# Form factor (mobile phones)

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Phone's size, shape and style

The [Samsung Galaxy Z series](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_series) are the foldable smartphones.

The [form factor](/source/Form_factor_(design)) of a [mobile phone](/source/Mobile_phone) is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components.

## With one non-movable section

### Bar

A **bar**(also known as a slab, block, candybar) phone takes the shape of a [cuboid](/source/Cuboid),[1] usually with rounded corners and/or edges. The name is derived from the rough resemblance to a [chocolate bar](/source/Chocolate_bar) in size and shape. This form factor is widely used by a variety of manufacturers, such as [Nokia](/source/Nokia) and [Sony Ericsson](/source/List_of_Sony_Ericsson_products#Bar_phones). Bar-type smartphones commonly have the screen and keypad on a single face. Sony had a well-known '[Mars Bar](/source/Mars_Bar)' phone model CM-H333 in 1993 that was longer and thinner than the typical bar phone.[2] Bar phones without a full keyboard tend to have a 3×4 numerical keypad; text is often generated on such systems using the [Text on 9 keys](/source/T9_(predictive_text)) algorithm.

		- A [Nokia E51](/source/Nokia_E51), a typical *bar* phone

		- [Sony Ericsson W800i](/source/Sony_Ericsson_W800i), released 2005

		- [Siemens S25](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siemens_S25&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1999

		- [Nokia 7600](/source/Nokia_7600) in an unusual bar shape

		- *Infobar* designed by [Naoto Fukasawa](/source/Naoto_Fukasawa) from 2007

#### Keyboard bars

These are variants of bars that have a full [QWERTY](/source/QWERTY) keyboard on the front. While they are technically the same as a regular bar phone, the keyboard and all the buttons make them look significantly different. Devices like these were popular in the mid to late 2000s, but lost popularity afterward. The [BlackBerry](/source/BlackBerry) line from [Research In Motion (RIM)](/source/BlackBerry_Limited) was particularly popular and influential in this category. The [Unihertz Titan](/source/Unihertz_Titan) series is a series of QWERTY bar phones with modern Android software, produced in the 2020s.

		- [Palm Treo 650](/source/Palm_Treo_650)

		- [Motorola Q](/source/Motorola_Q)

		- [Nokia E61](/source/Nokia_E61) released 2006

		- A [BlackBerry Curve](/source/BlackBerry_Curve) 8310 from 2007

		- [Nokia C3-00](/source/Nokia_C3-00) from 2010

		- [BlackBerry Q10](/source/BlackBerry_Q10), released 2013

### Brick

"**Brick**" is a slang term used to refer to large, outdated rectangular phones, typically early devices with large batteries and electronics. These early phones, such as the [Motorola DynaTAC](/source/Motorola_DynaTAC),[3] have been displaced by newer smaller models which offer greater portability thanks to smaller antennas and slimmer battery packs.

		- A [Motorola DynaTAC](/source/Motorola_DynaTAC) 8000X, a brick phone from 1984

		- A [Mobira Cityman 450](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobira_Cityman_450&action=edit&redlink=1), a brick phone from 1985

		- [NEC P9100](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEC_P9100&action=edit&redlink=1), a Japanese brick from 1988

However, "brick" has more recently been applied to older phone models in general, including non-bar form factors (flip, slider, swivel, etc.), and even early touchscreen phones as well, due to their size and relative lack of functionality compared to current models on the market.[4][5][6]

The term "brick" has also expanded beyond smartphones to include most [non-working](/source/Brick_(electronics)) [consumer electronics](/source/Consumer_electronics), including a [game console](/source/Game_console), [router](/source/Router_(computing)), or other device, that, due to a serious misconfiguration, corrupted [firmware](/source/Firmware), or a [hardware](/source/Computer_hardware) problem, can no longer function, hence, is as technologically useful as a [brick](/source/Brick).[7] The term derives from the vaguely [cuboid](/source/Cuboid) shape of many electronic devices (and their [detachable power supplies](/source/AC_adapter)) and the suggestion that the device can function only as a lifeless, square object, [paperweight](/source/Paperweight) or doorstop. This term is commonly used as a verb. For example, "I bricked my [MP3 player](/source/Digital_audio_player) when I tried to modify its [firmware](/source/Firmware)." It can also be used as a noun, for example, "If it's corrupted and you apply using [fastboot](/source/Fastboot), your device is a brick." In the common usage of the term, "bricking" suggests that the damage is so serious as to have rendered the device permanently unusable.[8]

### Slate

A **slate** is a [smartphone](/source/Smartphone) form with few to no physical buttons, instead relying upon a [touchscreen](/source/Touchscreen) and an onscreen [virtual keyboard](/source/Virtual_keyboard) for input.[9] The first commercially available touchscreen phone was a brick phone, the [IBM Simon](/source/IBM_Simon) Personal Communicator, released in 1994.[10] The success of the [iPhone](/source/IPhone_(1st_generation)), which was released by [Apple](/source/Apple_Inc.) in 2007, is considered by some to be largely responsible for the influence and achievement of this design.

Some unusual "slate" designs include that of [LG New Chocolate (BL40)](/source/LG_New_Chocolate_(BL40)), or the [Samsung Galaxy Round](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Round), which is curved.

		- [HTC Magician](/source/HTC_Magician), a pre-contemporary slate from 2004

		- [LG Prada](/source/LG_Prada), a slate phone from 2006

		- [Samsung Galaxy Spica](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Spica) *slate* from 2009

		- [Samsung GT-S5230](/source/Samsung_GT-S5230) slate from 2009

		- An [iPhone 4S](/source/IPhone_4S), a slate phone from 2011

		- A set of [Nokia/Microsoft Lumia](/source/Microsoft_Lumia) slate smartphones

		- [iPhone 16e](/source/IPhone_16e); a modern slate design

#### Phablet

Main article: [Phablet](/source/Phablet)

The **phablet** is a subset of the slate/touchscreen. A [portmanteau](/source/Portmanteau) of the words [phone](/source/Smartphone) and [tablet](/source/Tablet_computer), phablets are a class of mobile device designed to combine or straddle the size of a slate smartphone together with a tablet. Phablets typically have screens that measure (diagonally) greater than 5.3 inches, and are considerably larger than most high-end slate smartphones of the time (i.e. the [Samsung Galaxy Note II](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_II) smartlet versus the [Samsung Galaxy S III](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III) smartphone), which have to be 5.2 inches or less to be known as a smartphone, though significantly smaller than tablets (which must be 7 inches or above to be considered as such).

		- [Samsung Galaxy Note 10](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_10), a modern [Android](/source/Android_(operating_system)) phablet

		- [BlackBerry Z30](/source/BlackBerry_Z30), a [BlackBerry 10](/source/BlackBerry_10) touchscreen smartphone

		- [Nokia Lumia 1520](/source/Nokia_Lumia_1520), a [Windows Phone](/source/Windows_Phone) phablet

#### Multi-screen

The **multi-screen** is of basically the slate form factor, but with two touchscreens.

Some have a small separate screen above the main screens, the [LG V10](/source/LG_V10) and LG V20.

Other multi-screen form factors has screens on both sides of the phone. In the case of [Yotaphone](/source/Yotaphone) and [Siam 7X](/source/Siam_7X), they have normal touchscreens on the front, but on the backside is an [e-ink screen](/source/E_Ink), which enables using the cases in a fashion similar to reading a book.

The presence of the front camera for taking selfies has been an essential feature in smartphones; however, it is difficult to achieve a bezelless screen, as was the trend in the later 2010s. The [Nubia X](/source/Nubia_X), Nubia Z20 and [Vivo NEX Dual Display](/source/Vivo_NEX_Dual_Display) have solved this, combining the use of the main camera and a smaller second rear screen, eliminating the front camera.[11][12][13]

#### Wrapped-around display

Xiaomi revealed [Mi MIX Alpha](/source/Xiaomi_Mi_MIX_Alpha), a smartphone with a display that surrounds almost entirely its body, only interrupted in the back part by a column that contains the cameras. Back part of display can be used as viewfinder for selfies and videocalls.[14][15]

### Taco

The **taco** form factor was popularized by the [Nokia N-Gage](/source/Nokia_N-Gage), released in 2003 as a combination phone and game console. It was widely known as the plastic [taco](/source/Taco) for its "D" shape, with speaker placement that required holding it awkwardly on edge against the face.[16] Other models include [Nokia 3300](/source/Nokia_3300) and [Nokia 5510](/source/Nokia_5510).

		- [N-Gage QD](/source/N-Gage_QD)

		- [Nokia 5510](/source/Nokia_5510)

### Wearables

#### Smartwatch

Main article: [Smartwatch](/source/Smartwatch)

A smartphone in the form of a [wristwatch](/source/Wristwatch) is typically referred to as a **smartwatch.**

		- The [LG GD910](/source/LG_GD910) watch phone from 2009

		- The Z1 Android watch phone, smartphone in the form of a wristwatch

		- The Samsung Galaxy Watches, paired by Bluetooth with smartphones

## With movable sections

### Clamshell / Flip

Main article: [Clamshell design](/source/Clamshell_design)

A **flip** or **clamshell** phone consists of two or more sections that are connected by [hinges](/source/Hinge), allowing the phone to flip open then fold closed in order to become more compact. Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor. Flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis (as clamshells disappeared from the market, the terms again became disambiguated). Flip began achieving widespread popularity around 2001 and by the mid-2000s, "flip" designs reached the peak of their availability and declined afterward, being replaced by sliders which in turn were completely replaced by slate smartphones. Precedents for this formfactor can be found in designs such as the StarTrek [Communicator](/source/Communicator_(Star_Trek)) and the [Grillo telephone](/source/Grillo_telephone), both from the mid-1960s.[17][18]

[Motorola](/source/Motorola) was once owner of a trademark for the term *flip phone*,[19] but the term *flip phone* has become [genericized](/source/Genericized_trademark) and used more frequently than *clamshell* in colloquial speech. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed [StarTAC](/source/Motorola_StarTAC) flip phone in the 1990s, as well as the [RAZR](/source/Motorola_RAZR) in the mid-2000s. In these styles, when flipped open, the phone's screen and keyboard are available. When flipped shut, the phone becomes much smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use. On most modern flip phones, there is usually a small display on the back of the screen to indicate the time and any incoming calls/text messages whilst the phone is closed.

There were also flip "down" phones, like the [Motorola MicroTAC](/source/Motorola_MicroTAC) series and was also widely used by [Ericsson](/source/Ericsson). Originally these were called "flip" phones in the 1990s, while what is now known as "flip phone" used to be called "folding" or "folder" phones.

In 2010, Motorola introduced a different kind of flip phone with its [Backflip](/source/Motorola_Backflip) smartphone. When closed, one side is the screen and the other is a physical QWERTY keyboard. The hinge is on a long edge of the phone instead of a short edge, and when flipped out the screen is above the keyboard. Another unusual flip form was seen on the luxury [Serene](/source/Serene_(phone)), a partnership between [Samsung](/source/Samsung) and [Bang & Olufsen](/source/Bang_%26_Olufsen). The [Nokia Communicator](/source/Nokia_Communicator) series is also an example of clamshell, but not in the typical "flip phone" style.

		- The [Motorola StarTAC](/source/Motorola_StarTAC), the original flip-up phone

		- [Kyocera 6035](/source/Kyocera_6035) "flip down" phone

		- [Palm Treo 300](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Treo_300&action=edit&redlink=1), unusual flip-up form

		- Japanese [NTT DoCoMo](/source/NTT_DoCoMo) D506i flip phone manufactured by [Mitsubishi](/source/Mitsubishi)

		- The [Motorola Ming](/source/Motorola_Ming), another flip phone

		- The [Sony Ericsson W350](/source/Sony_Ericsson_W350), last unusual flip-down phone

		- Samsung SM-G9198

		- The [Motorola Razr](/source/Motorola_Razr) from 2004 was the best-selling flip phone in the world.

		- [Nokia E90 Communicator](/source/Nokia_E90_Communicator)

		- [Samsung Galaxy Z Flip](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Flip), a modern clamshell with fully flexible display (see [foldable smartphones](/source/Foldable_smartphones))

#### Dual-touchscreen

Main article: [Dual-touchscreen](/source/Dual-touchscreen)

In April 2011, [Kyocera International](/source/Kyocera_International) released the [Kyocera Echo](/source/Kyocera_Echo) smartphone with two 3.5" screens. The phone's primary display could lie on top of the second display, reducing its size.[20] In November 2017, [ZTE](/source/ZTE) announced the Axon M. The screens could fold to either have two forward facing screens, or one forward and one rear facing screen.[21] The combined [display size](/source/Display_size) is 6.75-inch when unfolded.[22] The second screen allows the Axon M's single camera to be both rear and forward facing, as well as acting as a [kickstand](/source/Kickstand) or [tripod](/source/Tripod_(photography)).[23]

#### Foldable screen

Main article: [Foldable smartphone](/source/Foldable_smartphone)

Samsung foldable smartphones

Following advances in display technology, [OLED](/source/OLED) screens can now be manufactured on a flexible, plastic [substrate](/source/Substrate_(electronics)), meaning that glass is no longer needed; allowing the displays to be rolled, bent and folded; which makes new form factors possible. In January 2017, rumors emerged of a [Samsung](/source/Samsung) foldable phone,[24] and in November 2018, the [Samsung Galaxy Fold](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_Fold)[25] was revealed, with a combined display size of 7.4 inches.[26] Other manufacturers, such as [Huawei](/source/Huawei) and [Xiaomi](/source/Xiaomi), have also announced phones with foldable displays.[27][28] In November 2019, Motorola officially unveiled its horizontal-folding [Motorola Razr.](/source/Motorola_Razr_(2020))

#### Flip-up camera

Video demonstrating the retracting action of Asus ZenFone 6's flip camera

The [Oppo](/source/Oppo) N1 made use of a manual flip camera. [Asus](/source/Asus), in the [Zenfone 6](/source/Zenfone_6), [Zenfone 7](/source/Asus_ZenFone_7) and [Zenfone 8 Flip](/source/ZenFone_8_Flip) smartphones, includes an all-screen front, eliminating the dedicated front-facing camera notch; instead, the main cameras are housed in a motorized flip-up module that rotates 180 degrees to focus forward.[29][30] The [Samsung Galaxy A80](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_A80) also has a similar flip-slide camera mechanism.

### Rollable display

Some companies are experimenting with rollable displays in order to make devices that can convert from smartphone to tablet.[31]

### Slider

This section is an excerpt from [Slider (mobile phones)](/source/Slider_(mobile_phones)).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slider_(mobile_phones)&action=edit)]

Samsung GT-B3310, an example of a 'side slider' mobile phone

[Slider](/source/Slider_(mobile_phones)) is a general term of a form factor in mobile phones composed of usually two, but sometimes more, sections that slide past each other on rails. Most slider phones have a display segment which houses the device's screen, while another segment contains the keypad or keyboard and slides out for use. The goal of a sliding form factor is to allow the operator to take advantage of full physical keyboards or keypads, without sacrificing portability, by *retracting* them into the phone when they are not in use.

Sliders supplanted the [flip](/source/Flip_phone) form, since they allowed manufacturers to pack more keypad buttons and features (especially the side slider or [QWERTY](/source/QWERTY) slider) into the same form factor, while [touchscreen](/source/Touchscreen) interfaces were still in their infancy. By the late-2000s, "slider" designs reached the peak of their popularity and declined afterward, being completely replaced by slate form factors with well-developed touch interfaces. Sliders have also been used in non-phone devices, for example on the [Mylo](/source/Sony_Mylo).

		- [Samsung SGH-D500](/source/Samsung_SGH-D500), standard slider

		- [BlackBerry Torch 9800](/source/BlackBerry_Torch_9800), a tall slider

		- [Nokia 7110](/source/Nokia_7110), with a keypad cover slider

		- [Nokia N95](/source/Nokia_N95), a dual slider

		- [Nokia 7280](/source/Nokia_7280), slider that hides the camera

		- [Motorola Droid](/source/Motorola_Droid), a wide QWERTY slider

		- [Nokia E7](/source/Nokia_E7), QWERTY slider that angles up

		- [Xperia Play](/source/Xperia_Play), a [handheld game console](/source/Handheld_game_console) slider

#### Pop up camera

Phones like the [OnePlus 7 Pro](/source/OnePlus_7_Pro),[32] [Oppo Find X](/source/Oppo_Find_X)[33] and [Vivo Nex](/source/Vivo_Nex)[34] hide front cameras within the body of the devices in motorized pop-up modules to create a bezelless front face fully occupied by screens without any cutout while keeping a front-facing camera that can move up when required. Vivo V15 Pro [35] and Centric S1 [36] also come with a pop-up front-facing camera mechanism. One major drawback with pop-up cameras is their inherent complexity due to the mechanism used, as the components such as the motor take up space within the phone's internals which may also fail over time.[32]

### Swivel

A **swivel** phone is composed of multiple—usually two—segments, which swivel past each other about a sagittal [axis](/source/Axis_of_rotation) (most of the time). Use of the swiveling form factor has similar goals to that of the slider, but this form factor is less widely used. Samples are, LG U900 + 960 + V9000, [Motorola Flipout](/source/Motorola_Flipout) + [V70](/source/Motorola_V70) + V80, [Nokia 7370](/source/Nokia_7370), [Siemens SK65](/source/Siemens_SK65), [Samsung Juke](/source/Samsung_Juke) + [Samsung SGH-X830](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_SGH-X830&action=edit&redlink=1), and Sony Ericsson S700i + [W600](/source/Sony_Ericsson_W600). The [LG Wing](/source/LG_Wing) implemented this feature into a slate design smartphone, with two touchscreens.

[T-Mobile Sidekick](/source/T-Mobile_Sidekick) II, looks more like a slider but has a swiveling display

Other examples include the [Sierra Wireless Voq](/source/Sierra_Wireless_Voq) which combines a candybar with a keyboard "side-flip"; the [Nokia Communicator](/source/Nokia_Communicator) series which utilise both a candybar and a clamshell with a QWERTY keyboard; the [Siemens SK65](/source/Siemens_SK65) which is a swivel candybar with a QWERTY keyboard;[37] and the [T-Mobile Sidekick](/source/T-Mobile_Sidekick) where the display swivels up with a QWERTY keyboard.

#### No sagittal axis

Some implementations, that do not use the sagittal axis, are presenting in phones like [Nokia 3250](/source/Nokia_3250) and [Oppo N1](/source/Oppo_N1), with twistable components: a keyboard, and main camera (doubling as a selfie one), respectively.

		- [Nokia 3250](/source/Nokia_3250), with twistable keypad

		- [Oppo N1](/source/Oppo_N1) has a twistable main camera that is used for selfies when rotates.

Some mobile phones use more than one form, such as the [Nokia N90](/source/Nokia_N90), Nokia 6260, Sharp SX862, Samsung SGH-P910, Samsung FlipShot SCH-U900, Samsung Alias series or Panasonic FOMA P900iV, which use both a swivel and a flip axis.

### Mixed

Some phones use a combination of form factors, so, [Nokia N93](/source/Nokia_N93), P906i, W61SH use a combination of swivel and flip. Bezelless [Samsung Galaxy A80](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_A80)[38] only has rear cameras that are housed in a motorized module, using a combination of slider and swivel they achieve the rotation to the front to be used for selfies.

		- [Nokia E70](/source/Nokia_E70), unusual candybar/flip form with a QWERTY keyboard

		- [Nokia N93](/source/Nokia_N93), mixed swivel/flip

		- [Docomo](/source/Docomo) [Panasonic](/source/Panasonic) P906i, [W-Open](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W-Open&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3)]

		- [KDDI](/source/KDDI) [Sharp](/source/Sharp_Corporation) W61SH (Japan), mixed swivel/flip

		- The rear camera module of [Samsung Galaxy A80](/source/Samsung_Galaxy_A80) rotated for selfie mode, using a combination of swivel/slider

## See also

- [Mobile Phone Museum](/source/Mobile_Phone_Museum) – Non-profit collection established in 2021

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## External links

- [Many illustrations of standard and mixed form factors](http://www.nokiaport.de/index.php?pid=formfactor)

- [HTC Wallaby specification](http://forum.xda-developers.com/wiki/index.php?title=HTC_Wallaby)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Form factor (mobile phones)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.