# Foreign settlement

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thumb|right|250px|Foreign traders in the Yokohama foreign settlement
A '''foreign settlement''' ({{Langx|ja|外国人居留地}}, pronounced "Gaikokujin kyoryūchi") was a special area in a [treaty port](/source/Treaty_ports), designated by the [Japanese government](/source/Japanese_government) in the second half of the nineteenth century, to allow foreigners to live and work.

After the visits of [Commodore Perry](/source/Matthew_C._Perry) in 1853 and 1854, Japan entered a period of rapid social and economic transition from a closed, feudalistic society to a more open, modern trading nation state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/ |title=Nagasaki foreign settlement |access-date=2013-10-10 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204210042/http://www.nfs.nias.ac.jp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Japan first opened two ports to allow foreign trade, [Shimoda](/source/Shimoda%2C_Shizuoka) and [Hakodate](/source/Hakodate) after the signing the [Convention of Kanagawa](/source/Convention_of_Kanagawa) with the United States in 1854.  It then designated five more treaty ports in 1858 with the signing of the [Treaty of Amity and Commerce](/source/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States-Japan))., [Yokohama](/source/Port_of_Yokohama), [Kobe](/source/Port_of_Kobe), [Nagasaki](/source/Nagasaki%2C_Nagasaki), [Osaka](/source/Osaka%2C_Osaka), and [Niigata](/source/Niigata%2C_Niigata).

Trade agreements signed with the United States were swiftly followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia and France. The ports permitted legal [extraterritoriality](/source/extraterritoriality) for citizens of the treaty nations.

Before the system of treaty port concessions ended in 1899 seven foreign settlements had been established in Japan. They were, from north to south:

* [Hakodate foreign settlement](/source/Hakodate_foreign_settlement) in [Hakodate](/source/Hakodate), [Hokkaido](/source/Hokkaido)
* [Niigata foreign settlement](/source/Niigata_foreign_settlement) in [Niigata, Niigata](/source/Niigata%2C_Niigata)
* [Tsukiji foreign settlement](/source/Tsukiji_foreign_settlement) in [Tsukiji](/source/Tsukiji), [Chūō-ku](/source/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D%2C_Tokyo), [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo)
* [Yokohama foreign settlement](/source/Yokohama_foreign_settlement) in the [Kannai](/source/Kannai) and [Yamate](/source/Yamate) districts of [Naka-ku](/source/Naka-ku%2C_Yokohama), [Yokohama](/source/Yokohama), [Kanagawa](/source/Kanagawa)
* [Kawaguchi foreign settlement](/source/Kawaguchi_foreign_settlement) in Kawaguchi, [Nishi-ku](/source/Nishi-ku%2C_Osaka), [Osaka](/source/Osaka)<ref>Eric Johnston, [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/08/19/national/lessons-learned-failure-osaka-foreign-settlement/ Lessons learned from the failure of the Osaka Foreign Settlement], ''The Japan Times'' (2017/8/19)</ref>
* [Kobe foreign settlement](/source/Kobe_foreign_settlement) in [Kobe](/source/Kobe), [Hyōgo](/source/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture)
* [Nagasaki foreign settlement](/source/Nagasaki_foreign_settlement) in Oura, [Nagasaki](/source/Nagasaki), [Nagasaki](/source/Nagasaki_Prefecture)

==See also==
* [Treaty ports](/source/Treaty_ports)
* [Dejima](/source/Dejima), Nagasaki, for the Dutch and Chinese traders, was the predecessor to the Nagasaki foreign settlement

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.yfgc-japan.com/memorandum.html Yokohama foreign settlement]
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/yokohama/index.html Yokohama Boomtown Foreigners in Treaty-Port Japan (1859–1872)] - [MIT](/source/MIT)

Category:19th century in Japan
Category:Bakumatsu
Category:Meiji Restoration
Category:1850s establishments in Japan
Category:1899 disestablishments in Japan

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Foreign settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_settlement) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_settlement?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.