# Foreign exchange fraud

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Trading scheme used to defraud traders

Foreign exchange Exchange rates Currency band Exchange rate Exchange rate regime Exchange-rate flexibility Dollarization Fixed exchange rate Floating exchange rate Linked exchange rate Managed float regime Dual exchange rate List of countries by foreign exchange reserves Markets Foreign exchange market Futures exchange Retail foreign exchange trading Assets Currency Currency future Currency forward Non-deliverable forward Foreign exchange swap Cross-currency swap Foreign exchange option Historical agreements Bretton Woods Conference Smithsonian Agreement Plaza Accord Louvre Accord See also Bureau de change Hard currency Currency pair Foreign exchange fraud Currency intervention v t e

**Foreign exchange fraud** is any trading scheme used to [defraud](/source/Defraud) traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the [foreign exchange market](/source/Foreign_exchange_market). Currency trading became a common form of fraud in early 2008, according to Michael Dunn of the U.S. [Commodity Futures Trading Commission](/source/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission).[1]

The foreign exchange market is at best a [zero-sum game](/source/Zero-sum_game),[2] meaning that whatever one trader gains, another loses. However, brokerage commissions and other [transaction costs](/source/Transaction_cost) are subtracted from the results of all traders, making foreign exchange a [negative-sum game](/source/Negative-sum_game).

## US government interventions

In August 2008, the CFTC set up a special task force to deal with growing foreign exchange fraud.[3] In January 2010, the CFTC proposed new rules limiting leverage to 10 to 1, based on "a number of improper practices" in the retail foreign exchange market, "among them solicitation fraud, a lack of transparency in the pricing and execution of transactions, unresponsiveness to customer complaints, and the targeting of unsophisticated, elderly, low net worth and other vulnerable individuals".[4]

In 2012, Christopher Ehrman, an SEC veteran, was selected to run the new [SEC Office of the Whistleblower](/source/SEC_Office_of_the_Whistleblower).[5]

## Types of fraud

Frauds might include [churning](/source/Churning_(finance)) of customer accounts for the purpose of generating commissions, selling software that is supposed to guide the customer to large profits,[6] improperly managed "managed accounts",[7] false advertising,[8] [Ponzi schemes](/source/Ponzi_scheme), and outright fraud.[9][10] It also refers to any [retail forex](/source/Retail_forex) broker who indicates that trading foreign exchange is a low risk, high profit investment.[11]

## Increase in fraud

The U.S. [Commodity Futures Trading Commission](/source/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission) (CFTC), which regulates the foreign exchange market in the United States, has noted an increase in the amount of unscrupulous activity in the non-bank foreign exchange industry.[12] Between 2001 and 2006, the CFTC has prosecuted more than 80 cases involving the defrauding of more than 23,000 customers who lost US$350 million. From 2001 to 2007, about 26,000 people lost US$460 million in forex frauds.[1]

## Not beating the market

The foreign exchange market is a [zero-sum game](/source/Zero-sum_game)[2] in which there are many experienced, well-capitalized professional traders (e.g. working for banks) who can devote their attention full-time to trading. An inexperienced retail trader may have less access to information compared to these traders.

Retail traders are undercapitalized. Thus, they are subject to the problem of [gambler's ruin](/source/Gambler's_ruin): in a "fair game" (one with no information advantages) the player with the lower amount of capital has a higher probability of going bankrupt than a high-capital player. The retail trader always pays the [bid/ask spread](/source/Bid%2Fask_spread) which makes their odds of winning less than those of a fair game. Additional costs may include margin interest or, if a spot position is kept open for more than one day, the trade may be "resettled" each day, each time costing the full bid/ask spread. In some variations of forex trading, the customers do not obtain normal [fungible](/source/Fungible) futures, but instead make a contract with some named company. Even if the company claims to act as their "forex dealer", it is financially interested in making the retail customer lose money. The contract is directly between the customer and the pseudo-dealer, so it is an off-exchange one; it cannot be normally registered and traded on [futures exchanges](/source/Futures_exchange).[13]

Although it is possible for a few experts to successfully [arbitrage](/source/Arbitrage) the market for an unusually large return, this does not mean that a larger number could earn the same returns even given the same tools, techniques, and data sources. This is because the arbitrages are essentially drawn from a pool of finite size; although information about how to capture arbitrages is a [nonrival good](/source/Nonrival_good), the arbitrages themselves are a [rival good](/source/Rival_good). In analogy: the total amount of [buried treasure](/source/Buried_treasure) on an island is the same, regardless of how many treasure hunters have bought copies of the [treasure map](/source/Treasure_map).

## High leverage

By offering high [leverage](/source/Leverage_(finance)), some [market makers](/source/Market_maker) encourage traders to trade extremely large positions. This increases the trading volume cleared by the market maker and increases their profit, but increases the risk that the trader will receive a [margin call](/source/Margin_call). While professional currency dealers such as banks and [hedge funds](/source/Hedge_fund) tend to use no more than 10:1 leverage, retail clients may be offered leverage up to 1000:1.[14][15]

## Fraud by country

To aid with transparency, some regulatory authorities openly publish the following: list of regulated companies/firms, warnings to regulated companies, cases opened against regulated companies, fines levied to regulated companies, revocation of companies license as well as general news announcements.

### United Kingdom

The [Financial Conduct Authority](/source/Financial_Conduct_Authority) (FCA) website lists guides to aid with avoiding fraud/scams as well as public list of warnings recorded by the FCA.

- Official FCA Investment Firm Warning List

- Online guide on how to avoid scams[16]

- FCA Guide on how to report a scam[17]

- FCA Investment Scam support website[18]

- FCA News on Investment Firms[19]

### Cyprus

The [Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission](/source/Cyprus_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission) (CySEC) provides public access to information regarding the process for [how to obtain a CIF authorisation](http://www.cysec.gov.cy/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=928ce9d2-9794-4e2f-924e-f5c86d036d1b) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150420205009/http://www.cysec.gov.cy/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=928ce9d2-9794-4e2f-924e-f5c86d036d1b) 2015-04-20 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) as well as listing the current and past CySEC authorised companies.

- List of current 'Cyprus Investment Firms' (CIFs)[20]

- List of former Cyprus Investment Firms[21]

- List of issued CySEC Warnings[22]

- List of announced Board Decisions (including fines)[23]

## Convicted scammers

- [Russell Cline](/source/Russell_Cline)

- [Russell Erxleben](/source/Russell_Erxleben)

- [Sterling Currency Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterling_Currency_Group&action=edit&redlink=1)[24]

- [Joel N. Ward](/source/Joel_N._Ward)

- [WinCapita](/source/WinCapita)[25][26]

## See also

- [Boiler room](/source/Boiler_room_(business))

- [Bucket shop](/source/Bucket_shop_(stock_market))

- [Foreign exchange market](/source/Foreign_exchange_market)

- [Forex scandal](/source/Forex_scandal)

- [Fraud](/source/Fraud)

- [Gambler's conceit](/source/Gambler's_conceit)

- [Gambler's ruin](/source/Gambler's_ruin)

- [High-yield investment program](/source/High-yield_investment_program)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WSJ3_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WSJ3_1-1) Lindsay, Daniel (2014-01-20). ["Regulatory Holes Provide A Playground For Forex Fraudsters"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140203112844/https://mahifx.com/regulatory-holes/). *mahifx.com*. Archived from [the original](https://mahifx.com/regulatory-holes/) on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-01-28.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ND_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ND_2-1) Douch, Nick (1989). *The Economics of Foreign Exchange*. Greenwood Press. pp. 87–90. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89930-499-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89930-499-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WP1_3-0)** ["CFTC establishes task force on currency fraud"](http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-08-11-95260908_x.htm). USA Today. Associated Press. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2015-11-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [The Federal Register](http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2010-01-20-2010-456) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100828082717/http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2010-01-20-2010-456) 2010-08-28 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Section E. The Commission's Proposed Rules

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Rachel Louise Ensign. ["Q&A: Christopher Ehrman, Director, CFTC's Whistleblower Office"](https://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2013/10/18/qa-christopher-ehrman-director-cftcs-whistleblower-office/). *WSJ*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-mm_6-0)** [SOFTWARE VENDOR CHARGED](https://www.cftc.gov/opa/enf03/opa4789-03.htm) CFTC News Release 4789-03, May 21, 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-a_7-0)** [CFTC complaint](https://cftc.gov/opa/enf05/opa5142-05.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060301221745/http://www.cftc.gov/opa/enf05/opa5142-05.htm) 2006-03-01 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Forex Advisory Firm and Trade Risk Management Firm Charged With Fraud

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-s_8-0)** [Fraud charges against multiple forex Firms](https://cftc.gov/opa/enf04/opa4946-04.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060421190716/http://www.cftc.gov/opa/enf04/opa4946-04.htm) 2006-04-21 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Release: 4946-0

1. **[^](#cite_ref-nasaa_9-0)** "[Forex Fraud Investor Alert](http://www.nasaa.org/Investor_Education/Investor_Alerts___Tips/6627.cfm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081029192708/http://www.nasaa.org/Investor_Education/Investor_Alerts___Tips/6627.cfm) 2008-10-29 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)". [North American Securities Administrators Association](/source/North_American_Securities_Administrators_Association), accessed January 12, 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-z_10-0)** [Foreign Currency Fraud Action](https://cftc.gov/opa/enf04/opa4956-04.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060614235209/http://www.cftc.gov/opa/enf04/opa4956-04.htm) 2006-06-14 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) vs. Donald O’Neill

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-d_11-0)** [FOREX Advisory](https://www.cftc.gov/opa/enf98/opaforexa15.htm) Commodity Futures Trading Commission's FOREIGN CURRENCY TRADING FRAUDS

1. **[^](#cite_ref-forex-Info_12-0)** ["Foreign Currency Trading"](https://www.cftc.gov/ConsumerProtection/FraudAwarenessPrevention/ForeignCurrencyTrading/cftcnasaaforexalert.html). Retrieved 2019-09-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Foreign Exchange Controls"](http://www.topforexnews.com/foreign-exchange-controls/). Top Forex News. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYTimes1_14-0)** Egan, Jack (2005-06-19). ["Check the Currency Risk. Then Multiply by 100"](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/19/business/yourmoney/19fore.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&adxnnlx=1191337503-g1yHfewhqPWye0XtI+Eq0A&oref=slogin). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 2007-10-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Elam, Yohay (2016-01-28). ["Beware of brokers offering high leverage"](https://www.forexcrunch.com/beware-of-brokers-offering-high-leverage-gifts-even-if-you-dont-use-high-leverage/). *Forex Crunch*. Retrieved 2020-01-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["How to avoid scams - Financial Conduct Authority"](http://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/scams/how-to-avoid-scams). *fca.org.uk*. 28 February 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Report a suspected scam"](http://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/scams/report-scam). *fca.org.uk*. 4 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Consumers - Financial Conduct Authority"](https://www.fca.org.uk/scamsmart). *fca.org.uk*. 8 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["News"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150610145911/https://www.fca.org.uk/news/firms). *fca.org.uk*. Archived from [the original](http://www.fca.org.uk/news/firms) on 2015-06-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission - INVESTMENT FIRMS (CYPRIOT)"](http://www.cysec.gov.cy/en-GB/entities/investment-firms/cypriot/). *cysec.gov.cy*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission - FORMER INVESTMENT FIRMS (CYPRIOT)"](http://www.cysec.gov.cy/en-GB/entities/investment-firms/%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%A9%CE%97%CE%9D-%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%A5/). *cysec.gov.cy*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission - CYSEC WARNINGS"](http://www.cysec.gov.cy/en-GB/public-info/warnings/cysec/). *cysec.gov.cy*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission - BOARD DECISIONS"](http://www.cysec.gov.cy/en-GB/public-info/decisions/). *cysec.gov.cy*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Owners of currency exchange business that made $600 million convicted of fraud"](https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndga/pr/owners-currency-exchange-business-made-600-million-convicted-fraud) (Press release). Georgia, USA: U.S. Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Georgia. Department of Justice. 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2018-11-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Poliisi - 404"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150510163743/http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/krp/home.nsf/pages/87736A1CB0948C3DC225742900541B5F). *poliisi.fi*. Archived from [the original](http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/krp/home.nsf/pages/87736A1CB0948C3DC225742900541B5F) on 2015-05-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Helsinki Times](http://www.helsinkitimes.fi/htimes/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2597:over-700-criminal-complaints-on-wincapita-finnish-police&catid=33:general&Itemid=201) Over 700 criminal complaints on WinCapita -Finnish police, August 13, 2008

## External links

- [US Commodity Futures Trading Commission Forex Fraud Advisory](https://www.cftc.gov/ConsumerProtection/FraudAwarenessPrevention/CFTCFraudAdvisories/fraudadv_forex)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Foreign exchange fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_fraud) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_fraud?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.