# Fort Ino

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'''Fort Ino''' or '''Fort Nikolaevsky''' ({{langx|ru|форт «Ино»}} or форт Николаевский) is an abandoned early 20th-century [Russia](/source/Russia)n [coastal](/source/coastal_artillery) [fortification](/source/fortification) situated on the northern shore of [Neva Bay](/source/Neva_Bay) in the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland). The fort is close to the present-day settlement [Privetninskoye](/source/Privetninskoye) (former name was Ino before 1946) of [Vyborgsky District](/source/Vyborgsky_District%2C_Leningrad_Oblast) of [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast), opposite the [Krasnaya Gorka fort](/source/Krasnaya_Gorka_fort) on the southern shore. Fort Ino is still under Russian control. The ruins of the fortress, with an extensive system of tunnels, are now abandoned and are partially accessible to the public.{{cn|date=November 2016}}

==Early history==
Fort Ino was constructed in 1909-1916 on Cape Inoniemi on the [Karelian Isthmus](/source/Karelian_Isthmus), within the borders of [Viipuri Province](/source/Viipuri_Province) of the autonomous [Grand Duchy of Finland](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland). It was intended to protect the capital city of [Petrograd](/source/Petrograd) (Saint Petersburg) and the naval base at [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt), and was served by a railroad and a harbor. As [Finland](/source/Finland) had become independent, on March 1, 1918, during the [Finnish Civil War](/source/Finnish_Civil_War), in a friendship treaty the [Finnish Red Guards](/source/Red_Guards_(Finland))' [Edvard Gylling](/source/Edvard_Gylling) and [Oskari Tokoi](/source/Oskari_Tokoi) in the name of the [Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic](/source/Finnish_Socialist_Workers'_Republic) ceded the fortress to Soviet Russia in exchange for the city of Petsamo.<ref>[http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/finn19180301.html Договор Об укреплении дружбы и братства между РСФСР и Финляндской Социалистической Рабочей Республикой]</ref> However, the [Finnish White Guards](/source/White_Guard_(Finland)), who ultimately came out victorious in the civil war, demanded the fortress back, without offering a similar return of Petsamo, and on April 24 the 5th Jaeger Regiment under Major [Hugo Viktor Österman](/source/Hugo_Viktor_%C3%96sterman) laid siege to it. On May 8 [Germany](/source/German_Empire) demanded Soviet Russia return the fort to Finland, and the [Soviet government](/source/Council_of_the_People's_Commissars) for fear of violating the [Treaty of Brest-Litovsk](/source/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk) withdrew its support to the crew. On May 14, 1918, the Soviet crew destroyed the batteries and evacuated to [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt) aboard the [battleship ''Respublika''](/source/Soviet_battleship_Respublika). With the [Treaty of Tartu](/source/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Finnish)) in 1920, Finland undertook to disarm it completely within a year.{{cn|date=November 2016}}

==Commissars==
* 1917–1918 [Boris Donskoy](/source/Boris_Donskoy)
* 1918 K.Artamonov

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Гольянов, Владислав. [http://www.gazetavyborg.ru/?q=gazeta&art_id=9844&num_id=9830&rubrik_id= Форт Николаевский – стройка века. Прошлого], "Выборг" № 17 (16118), February 5, 2009.
* Михаленя, К.К. [http://www.aroundspb.ru/fort/ino/ino1.php Форт "Ино". Строительство и разрушение]. "Цитадель" № 2, 1996 – № 1, 1997.

{{coord|60|09|40|N|29|24|30|E|type:landmark_region:RU_scale:50000|display=title}} 

Ino, Fort
Category:History of the Karelian Isthmus
Ino, Fort
Category:1916 establishments in Finland
Ino, Fort
Category:1920 disestablishments in Finland
Category:Cultural heritage monuments in Leningrad Oblast

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fort Ino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ino) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ino?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.