# Forestry

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Science and craft of managing woodlands

A [Timberjack](/source/Timberjack) wheeled harvester stacking cut timber in [Finland](/source/Finland)

**Forestry** is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing [forests](/source/Forest) and [woodlands](/source/Woodland) for associated resources for human and [environmental](/source/Natural_environment) benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in [plantations](/source/Plantation) and [natural stands](/source/Forest_stand).[2][3] The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.[4] [Forest management](/source/Forest_management) plays an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects [ecosystem services](/source/Ecosystem_service) provisioning.[5] A practitioner of forestry is a *[forester](/source/Forester)*.

Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of [timber](/source/Timber), fuel wood, [wildlife habitat](/source/Wildlife_habitat), natural [water quality management](/source/Water_resources), [recreation](/source/Recreation), landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing [landscapes](/source/Landscape), [biodiversity](/source/Biodiversity) management, [watershed management](/source/Watershed_management), [erosion control](/source/Erosion_control), and preserving forests as "[sinks](/source/Carbon_dioxide_sink)" for [atmospheric](/source/Earth's_atmosphere) [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide).

Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the [biosphere](/source/Biosphere),[6] and forestry has emerged as a vital [applied science](/source/Applied_science), [craft](/source/Craft), and [technology](/source/Technology). The control of forests for timber production is known as *[silviculture](/source/Silviculture)*, as practiced by *silviculturists*. Although forestry is a broader concept, the two terms are often used synonymously.

All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.[7] Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,[8] as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.[7] For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,[9] wood is the most important [renewable resource](/source/Renewable_resource), and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.[10]

Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.[7] Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high [forest cover](/source/Forest_cover) and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.[7] Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.[7]

## Science

### Forestry as a science

Over the past centuries, [forestry](/source/Silviculture) was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of [ecology](/source/Ecology) and [environmental science](/source/Environmental_science), there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with [agriculture](/source/Agriculture).[11] Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and [agroecological](/source/Biodiversity_in_agriculture) principles.[12] In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.[13]

### Dendrology and silviculture

Further information: [Dendrology](/source/Dendrology) and [silviculture](/source/Silviculture)

Dendrology is a subset of [botany](/source/Botany); it is the scientific discipline that studies [woody plants](/source/Woody_plants) ([trees](/source/Tree), [shrubs](/source/Shrub), and [lianas](/source/Liana)), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.[14] [Silviculture](/source/Silviculture) on the other hand is the commercial practice of forest management , primarily for the production of timber.[15]

### Genetic diversity in forestry

The [provenance](/source/Provenance) of [forest reproductive material](/source/Forest_reproductive_material) used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high [genetic diversity](/source/Genetic_diversity).[16] Genetic diversity is the differences in [DNA sequence](/source/DNA_sequence) between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its [genotype](/source/Genotype)) will determine its performance (its [phenotype](/source/Phenotype)) at a particular site.[17] [Genetic diversity](/source/Genetic_diversity) is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide [resilience](/source/Ecological_resilience) to [pests](/source/Pest_(organism)) and [diseases](/source/Disease). Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and [ecosystem](/source/Ecosystem) levels. [Forest genetic resources](/source/Forest_genetic_resources) are therefore important in forest management.[16]

Genetic diversity in [forests](/source/Forests) is threatened by [forest fires](/source/Forest_fires), [habitat fragmentation](/source/Habitat_fragmentation), pests and diseases, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material.[18][19][20] About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.[21] The marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the [effects of climate change](/source/Effects_of_climate_change).[16] Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.[17]

## Forest management

Main article: [Forest management](/source/Forest_management)

Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the administration and running of commercial forests. It addresses silviculture, forest protection, and regulation. Its goals include management for timber, [aesthetics](/source/Aesthetics), [recreation](/source/Outdoor_recreation), urban values, [watershed management](/source/Watershed_management), [wildlife](/source/Wildlife), inland and nearshore fisheries, [wood products](/source/Forest_product), [plant genetic resources](/source/Plant_genetic_resources), and other [forest resource values](/source/Nontimber_forest_products).[22] Economic and policy decision-making tends to prioritise market-based benefits such as timber production which has led to recent frameworks emphasising that forest management must account for non-market ecosystem services such as cultural, social, and ecological functions which are often underrepresented. [23]

For example, forest management often involves addressing wildlife-forest interactions. Deer populations have been shown to limit forest regeneration and alter species composition by grazing on young saplings.[24] As a result, forest management involves studying and accounting for these interactions. A follow up study looked at using understory plants such as [Trillium grandiflorum](/source/Trillium_grandiflorum) as an indicator species to estimate deer browsing pressure and predict long-term impacts on forest health[25]

## Urban forestry

Main article: [Urban forestry](/source/Urban_forestry)

Urban forestry is the care and management of single [trees](/source/Tree) and tree [populations](/source/Population_(biology)) in [urban](/source/Urban_area) settings for the purpose of improving the [urban environment](/source/Urban_environment). Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and maintenance operations of the urban forest.[26]

## Forestry education

See also: [List of forestry universities and colleges](/source/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges) and [List of forestry technical schools](/source/List_of_forestry_technical_schools)

Forestry education includes training in general [biology](/source/Biology), [ecology](/source/Ecology), [botany](/source/Botany), [genetics](/source/Genetics), [soil science](/source/Soil_science), [climatology](/source/Climatology), [hydrology](/source/Hydrology), [economics](/source/Economics) and [forest management](/source/Forest_management). Education in the basics of [sociology](/source/Sociology) and [political science](/source/Political_science) is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.[27] In the United States, [postsecondary](/source/Higher_education) forestry education leading to a [Bachelor's degree](/source/Bachelor's_degree) or [Master's degree](/source/Master's_degree) is accredited by the [Society of American Foresters](/source/Society_of_American_Foresters).[28] In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.[29] The [International Union of Forest Research Organizations](/source/International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations) is the international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.[30]

## History

Main article: [Forest management § History](/source/Forest_management#History)

The first major works about forestry in the English language included [Roger Taverner](/source/Roger_Taverner)'s *Booke of Survey* (1565), [John Manwood](/source/John_Manwood)'s *A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest* (1592) and [John Evelyn](/source/John_Evelyn)'s *[Sylva](/source/Sylva%2C_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber)* (1662).[31]

		- The first book edition of *[Sylva](/source/Sylva%2C_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber)*

		- Women of the Land Army cutting felled logs during World War II

### Silvologists

- [Gabriel Hemery](/source/Gabriel_Hemery)

- [Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf](/source/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf)

## See also

Main article: [Outline of forestry](/source/Outline_of_forestry)

- [Agroforestry](/source/Agroforestry)

- [Close to nature forestry](/source/Close_to_nature_forestry)

- [Community forestry](/source/Community_forestry)

- [List of forest research institutes](/source/List_of_forest_research_institutes)

- [List of forestry journals](/source/List_of_forestry_journals)

- [List of historic journals of forestry](#Early_journals_which_are_still_present)

- [List of national forests of the United States](/source/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States)

- [Non-timber forest product](/source/Non-timber_forest_product)

- [Nonindustrial private forests](/source/Private_nonindustrial_forest_land)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry_1-0)** ["SAFnet Dictionary | Definition For \[forestry\]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122343/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry). Dictionaryofforestry.org. 2008-10-22. Archived from [the original](http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry) on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-03-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Seed Origin -pinga Forestry Focus"](http://www.forestryfocus.ie/growing-forests-3/establishing-forests/reproductive-material/seed-origin/). *Forestry Focus*. Retrieved April 5, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Nyland, Ralph D. (2007). *Silviculture: concepts and applications* (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.

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### Sources

This article incorporates text from a [free content](/source/Free_content) work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ([license statement/permission](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf)). Text taken from [*Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​*](http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf), FAO, FAO.

This article incorporates text from a [free content](/source/Free_content) work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ([license statement/permission](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf)). Text taken from [*The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​*](https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en), FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.

This article incorporates text from a [free content](/source/Free_content) work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ([license statement/permission](https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf)). Text taken from [*World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​*](https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en), FAO, FAO.

## External links

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v t e Forestry Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forest Urban forestry Ecology and management Arboriculture Controlled burn Debris coarse driftwood large log jam slash Dendrology Ecological thinning Even-aged management Fire ecology Forest dynamics informatics IPM inventory governance law Global Forest Information Service old-growth pathology protection restoration secondary stand transition Trillion Tree Campaign Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Formally designated Glade Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i-Tree urban Multipurpose tree Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmental topics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecosystem services Forest degradation Forest dieback Forest fragmentation Forest reference emission level Ghost forest Great Green Wall (Africa) Great Green Wall (China) High grading Illegal logging timber mafia Invasive species wilding Million Tree Initiative National forest monitoring system REDD+ Shifting cultivation chitemene slash-and-burn slash-and-char svedjebruk Timber recycling Tree hugging Urban forest inequity Wildfire Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany spruce-pine-fir teak Woodworking green woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer WikiProject Trees portal Category Outline

v t e Forestry by country Forest areas deforestation Ministries Research institutes Universities and colleges Technical schools Illegal logging Timber mafia Africa Central African Republic Chad Ethiopia Ghana Sudan Uganda Americas Argentina Canada Chile Mexico United States Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia India Japan Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Turkey Europe Estonia Finland Germany Ireland Poland Russia Romania Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Tasmania New Zealand Central agencies Canada Chile Denmark Kenya Mexico Papua New Guinea Peru Romania South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Category by continent agencies

v t e Forestry tools and equipment Tree planting, afforestation Caulk boots Hoedad (hoedag) Groasis Waterboxx Mattock Pottiputki Root trainer Seed trap Tree planting bar (dibble bar) Tree shelter (Tuley tube) Tree spade Mensuration 3D scanner Angle gauge Biltmore stick Chain Cruising rod Diameter tape Hemispherical photography Inclinometer Increment borer Rangefinder laser Microtome Relascope Tree caliper Wedge prism Fire suppression Aerial firefighting DC-10 UAVs Driptorch Fire flapper Fire rake Fire retardant Helitack McLeod (rakehoe) Pulaski Axes Billhook Broadaxe Brush hook Froe (shake axe) Hatchet Labrys Log splitter Marking axe Splitting maul Tomahawk Throwing Axe Saws Bow saw Bucksaw Chainsaw safety clothing safety features Crosscut saw Dragsaw Hacksaw Head saw Lumber edger Polesaw Portable sawmill Resaw Two-man saw Whipsaw Logging Cant hook Feller buncher Forwarder Go-devil Harvester Helicopter Log truck Lombard Steam Log Hauler Peavey Pickaroon Pike pole Skid cone Skidder Washington Winch Steam donkey Yarder swing Other Denailer Firewood processor Forest railway Forestry mulcher Hand compass Hand hook Hydraulic debarker Log house moulder Log pond Log flume Machete Stump grinder Chainsaw mill Tree tyer Tsakat Whoopie sling Wood-drying kiln Woodchipper Categories tools equipment Commons tools equipment WikiProject Forestry Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Textile Woodworking

v t e Deforestation Deforestation by continent Africa Angola DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Nigeria Zimbabwe Americas Amazon Argentina Brazil Canada (British Columbia) Central America Colombia Costa Rica Haiti Mexico Paraguay Peru United States Asia Borneo Cambodia China India Indonesia (Kalimantan) Laos Malaysia (East Malaysia) Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Philippines Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe Roman Empire Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia (Victoria) New Zealand Papua New Guinea Related Deforestation and climate change Forest degradation Forest reference emission level Forestation Forestry Global Forest Change dataset Illegal logging Logging National forest monitoring system REDD+ Category Commons WikiProject Forestry

v t e Climate change Overview Causes of climate change Effects of climate change Climate change mitigation Climate change adaptation By country and region Causes Overview Climate system Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth) Scientific consensus on climate change Sources Deforestation Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Carbon accounting Carbon footprint Carbon leakage from agriculture from wetlands World energy supply and consumption History History of climate change policy and politics History of climate change science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling United Nations Climate Change conferences International Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels Years in climate change 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Effects and issues Physical Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic methane emissions Arctic sea ice decline Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Drought Extreme weather Flood Coastal flooding Heat wave Marine Urban heat island Oceans acidification deoxygenation heat content sea surface temperature stratification temperature Ozone depletion Permafrost thaw Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Sea level rise Season creep Climate sensitivity Tipping points in the climate system Tropical cyclones Water cycle Wildfires Flora and fauna Biomes Mass mortality event Birds Extinction risk Forest dieback Invasive species Marine life Plant biodiversity Social and economic Agriculture Livestock Multi-breadbasket failure In the United States Children Cities Civilizational collapse Crime Depopulation of settlements Destruction of cultural heritage Disability Economic impacts U.S. insurance industry Fisheries Gender Health Infectious diseases Mental health In the United Kingdom In the Philippines Human rights Indigenous peoples Migration Poverty Psychological impacts Security and conflict Urban flooding Water scarcity Water security By country and region Africa Americas Antarctica Arctic Asia Australia Caribbean Europe Middle East and North Africa Small island countries by individual country Mitigation Economics and finance Carbon budget Carbon emission trading Carbon offsets and credits Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) Carbon price Carbon tax Climate debt Climate finance Climate risk insurance Co-benefits of climate change mitigation Economics of climate change mitigation Fossil fuel divestment Green Climate Fund Low-carbon economy Net zero emissions Energy Carbon capture and storage Energy transition Fossil fuel phase-out Nuclear power Renewable energy Sustainable energy Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks Blue carbon Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sequestration Direct air capture Carbon farming Climate-smart agriculture Forest management afforestation forestry for carbon sequestration REDD+ reforestation Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF and AFOLU) Nature-based solutions Other Earth Strike Fridays for Future Geoengineering Individual action on climate change Positive tipping points Sustainable architecture Sustainable transport Society and adaptation Society Business action Climate action Climate emergency declaration Climate movement School Strike for Climate Denial Ecological grief Governance Justice Litigation Politics Public opinion Women Adaptation Adaptation strategies on the German coast Adaptive capacity Disaster risk reduction Ecosystem-based adaptation Flood control Loss and damage Managed retreat Nature-based solutions Resilience Risk Vulnerability The Adaptation Fund National Adaptation Programme of Action Communication Climate Change Performance Index Climate crisis (term) Climate spiral Education Media coverage Popular culture depictions art fiction video games Warming stripes International agreements Glasgow Climate Pact Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement Cooperative mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Nationally determined contributions Sustainable Development Goal 13 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change International Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels Background and theory Measurements Global surface temperature Instrumental temperature record Proxy Satellite temperature measurement Theory Albedo Carbon cycle atmospheric biologic oceanic permafrost Carbon sink Climate sensitivity Climate variability and change Cloud feedback Cloud forcing Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis Cryosphere Earth's energy budget Extreme event attribution Feedbacks Global warming potential Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change Orbital forcing Radiative forcing Research and modelling Climate change scenario Climate model Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Paleoclimatology Representative Concentration Pathway Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Climate change portal Category Glossary Index

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Forestry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.