# Food industry

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Collective term for diverse businesses that supply much of the world's food

Packaged food aisles at an [American](/source/America) [grocery store](/source/Grocery_store)

[Parmigiano Reggiano](/source/Parmigiano_Reggiano) cheese produced in a modern factory

[Battery cages](/source/Battery_cages) in Brazil, an example of [intensive animal farming](/source/Intensive_animal_farming)

The **food industry** is a complex, global network of diverse [businesses](/source/Business) that supplies most of the [food](/source/Food) consumed by the [world's population](/source/World_population). The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, [family-run](/source/Family_business) activities that are highly labour-intensive, to large, capital-intensive and highly mechanized industrial processes. Many food industries depend almost entirely on local [agriculture](/source/Agriculture), [animal farms](/source/Intensive_animal_farming), [produce](/source/Produce), and/or [fishing](/source/Fishing).[1]

The food industry includes:

- [Agriculture](/source/Agriculture): raising [crops](/source/Crop), [livestock](/source/Livestock), and [seafood](/source/Seafood).

- [Manufacturing](/source/Manufacturing): [agrichemicals](/source/Agrichemicals), agricultural [construction](/source/Construction), [farm machinery](/source/Farm_machinery) and supplies, [seed](/source/Seed), etc.

- [Food processing](/source/Food_processing): preparation of fresh products for market, and manufacture of prepared food products

- [Marketing](/source/Marketing): promotion of generic products (e.g., milk board), new products, [advertising](/source/Advertising), marketing campaigns, [packaging](/source/Packaging), [public relations](/source/Public_relations), etc.

- [Wholesale](/source/Wholesale) and [food distribution](/source/Food_distribution): logistics, transportation, [warehousing](/source/Warehouse)

- [Foodservice](/source/Foodservice) (which includes catering)

- [Grocery](/source/Grocery), [farmers' markets](/source/Farmers'_market), [public markets](/source/Marketplaces#Types) and other [retailing](/source/Retail)

- [Regulation](/source/Regulation): local, regional, national, and international rules and regulations for food production and sale, including [food quality](/source/Food_quality), [food security](/source/Food_security), [food safety](/source/Food_safety), marketing/advertising, and industry lobbying activities

- Education: academic, consultancy, vocational

- Research and development: [food science](/source/Food_science), [food microbiology](/source/Food_microbiology), [food technology](/source/Food_technology), [food chemistry](/source/Food_chemistry), and [food engineering](/source/Food_engineering)

- Financial services: [credit](/source/Credit), [insurance](/source/Insurance).

It is challenging to find an inclusive way to cover all aspects of food production and sale. The UK [Food Standards Agency](/source/Food_Standards_Agency) describes it as "the whole food industry – from [farming](/source/Farming) and [food production](/source/Food_production), packaging and distribution, to retail and catering".[2] The [Economic Research Service](/source/Economic_Research_Service) of the [USDA](/source/USDA) uses the term *food system* to describe the same thing, stating: "The U.S. food system is a complex network of farmers and the industries that link to them. Those links include makers of farm equipment and chemicals as well as firms that provide services to agribusinesses, such as providers of transportation and financial services. The system also includes the food marketing industries that link farms to consumers, and which include food and fiber processors, wholesalers, retailers, and foodservice establishments."[3] Areas of research such as [food grading](/source/Food_grading), [food preservation](/source/Food_preservation), [food rheology](/source/Food_rheology), [food storage](/source/Food_storage) directly deal with the quality and maintenance of quality overlapping many of the above processes.

Only [subsistence farmers](/source/Subsistence_farming), those who survive on what they grow, and [hunter-gatherers](/source/Hunter-gatherers) can be considered outside the scope of the modern food industry.

The dominant companies in the food industry have sometimes been referred to as Big Food, a term coined by the writer Neil Hamilton.[4][5][6][7]

## Food production

Main articles: [Agriculture](/source/Agriculture) and [Agronomy](/source/Agronomy)

A [soybean](/source/Soybean) field in Argentina

Most food produced for the food industry comes from commodity crops using conventional agricultural practices. Agriculture is the process of producing food, feeding products, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals ([livestock](/source/Livestock)). On average, 83% of the food consumed by humans is produced using terrestrial agriculture. In addition to terrestrial agriculture, aquaculture and fishing play vital roles in global food production. Aquaculture involves the cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shrimp, and mollusks in controlled environments like ponds, tanks, or cages. It contributes significantly to the world's seafood supply and provides an important source of protein for human consumption. Fishing, on the other hand, relies on harvesting wild aquatic species from oceans, rivers, and lakes, further diversifying the sources of food for human populations and supporting livelihoods in coastal communities worldwide. Together, terrestrial agriculture, aquaculture, and fishing collectively ensure a diverse and ample supply of food to meet the dietary needs of people across the globe.[8]

[World population](/source/World_population) supported with and without synthetic nitrogen [fertilizers](/source/Fertilizer).

Scientists, inventors, and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. One in three people worldwide are employed in agriculture,[9] yet it only contributes 3% to global [GDP](/source/GDP).[10] In 2017, on average, agriculture contributes 4% of national GDPs.[8] Global agricultural production is responsible for between 14 and 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to [global warming](/source/Global_warming), in large part due to conventional agricultural practices, including [nitrogen fertilizers](/source/Fertilizer) and poor [land management](/source/Land_management).[8]

Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fibre, and [land reclamation](/source/Land_reclamation). Agronomy encompasses work in the areas of [plant genetics](/source/Plant_genetics), [plant physiology](/source/Plant_physiology), [meteorology](/source/Meteorology), and [soil science](/source/Soil_science). Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences. Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating healthier food, managing the [environmental impact of agriculture](/source/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture), and extracting energy from plants.[11]

## Food processing

Main article: [Food processing](/source/Food_processing)

Packaged meat in a [supermarket](/source/Supermarket)

Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced.[12]

[One-off production](/source/Bespoke): this method is used when customers make an order for something to be made to their own specifications, for example, a [wedding cake](/source/Wedding_cake). The making of one-off products could take days depending on how intricate the design is.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Batch production](/source/Batch_production): this method is used when the size of the market for a product is not clear, and where there is a range within a [product line](/source/Product_line). A certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of [cupcakes](/source/Cupcake). This method involves estimating [consumer demand](/source/Consumer_demand).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Mass production](/source/Mass_production): this method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example [chocolate bars](/source/Chocolate_bar), ready meals and [canned food](/source/Canning). The product passes from one stage of production to another along a [production line](/source/Production_line).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Just-in-time (JIT)](/source/Just-in-time_(business)) (production): this method of production is mainly used in [restaurants](/source/Restaurant). All components of the product are available in-house and the customer chooses what they want in the product. It is then prepared in a [kitchen](/source/Kitchen), or in front of the buyer as in [sandwich delicatessens](/source/Delicatessen), [pizzerias](/source/Pizzerias), and [sushi bars](/source/Sushi).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Impact

The food industry has a large influence on [consumerism](/source/Consumerism). Its contribution to [climate change](/source/Climate_change) has also been reported: it is estimated that the food industry produces almost 19 times more [carbon dioxide](/source/Carbon_dioxide) annually than [commercial aviation](/source/Commercial_aviation) does.[13]

## Criticism

See also [Criticism of fast food](/source/Criticism_of_fast_food)

### Media

There are a number of books, film, TV and web-related exposés and critiques of the food industry, including:

- *[Eat This, Not That](/source/Eat_This%2C_Not_That)* (nonfiction series published in *Men's Health* magazine)

- *[Fast Food Nation](/source/Fast_Food_Nation)* (2001 nonfiction book) - *[Chew On This](/source/Chew_On_This)* (2005 book adaptation of *Fast Food Nation* for younger readers) - [*Fast Food Nation*](/source/Fast_Food_Nation_(film)) (2006 documentary film)

- *[Food, Inc.](/source/Food%2C_Inc.)* (2008 documentary film)

- *[Panic Nation](/source/Panic_Nation)* (2006 nonfiction book)

- *[Super Size Me](/source/Super_Size_Me)* (2004 documentary film)

- *[Forks over Knives](/source/Forks_over_Knives)* (2011 documentary film)

- *[The Jungle](/source/The_Jungle)* (1906 novel by [Upton Sinclair](/source/Upton_Sinclair) that exposed health violations and unsanitary practices in the American [meat packing industry](/source/Meat_packing_industry) during the early 20th century, based on his investigation for a socialist newspaper)

### Corporate and financial influence

The [Bretton Woods institutions](/source/Bretton_Woods_system)—the World Bank and [International Monetary Fund](/source/International_Monetary_Fund)—play a large role in how the food industry functions today.[14] These global funds were born after World War II, to help rebuild Europe and prevent another Great Depression. Overall, their main purpose was to stabilize economies.[14] The IMF provided short-term loans while the World Bank was focused on larger projects that would bring electricity back to cities, roads, and other "essential" needs.[15] The World Bank's mission and purpose transformed, however, as its president [Robert McNamara](/source/Robert_McNamara) implemented a system of [structural adjustment loans](/source/Structural_adjustment_loans). In accepting loans from the World Bank, countries, especially in the [Global South](/source/Global_South), became economically, politically, and socially tied to the West.[16] Many countries struggled to pay back their loans, beginning the process of global debt, privatization, and the downfall of local economies.[17] As a result of Western intervention, many small-scale farmers have been displaced, as U.S. corporations have bought out land in other countries and continued to monopolize food.[18] Today, several multinational corporations have introduced agricultural technologies to developing countries including improved seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and crop production methods.[19]

Organizations such as The [American Academy of Family Physicians](/source/American_Academy_of_Family_Physicians) (AAFP) have been criticized for accepting monetary donations from companies within the food industry, such as [Coca-Cola](/source/The_Coca-Cola_Company).[20] These donations have been criticized for creating a conflict of interest and favoring an interest such as financial gains.[20]

## Policy

See also: [Economic policy](/source/Economic_policy), [Education policy](/source/Education_policy), [Eco-tariff](/source/Eco-tariff), and [Decision-making](/source/Decision-making)

In 2020 scientists reported that reducing emissions from the global [food system](/source/Food_system) is essential to achieving the [Paris Agreement](/source/Paris_Agreement)'s [climate goals](/source/Climate_change_mitigation).[21][22] In 2020, an evidence review for the [European Union](/source/European_Union)'s [Scientific Advice Mechanism](/source/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism) found that, without significant change, emissions would increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and changing consumption patterns, and concluded that "the combined environmental cost of food production is estimated to amount to some $12 trillion per year, increasing to $16 trillion by 2050".[23] The [IPCC](/source/IPCC)'s and the [EU](/source/EU)'s reports concluded that adapting the food system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impacts and food security concerns, while shifting towards a [sustainable diet](/source/Sustainable_diet), is feasible.[8]

### Regulation

See also: [Category:Food law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_law)

Since World War II, agriculture in the United States and the entire national food system in its entirety has been characterized by models that focus on monetary [profitability](/source/Profit_(economics)) at the expense of social and environmental integrity.[24] Regulations exist to protect consumers and somewhat balance this economic orientation with public interests for food quality, food security, food safety, animal well-being, environmental protection and health.[25]

### Proactive guidance

In 2020, researchers published projections and models of potential impacts of [policy](/source/Policy)-dependent mechanisms of modulation, or lack thereof, of [how, where, and what food is produced](/source/Food_system). They analyzed policy-effects for specific regions or nations such as reduction of [meat production and consumption](/source/Environmental_impact_of_meat), reductions in [food waste](/source/Food_waste) and loss, [increases in crop yields](/source/Agricultural_productivity#Sustainable_agriculture) and international [land-use planning](/source/Land-use_planning). Their conclusions include that raising agricultural yields is highly beneficial for biodiversity-conservation in sub-Saharan Africa while measures leading to shifts of diets are highly beneficial in North America and that global coordination and rapid action are necessary.[26][27][28]

## Wholesale and distribution

A [foodservice](/source/Foodservice) truck at a loading dock. [Road transportation](/source/Road_transportation) is often used in food distribution.

A vast global cargo network connects the numerous parts of the industry. These include suppliers, manufacturers, warehousers, retailers and the end consumers.) [Wholesale markets](/source/Wholesale_marketing) for fresh food products have tended to decline in importance in [urbanizing](/source/Urbanization) countries, including Latin America and some Asian countries as a result of the growth of [supermarkets](/source/Supermarkets), which procure directly from farmers or through preferred suppliers, rather than going through markets.

The constant and uninterrupted flow of product from distribution centers to store locations is a critical link in food industry operations. Distribution centers run more efficiently, throughput can be increased, costs can be lowered, and manpower better utilized if the proper steps are taken when setting up a [material handling](/source/Material_handling) system in a warehouse.[29]

## Retail

With worldwide [urbanization](/source/Urbanization),[30] food buying is increasingly removed from food production. During the 20th century, the [supermarket](/source/Supermarket) became the defining retail element of the food industry. There, tens of thousands of products are gathered in one location, in continuous, year-round supply.

Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The [food service](/source/Food_service) industry, by contrast, offers prepared food, either as finished products or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". Restaurants, cafes, bakeries and mobile [food trucks](/source/Food_truck) provide opportunities for consumers to purchase food.

In the 21st century [online grocery stores](/source/Online_grocer) emerged and digital technologies for [community-supported agriculture](/source/Community-supported_agriculture) have enabled farmers to directly sell produce.[31] Some online grocery stores have voluntarily set social goals or values beyond meeting consumer demand and the accumulation of [profit](/source/Profit_motive).[32]

## Food industry technologies

Further information: [Timeline of agriculture and food technology](/source/Timeline_of_agriculture_and_food_technology) and [Haber–Bosch process](/source/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process)

An American [agrochemical](/source/Agrochemical) factory in 1876

Modern food production is defined by sophisticated technologies. These include many areas. [Agricultural machinery](/source/Agricultural_machinery), originally led by the [tractor](/source/Tractor), has practically eliminated human labor in many areas of production. [Biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology) is driving much change, in areas as diverse as [agrochemicals](/source/Agrochemical), [plant breeding](/source/Plant_breeding) and food processing. Many other types of technology are also involved, to the point where it is hard to find an area that does not have a direct impact on the food industry. As in other fields, computer technology is also a central force. Other than that, there few more modern technologies that can help to improve the industry as well which are, robotics and automation, blockchain, nanotech, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, smart farming and others. These new technologies can improve the industry in the following ways:

1. [Robotics](/source/Robotics) and [automation](/source/Automation): Robotics and automation are being used to automate processes such as [packaging](/source/Packaging_and_labeling), [sorting](/source/Sorting), and [quality control](/source/Quality_control), which reduces [labor costs](/source/Labor_costs) and increases efficiency. These technologies also reduce the likelihood of contamination by reducing human contact with food.[33]

1. [Blockchain](/source/Blockchain): Blockchain technology is being used to improve [food safety](/source/Food_safety) by providing transparency in the [supply chain](/source/Supply_chain). This technology allows for [real-time tracking](/source/Real-time_locating_system) of food products, from farm to table, which helps to identify any potential safety hazards and enables quick response to any issues.[34]

1. [Nanotechnology](/source/Nanotechnology_in_agriculture): Nanotechnology is being used to develop new packaging materials that can extend the shelf life of food and reduce [food waste](/source/Food_loss_and_waste). These materials can also be designed to be [biodegradable](/source/Biodegradable), reducing the environmental impact of packaging.[35]

1. [3D printing](/source/3D_printing): 3D printing is being used to create custom food products and to make food production more efficient.[36] With 3D printing, it is possible to create complex shapes and designs that would be difficult to achieve with traditional manufacturing techniques.

1. [Artificial intelligence](/source/Artificial_intelligence): (AI) is being used to analyze large amounts of [data](/source/Data) in the food industry, which can help to identify trends and patterns. This technology can be used to optimize processes and to improve the quality and safety of food products.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

1. [Smart farming](/source/Smart_farming): Smart farming involves the use of [sensors](/source/Sensor) and [data analytics](/source/Data_analysis) to optimize crop yields and reduce waste. This technology can help farmers to make more informed decisions about when to plant, water, and harvest crops, which can improve the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture.[37]

## Marketing

Main articles: [Food marketing](/source/Food_marketing) and [Agricultural marketing](/source/Agricultural_marketing)

As consumers grow increasingly removed from food production, the role of product creation, [advertising](/source/Advertising), and publicity become the primary vehicles for information about food. With processed food as the dominant category, marketers have almost infinite possibilities in product creation. Of the food advertised to [children](/source/Advertising_to_children) on [television](/source/TV_ad), 73% is [fast](/source/Fast_food) or [convenience foods](/source/Convenience_foods).[38]

One of the main challenges in food industry marketing is the high level of [competition](/source/Market_competition) in the market. Companies must differentiate themselves from their competitors by offering unique products or using innovative [marketing techniques](/source/Marketing_strategy). For example, many food companies are now using [social media](/source/Social_media) platforms to promote their products and engage with customers.

Another important aspect of food industry marketing is understanding [consumer behavior](/source/Consumer_behaviour) and preferences. This includes factors such as age, gender, income, and cultural background. Companies must also be aware of changing consumer trends and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly.

## Labor and education

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2021)

Equipment at [Tartu Mill](/source/Tartu_Mill). Modern food processing factories are often highly automated.

Until the last 100 years, agriculture was [labor-intensive](/source/Labor-intensive). Farming was a common occupation and millions of people were involved in food production. Farmers, largely trained from generation to generation, carried on the family business. That situation has changed dramatically today. In America in 1870, 70–80% of the US population was employed in agriculture.[39] As of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_industry&action=edit), less than 2% of the population is directly employed in agriculture,[40][41][42] and about 83% of the population lives in cities.[43]

## See also

- [Food portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food)
- [Agriculture and agronomy portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_agronomy)
- [Business and economics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics)
- [Companies portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies)

- [Agroindustry](/source/Agroindustry)

- [Agricultural economics](/source/Agricultural_economics)

- [Agricultural expansion](/source/Agricultural_expansion)

- [Dietary supplement](/source/Dietary_supplement)

- [Factory farming](/source/Factory_farming)

- [Food fortification](/source/Food_fortification), also called nutrification

- [Geography of food](/source/Geography_of_food)

- [Local food](/source/Local_food)

- [Ultra-processed food](/source/Ultra-processed_food)

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Reducing global food system emissions key to meeting climate goals"](https://phys.org/news/2020-11-global-food-emissions-key-climate.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Clark, Michael A.; Domingo, Nina G. G.; Colgan, Kimberly; Thakrar, Sumil K.; Tilman, David; Lynch, John; Azevedo, Inês L.; Hill, Jason D. (6 November 2020). ["Global food system emissions could preclude achieving the 1.5° and 2°C climate change targets"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba7357). *Science*. **370** (6517): 705–708. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020Sci...370..705C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...370..705C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.aba7357](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aba7357). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0036-8075](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33154139](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33154139). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [226254942](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226254942). Retrieved 8 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** SAPEA (2020). [*A sustainable food system for the European Union*](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105107/https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/sustainable-food-system-report.pdf) (PDF). Berlin: SAPEA - Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 39. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.26356/sustainablefood](https://doi.org/10.26356%2Fsustainablefood). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-9820301-7-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9820301-7-3). Archived from [the original](https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/sustainable-food-system-report.pdf) (PDF) on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Schattman, Rachel. [Sustainable Food Sourcing and Distribution in the Vermont-Regional Food System](https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005131/https://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/Documents/Schattman_localfoodsourcing.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Archived from [the original](https://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/Documents/Schattman_localfoodsourcing.pdf) (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Szajkowska, Anna (March 2012). [*Regulating Food Law: Risk Analysis and the Precautionary Principle as General Principles of EU Food Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xv0hgss2IEC&pg=PA33). Wageningen Academic Pub. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-8686-194-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-194-1). Retrieved 22 January 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Global food industry on course to drive rapid habitat loss – research"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/21/global-food-industry-to-drive-rapid-habitat-loss-research). *The Guardian*. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Current food production systems could mean far-reaching habitat loss"](https://phys.org/news/2020-12-current-food-production-far-reaching-habitat.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 17 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Williams, David R.; Clark, Michael; Buchanan, Graeme M.; Ficetola, G. Francesco; Rondinini, Carlo; Tilman, David (21 December 2020). ["Proactive conservation to prevent habitat losses to agricultural expansion"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00656-5). *Nature Sustainability*. **4** (4): 314–322. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020NatSu...4..314W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSu...4..314W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41893-020-00656-5](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-020-00656-5). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2434/857211](https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F857211). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2398-9629](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-9629). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [229346085](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229346085). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125142655/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00656-5) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Boosting efficiency at the DC"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100327154126/http://www.groceryheadquarters.com/articles/2009-01-01/Boosting-efficiency-at-the-DC). *Grocery Headquarters*. Archived from [the original](http://www.groceryheadquarters.com/articles/2009-01-01/Boosting-efficiency-at-the-DC) on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision"](https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/WUP2003.htm). *Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (United Nations)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Foote, Natasha (2 April 2020). ["Innovation spurred by COVID-19 crisis highlights 'potential of small-scale farmers'"](https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/innovation-spurred-by-covid-19-crisis-highlights-potential-of-small-scale-farmers/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Amid Pandemic, Local Company Delivering Meat And Fresh, Organic Sustainable Foods"](https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2020/05/22/amid-pandemic-local-company-delivering-meat-and-fresh-organic-sustainable-foods/). 22 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Robotnik (31 January 2022). ["Application of robotics in agriculture"](https://robotnik.eu/robotics-applications-in-agriculture/). *Robotnik*. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Tian, Feng (2016). "An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology". *2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM)*. pp. 1–6. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/ICSSSM.2016.7538424](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSSSM.2016.7538424). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5090-2842-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-2842-9).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Kunkel, Dale (2009). ["The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised to Children on Television"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180919132253/http://lahealthaction.org/library/adstudy09_report.pdf) (PDF). *Children Now*. Archived from [the original](http://lahealthaction.org/library/adstudy09_report.pdf) (PDF) on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Employment by major industry sector"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180511092038/https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_201.htm). Bls.gov. 19 December 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_201.htm) on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.

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### Works cited

- [IPCC](/source/IPCC) (2019). Shukla, P. R.; Skea, J.; Calvo Buendia, E.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; et al. (eds.). [*IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems*](https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf) (PDF). In press.

## Further reading

- Nelson, Scott Reynolds. *Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World* (2022) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Oceans-Grain-American-Wheat-Remade/dp/1541646460/)

- Nestle, M. (2013). [*Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health*](https://books.google.com/books?id=39oVBbtt6IEC). California Studies in Food and Culture. University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-95506-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95506-6). 534 pages.

- Vasconcellos, J.A. (2003). [*Quality Assurance for the Food Industry: A Practical Approach*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ReVpGdCZ5DMC). CRC Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-203-49810-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49810-1). 448 pages.

- Kress-Rogers, E.; Brimelow, C.J.B. (2001). [*Instrumentation and Sensors for the Food Industry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cJRc8NHac5wC). Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Woodhead. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85573-560-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-560-6). 836 pages.

- Traill, B.; Pitts, E. (1998). [*Competitiveness in the Food Industry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-g_iw4ocyAgC). Springer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7514-0431-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0431-9). 301 pages.

- [Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry](/source/Food_Fight%3A_The_Inside_Story_of_the_Food_Industry)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Food industry](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_industry).

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Food industry](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Food_industry)***.

- ["The Food Industry Center"](http://foodindustrycenter.umn.edu). [University of Minnesota](/source/University_of_Minnesota).[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

v t e Major industries by economic sector Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ (raw materials) Biotic Agriculture Arable farming Cereals Legumes Vegetables Fiber crops Oilseeds Sugar Tobacco Permanent crops Apples et al. Berries Citrus Stone fruits Tropical fruit Viticulture Cocoa Coffee Tea Nuts Olives Medicinal plants Spices Horticulture Flowers Seeds Animal husbandry Beef cattle Dairy farming Fur farming Horses Other livestock Pig Wool Poultry Beekeeping Cochineal Shellac Silk Hunting Fur trapping Forestry Silviculture Bamboo Logging Firewood Rattan Tree tapping Frankincense Gum arabic Gutta-percha Maple syrup Mastic Natural rubber Palm sugar, syrup, & wine Pine resin Wild mushrooms Fungiculture Truffles Aquatic Fishing Anchovies Herring Sardines Cod Haddock Pollock Mackerel Shark Swordfish Tuna Crabs Lobsters Sea urchins Squid Whaling Aquaculture Carp Catfish Tilapia Abalone Mussels Oysters Pearls Microalgae Seaweed Both Clams Sea cucumbers Scallops Salmon Shrimp Geological Fossil fuels Coal Peat Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Tar sands Mining of ores Aluminum Copper Iron Gold Silver Palladium Platinum Lithium Rare-earth metals Uranium Other minerals Gemstones Phosphorus Potash Salt Sulfur Quarrying Gravel Sand Chalk Clay Gypsum Limestone Dimension stone Granite Marble Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ (goods manufacturing) Manufacturing Light industry Food Animal feed Baking Canning Dairy products Flour Meat Prepared Preserved Sweets Vegetable oils Beverages Beer Bottled water Liquor Soft drinks Wine Textiles Carding Dyeing Prints Spinning Weaving Carpets Lace Linens Rope Clothing Accessories Dressmaking Furs Hatmaking Sewing Shoemaking Tailoring Printing Bookbinding Embossing Engraving Secure Typesetting Media reproduction Cassette tapes Phonographs Optical discs Metal fabrication Boilermaking Builders' & household hardware Cutlery Gunsmithing Locksmithing Machining Other smithing Powder metallurgy Prefabrication Surface finishing Other fabrication 3D printing Blow molding Drawing Extrusion Glassblowing Injection moulding Pottery Sintering Stonemasonry Woodworking Furniture Other goods Baggage Bicycles Jewellery Medical supplies Musical instruments Office supplies Outdoors & sports equipment Personal protective equipment Toys Electrical & optical Electronics Components Circuit boards Semiconductors Computers Computer systems Parts & peripherals Blank storage media Communications equipment Mobile phones Network infrastructure Consumer electronics Televisions Video game consoles Instrumentation Clocks and watches GPS devices Scientific instruments Medical imaging systems Optical instruments Cameras Gun & spotting scopes Laser construction Lens grinding Microscopes Telescopes Electrical equipment Batteries Electrical & fiber optic cables Electric lighting Electric motors Home appliances Transformers Chemicals Coal & oil refining Bitumen Coke Diesel fuel Fuel oil Gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene Mineral oil Paraffin wax Petrochemicals Petroleum jelly Propane Synthetic oil Tar Commodity chemicals Fertilizers Industrial gases Pigments Pure elements Speciality chemicals Adhesives Agrochemicals Aroma compounds Cleaning products Cosmetics Explosives Fireworks Paints & inks Perfumes Soap Toiletries Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Blood products Chemical & hormonal contraceptives Generic drugs Illegal drugs Supplements Vaccines Materials Leather Liming & deliming Tanning Currying & oiling Wood Drying Sawmilling Engineered Lumber Composite Paper Sizing Cardboard Pulp Tissue Rubber Tires Vulcanized rubber Plastics Commodity Engineered Specialty Pellets Synthetic fibers Thermoplastics & thermosets Glass Borosilicate Fused quartz Soda-lime Float glass Glass fiber Glass wool & fiberglass Safety glass Ceramics Brick Earthenware Porcelain Refractory Tile Cement Mortar Plaster Ready-mix concrete Other mineral Abrasives Carbon fibers & advanced materials Mineral wool Synthetic gems Metal refining Iron Aluminum Copper Alloys Steel Formed metal Rolled Forged Cast metal Heavy industry Machinery Conveyors Heavy Hydraulic Machine tools Power & wind turbines Automobiles Other heavy vehicles Aerospace & space Rail vehicles Ships & offshore platforms Weapons Utilities Power Electric Gas distribution Renewable Water Sewage Waste management Collection Dumping Hazardous Recycling Remediation Telecom networks Cable TV Internet Mobile Satellite Telephone Construction Buildings Commercial Industrial Residential Civil engineering Bridges Railways Roads Tunnels Canals Dams Dredging Harbors Specialty trades Cabinetry Demolition Electrical wiring Elevators HVAC Painting and decorating Plumbing Site preparation Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ (services) Sales Retail Car dealership Consumer goods General store Grocery store Department store Mail order E-commerce Online shopping Specialty store Wholesale Auction Brokerage Distribution Transport & Storage Cargo Air cargo Intermodal Mail Moving company Rail Trucking Passenger transport Airlines Car rentals Passenger rail Ridesharing Taxis Warehousing Self storage Hospitality Food service Drink service Cafés Catering Fast food Food delivery Restaurants Teahouses Hotels Asset management Financial services Banking Credit Financial advice Holding company Money transfer Payment cards Risk management Securities Insurance Health Life Pension funding Property Reinsurance Real estate Brokerage Property management Professional Accounting Assurance Audit Bookkeeping Tax advice Architecture & engineering Inspection Surveying Physical, product, & system testing Design Fashion Interior Product Legal services Management Consulting Public relations Marketing Advertising Creative Language Research and development Basic research Healthcare Medicine Dentist offices Hospitals Nursing Residential care Veterinary medicine Entertainment & leisure Audio-visual Film Music Video games Broadcasting News Radio Television Sport Travel Business travel Cruise lines Tourism Gambling Online Venues Arcades Amusement parks Fairgrounds Nightclubs Tabletop games Publishing & Mass media Written Books Periodicals Software Internet Hosting Social networks Streaming Websites Education Primary 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Privatization Sole proprietorship State-owned enterprise Category Outline

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v t e Food science General Allergy Engineering Food Human Nutritional rating systems Glycemic index Insulin index Satiety value Microbiology Nutrition Human Diet Clinical Processing Processing aids Psychology Quality Sensory analysis Discrimination testing Rheology Storage Technology v t e Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids "Minerals" (Chemical elements) Proteins Vitamins Water v t e Food preservation Biopreservation Burying in ground Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze-drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Rillettes Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing Food portal Category: Food preservation Food industry Manufacturing Packaging Marketing Food service Fortification v t e Consumer food safety Adulterants, food contaminants 3-MCPD Aldicarb Antibiotic use in livestock Cyanide 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coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination 2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal Food safety incidents in China Food safety incidents in Taiwan Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation, standards, watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws Food safety in Australia International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Nutrition facts label Organic certification Quality Assurance International United Kingdom food information regulations Institutions Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 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