) studio facilities in [Fort Lee, New Jersey](/source/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey), along with property in [Staten Island](/source/Staten_Island),{{sfn|Golden|1996|p=30}}{{sfn|Shepherd|2013|p=197}} and arranged for actors and crew. The company became a [film studio](/source/film_studio), using the name Box Office Attraction Company; its first release was ''[Life's Shop Window](/source/Life's_Shop_Window)''.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|pp=14, 227}} ===Fox Film Corporation=== [[File:Fox-Stage-1918-1.jpg|thumb|This large stage at the Fox Studio on North Western Avenue was used as the men's dressing room when more than 2,000 people were needed for the Jerusalem street scenes in [Theda Bara](/source/Theda_Bara)'s ''[Salomé](/source/Salom%C3%A9_(1918_film))'' (1918)]] [[File:The Heart Snatcher - Roy Del Ruth - 1920, Fox Film Corporation - EYE FLM6884 - OB 685715.ogv|thumb|Silent film ''The Heart Snatcher'' (1920) directed by [Roy Del Ruth](/source/Roy_Del_Ruth) for Fox Film Corporation.]] Always more of an entrepreneur than a showman, Fox concentrated on acquiring and building theaters; pictures were secondary. The company's first film studios were set up in [Fort Lee](/source/Fort_Lee%2C_New_Jersey) where it and many other early [film studio](/source/film_studio)s in [America's first motion picture industry](/source/America's_first_motion_picture_industry) were based at the beginning of the 20th century. That same year, in 1914, Fox Film began making motion pictures in California, and in 1915 decided to build its own permanent studio. The company leased the Los Angeles [Edendale](/source/Edendale%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California) studio of the [Selig Polyscope Company](/source/Selig_Polyscope_Company) until its own studio, located at Western Avenue and Sunset Boulevard, was completed in 1916.{{cite book |last=Slide |first=Anthony |date=1998 |title=The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Scarecrow Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newhistoricaldic00slid/page/78 78–79] |isbn=0-8108-3426-X |author-link=Anthony Slide |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoricaldic00slid/page/78 }} In 1917, William Fox sent [Sol M. Wurtzel](/source/Sol_M._Wurtzel) to Hollywood to oversee the studio's [West Coast](/source/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) production facilities where a more hospitable and cost-effective climate existed for filmmaking. Between 1915 and 1919, Fox Films earned millions of dollars through films featuring [Theda Bara](/source/Theda_Bara), known as "The Vamp" due to her unique ability to display exoticism.{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/theda-bara|title=Theda Bara (1885-1955)|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=April 21, 2021}} Fox also produced 85 films featuring lead Western actor [Tom Mix](/source/Tom_Mix), who joined Fox in 1917. The popularity of Mix's Western films earned Fox large sums of money, and he eventually was paid $17,000 per week.{{cite web|url=https://www.tommixmuseum.com/about-tom|title=Tom Mix|publisher=Tom Mix Museum|accessdate=February 2, 2025}} With the introduction of sound technology, Fox moved to acquire the rights to a [sound-on-film](/source/sound-on-film) process. In the years 1925–26, Fox purchased the rights to the work of [Freeman Harrison Owens](/source/Freeman_Harrison_Owens), the U.S. rights to the [Tri-Ergon](/source/Tri-Ergon) system invented by three German inventors, and the work of [Theodore Case](/source/Theodore_Case). This resulted in the [Movietone sound system](/source/Movietone_sound_system) later known as "Fox Movietone" developed at the [Movietone Studio](/source/Movietone_Studio). Later that year, the company began offering films with a music-and-effects track, and the following year Fox began the weekly ''[Fox Movietone News](/source/Fox_Movietone_News)'' feature, that ran until 1963. The growing company needed space, and in 1926 Fox acquired 300 acres (1.2 km2) in the open country west of Beverly Hills and built "Movietone City", the best-equipped studio of its time. Because William Fox opted to remain in New York, much of the Hollywood filmmaking at the Fox Film Corporation was instead managed by Fox's movie makers.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-william-fox-the-man-who-made-the-movies-1512770853|title=Review: William Fox, 'The Man Who Made the Movies'|first=Scott|last=Eyman|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=December 8, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2021}} [Janet Gaynor](/source/Janet_Gaynor) would also become one of the company's most prominent stars by the late 1920s. ===Decline=== When rival [Marcus Loew](/source/Marcus_Loew) died in 1927, Fox offered to buy the Loew family's holdings. Loew's Inc. controlled more than 200 theaters, as well as the [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](/source/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) film studio. The Loew family agreed to the sale, and the merger of Fox and Loew's Inc. was announced in 1929. However, MGM studio bosses [Louis B. Mayer](/source/Louis_B._Mayer) and [Irving Thalberg](/source/Irving_Thalberg) were not included in the deal; despite their status at MGM, they were only employees. Mayer and Thalberg fought back with their powerful political connections. Mayer called upon the [Justice Department](/source/United_States_Department_of_Justice)'s [antitrust](/source/antitrust) unit to delay giving final approval to the merger. William Fox was badly injured in a car crash in the summer of 1929, and by the time he recovered, he had lost most of his fortune in the [stock market crash of 1929](/source/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929), ending any chance of the Fox/Loew's merger being approved, even without the Justice Department's objections. Overextended and close to bankruptcy, Fox was stripped of his empire in 1930{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-et-disney-fox-fox-oral-history-20190308-htmlstory.html|title=Fox oral history: Inside the legendary studio at the end of its run|newspaper=[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)|first1=Stacy |last1=Perman|first2=Meg |last2=James |first3=Ryan|last3=Faughnder|date=March 8, 2019|access-date=11 March 2019}} and later ended up in jail on [bribery](/source/bribery) and perjury charges. Fox Film, with more than 500 theatres, was placed in receivership. A bank-mandated reorganization propped the company up for a time, but it soon became apparent that despite its size, Fox could not stand on its own. William Fox resented the way he was forced out of his company and portrayed it as an active conspiracy against him in the 1933 book ''[Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox](/source/Upton_Sinclair_Presents_William_Fox)''. ===Merger=== {{main|20th Century Studios#History}} Under new president Sidney Kent, the new owners began negotiating with the upstart, but powerful independent [Twentieth Century Pictures](/source/Twentieth_Century_Pictures) in the early spring of 1935. Twentieth Century had begun in the [Samuel Goldwyn Studios](/source/Samuel_Goldwyn_Studios) in 1932 under founders [Joseph Schenck](/source/Joseph_Schenck) and [Darryl F. Zanuck](/source/Darryl_F._Zanuck). The two companies merged that spring of 1935 and became Twentieth Century-Fox. The company was purchased by [News Corporation](/source/News_Corporation) in 1985, becoming "[20th Century Fox](/source/20th_Century_Fox)" without the hyphen, and in 2019 was acquired by [The Walt Disney Company](/source/The_Walt_Disney_Company) as part of Disney's [purchase of 20th Century Fox's owner](/source/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney) and was renamed 20th Century Studios in 2020. For many years, 20th Century-Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915; for instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, marking its 75th rather than 95th anniversary in 2010.{{cite web |title=The Formation of Twentieth Century-Fox |url=http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/zanuck-schenck.htm |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=Cobbles |location=United States}} ==Products== ===Feature films=== {{main|List of Fox Film films}} A [1937 fire](/source/1937_Fox_vault_fire) in a Fox film storage facility destroyed over 40,000 reels of [negatives](/source/negative_(film)) and prints, including the best-quality copies of every Fox feature produced prior to 1932; although copies located elsewhere allowed many to survive in some form, over 75% of Fox's feature films from before 1930 are completely [lost](/source/lost_film).{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=1}} ===Newsreels=== thumb|Title card from a 1935 ''Fox Movietone News'' newsreel In 1919, Fox began a series of silent [newsreel](/source/newsreel)s, competing with existing series such as ''[Hearst Metrotone News](/source/Hearst_Metrotone_News)'', ''[International Newsreel](/source/Universal_Newsreel)'', and ''[Pathé News](/source/Path%C3%A9_News)''. ''[Fox News](/source/Fox_News_(1919%E2%80%931930))'' premiered on October 11, 1919, with subsequent issues released on the Wednesday and Sunday of each week. ''Fox News'' gained an advantage over its more established competitors when President [Woodrow Wilson](/source/Woodrow_Wilson) endorsed the newsreel in a letter, in what may have been the first time an American president commented on a film.{{sfn|Fielding|2011|p=60}} In subsequent years, ''Fox News'' remained one of the major names in the newsreel industry by providing often-exclusive coverage of major international events, including reporting on [Pancho Villa](/source/Pancho_Villa), the airship ''[Roma](/source/Roma_(airship))'', the [Ku Klux Klan](/source/Ku_Klux_Klan), and a 1922 eruption of [Mount Vesuvius](/source/Mount_Vesuvius).{{sfn|Fielding|2011|p=61}} The silent newsreel series continued until 1930. In 1926, a subsidiary, Fox Movietone Corporation, was created, tasked with producing newsreels using Fox's recently acquired sound-on-film technology. The first of these newsreels debuted on January 21, 1927. Four months later, the May 25 release of a sound recording of [Charles Lindbergh](/source/Charles_Lindbergh)'s departure on his [transatlantic flight](/source/transatlantic_flight) was described by film historian Raymond Fielding as the "first sound news film of consequence".{{sfn|Fielding|2011|pp=102–104}} ''[Movietone News](/source/Movietone_News)'' was launched as a regular newsreel feature December 3 of that year.{{sfn|Fielding|2011|p=105}} Production of the series continued after the merger with Twentieth Century Pictures, until 1963, and continued to serve 20th Century Fox after that, as a source for film industry stock footage. Unlike Fox's early feature films, the ''Fox News'' and ''Fox Movietone News'' libraries have largely survived. The earlier series and some parts of its sound successor are now held by the [University of South Carolina](/source/University_of_South_Carolina), with the remaining ''Fox Movietone News'' still held by the company. ===Serials=== Fox Film briefly experimented with [serial film](/source/serial_film)s, releasing the 15-episode ''[Bride 13](/source/Bride_13)'' and the 20-episode ''[Fantômas](/source/Fant%C3%B4mas_(1920_serial))'' in 1920. William Fox was unwilling to compromise on production quality in order to make serials profitable, however, and none were produced subsequently.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=57}} ===Short films=== Hundreds of one- and two-reel [short films](/source/short_films) of various types were also produced by Fox. Beginning in 1916,{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=23}} the [Sunshine Comedy](/source/Sunshine_Comedy) division created two-reel [comedy](/source/comedy_film) shorts. Many of these, beginning with 1917's ''[Roaring Lions and Wedding Bliss](/source/Roaring_Lions_and_Wedding_Bliss)'', starring [Lloyd Hamilton](/source/Lloyd_Hamilton), were [slapstick](/source/slapstick), intended to compete with [Mack Sennett](/source/Mack_Sennett)'s popular offerings.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|pp=30–31}} Sunshine releases continued until the introduction of sound.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|pp=49–50}} Other short film series included ''Imperial Comedies'', ''Van Bibber Comedies'' (with [Earle Foxe](/source/Earle_Foxe)), ''O'Henry'', ''Married Life of Helen and Warren'', and ''Fox Varieties''.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=71}} Fox's expansion into Spanish-language films in the early 1930s also included shorts.{{sfn|Solomon|2014|p=145}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|refs= {{Cite web |title=Studios and Films |publisher=Fort Lee Film Commission |url=http://www.fortleefilm.org/studios.html |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020130551/http://fortleefilm.org/studios.html |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |url-status=dead }} {{Cite book |author=Fort Lee Film Commission |title=Fort Lee Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViR3b72xkK0C |isbn=0-7385-4501-5}} {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Koszarski |title=Fort Lee: The Film Town |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w0r8YKan04C |year=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-86196-652-X}} {{cite journal |author-last=Pierce |author-first=David |title=The Legion of the Condemned — Why American Silent Films Perished |journal=Film History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |jstor=3815289 |year=1997 }} {{cite web |author-last=Wilsbacher |author-first=Greg |title=The Fox Movietone News Donation: A Brief History |website=Moving Image Research Collections |publisher=University of South Carolina |url=http://library.sc.edu/mirc/foxhistory.php |access-date=2015-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226120119/http://library.sc.edu/mirc/foxhistory.php |archive-date=2015-02-26 }} }} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book |author-last=Canemaker |author-first=John |title=Winsor McCay: His Life and Art |edition=Revised |year=2005 |publisher=Abrams Books |isbn=978-0-8109-5941-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/winsormccayhisli00cane }} * {{cite book |author-last=Crafton |author-first=Donald |title=Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 |year=1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-11667-9 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Fielding |author-first=Raymond |title=The American Newsreel: A Complete History, 1911–1967 |edition=2nd |year=2011 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-6610-8 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Golden |author-first=Eve |title=Vamp: The Rise and Fall of Theda Bara |year=1996 |publisher=Vestal Press |isbn=978-1-879511-32-3 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Shepherd |author-first=David J. |title=The Bible on Silent Film: Spectacle, Story and Scripture in the Early Cinema |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04260-5 }} * {{cite book |author-last=Slide |author-first=Anthony |title=The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-57886-015-9 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Aubrey |title=The Fox Film Corporation, 1915–1935: A History and Filmography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zospQ7o5u0oC&pg=PA10|year=2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=978-0-7864-6286-5}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Fox Film Corporation}} {{20th Century Fox}} {{Authority control}} Category:Early film in Fort Lee, New Jersey Category:Fox Film Category:1915 establishments in California Category:1935 disestablishments in California Category:American companies established in 1915 Category:American companies disestablished in 1935 Category:Mass media companies established in 1915 Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1935 Category:Companies based in Los Angeles Category:Defunct American film studios Category:Film production companies of the United States Category:Film distributors of the United States Category:20th Century Studios Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fox Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.