# Foehn wind

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Type of dry down-slope wind occurring the lee of mountain ranges

"Föhn" redirects here. For the antiaircraft rocket, see [Henschel Hs 297](/source/Henschel_Hs_297).

The causes of the Foehn effect in the lee of mountains (adapted from:[1])

Dissolving [Föhn clouds](/source/F%C3%B6hn_cloud) over [Cumbre Nueva](/source/Cumbre_Nueva), [La Palma](/source/La_Palma), at an elevation of 1,400 m (4,600 ft)

A **Foehn**, or **Föhn** (German pronunciation: [\[føːn\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German); [UK](/source/British_English): [/fɜːn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), [US](/source/American_English): [/feɪn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*fayn*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key),[2][3] [US](/source/American_English) also [/fʌn, fɜːrn/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*fu(r)n*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)[4][5]), is a type of dry, relatively warm [downslope wind](/source/Katabatic_wind) in the [lee](/source/Leeward) of a [mountain range](/source/Mountain_range). It is a [rain shadow](/source/Rain_shadow) wind that results from the subsequent [adiabatic](/source/Adiabatic) warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on [windward](/source/Windward_and_leeward) slopes (see [orographic lift](/source/Orographic_lift)). As a consequence of the different adiabatic [lapse rates](/source/Lapse_rate) of moist and dry air, the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than equivalent [elevations](/source/Elevation) on the windward slopes.

Foehn winds can raise [temperatures](/source/Atmospheric_temperature) by as much as 14 °C (25 °F)[6] in just a matter of hours. Switzerland, southern Germany, and Austria have a warmer climate due to the Foehn, as moist winds off the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) blow over the [Alps](/source/Alps).

## Etymology

The name *Foehn* ([German](/source/German_language): *Föhn*, pronounced [\[ˈføːn\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German)) arose in the [Alpine](/source/Alps) region. Originating from Latin *(ventus) favonius*, a mild west wind of which [Favonius](/source/Zephyrus) was the Roman personification[7] and probably transmitted by [Romansh](/source/Romansh_language): *favuogn* or just *fuogn*, the term was adopted as [Old High German](/source/Old_High_German_language): *phōnno*. In the Southern Alps, the phenomenon is known as *Föhn* but also [Italian](/source/Italian_language): *favonio* and *fen* in [Serbo-Croatian](/source/Serbo-Croatian_language) and [Slovene](/source/Slovene_language). The German word *Föhn* (pronounced the same way) also means 'hairdryer', while the word *Fön* is a [genericized trademark](/source/Genericized_trademark) today owned by [AEG](/source/AEG_(German_company)).[8] The form *phon* is used in [French-speaking parts of Switzerland](/source/Romandy) as well as in [Northern Italy.](/source/Northern_Italy)

The name *Föhn* was originally used to refer to the south wind which blows during the winter months and brings thaw conditions to the northern side of the [Alps](/source/Alps). Because Föhn later became a generic term that was extended to other mountain ranges around the world that experience similar phenomena, the name "[Alpine föhn](/source/Alpine_f%C3%B6hn)" (*Alpenföhn*) was coined for the Föhns of the Alpine region.[9]

## Causes

The warm moist air from northern Italy is blocked on the [windward](/source/Windward) side, loses much of its water vapor content, and descends on the French plateau and valley of the Mont-Cenis range in the [Maurienne valley](/source/Maurienne_valley).

There are four known causes of the Foehn warming and drying effect.[1] These mechanisms often act together, with their contributions varying depending on the size and shape of the mountain barrier and on the meteorological conditions, such as the upstream wind speed, temperature and humidity.

### Condensation and precipitation

When winds blow over elevated terrain, air forced upwards expands and cools due to the decrease in pressure with height. Since colder air can hold less water vapor, moisture condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow on the mountain's upwind slopes. The change of state from vapor to liquid water releases [latent heat](/source/Latent_heat) energy which heats the air, partially countering the cooling that occurs as the air rises. The subsequent removal of moisture as precipitation renders this heat gain by the air irreversible, leading to the warm, dry, Foehn conditions as the air descends in the mountain's lee. This mechanism has become a popular textbook example of atmospheric thermodynamics. However, the common occurrence of 'dry' Foehn events, where there is no precipitation, implies there must be other mechanisms.

Rotor cloud revealing overturning and turbulence above the lee slopes of the Antarctic Peninsula during a westerly Foehn event

### Isentropic draw-down

Isentropic draw-down is the draw-down of warmer, drier air from aloft. When the approaching winds are insufficiently strong to propel the low-level air up and over the mountain barrier, the airflow is said to be 'blocked' by the mountain and only air higher up near mountain-top level is able to pass over and down the lee slopes as Foehn winds. These higher source regions provide Foehn air that becomes warmer and drier on the leeside after it is compressed with descent due to the increase in pressure towards the surface.

### Mechanical mixing

When river water passes over rocks, turbulence is generated in the form of rapids, and white water reveals the turbulent mixing of the water with the air above. Similarly, as air passes over mountains, turbulence occurs and the atmosphere is mixed in the vertical. This mixing generally leads to a downward warming and upward moistening of the cross-mountain airflow, and consequently to warmer, drier Foehn winds in the valleys downwind.

### Radiative warming

Dry Foehn conditions are responsible for the occurrence of rain shadows in the lee of mountains, where clear, sunny conditions prevail. This often leads to greater daytime radiative (solar) warming under Foehn conditions. This type of warming is particularly important in cold regions where snow or ice melt is a concern or where avalanches are a risk.

## Effects

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Winds of this type are also called "snow-eaters" for their ability to make snow and ice melt or [sublimate](/source/Sublimation_(chemistry)) rapidly. This is a result not only of the warmth of Foehn air, but also its low relative [humidity](/source/Humidity). Accordingly, Foehn winds are known to contribute to the disintegration of ice shelves in the polar regions.[10]

Foehn winds are notorious among mountaineers in the Alps, especially those climbing the [Eiger](/source/Eiger), for whom the winds add further difficulty in ascending an already difficult peak.

They are also associated with the rapid spread of [wildfires](/source/Wildfire), making some regions which experience these winds particularly fire-prone.

## Purported physiological effects

Anecdotally, residents in areas of frequent Foehn winds have reported experiencing a variety of illnesses ranging from [migraines](/source/Migraine) to [psychosis](/source/Psychosis). The first clinical review of these effects was published by the Austrian physician Anton Czermak in the 19th century.[11] A study by the [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](/source/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen) found that [suicide](/source/Suicide) and accidents increased by 10 percent during Foehn winds in Central Europe.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The causation of *[Föhnkrankheit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hnkrankheit&action=edit&redlink=1)* (English: Foehn-sickness) is unproven. Labels for preparations of aspirin combined with [caffeine](/source/Caffeine), [codeine](/source/Codeine) and the like will sometimes include *Föhnkrankheit* among the indications.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*][12] Evidence for effects from [Chinook winds](/source/Chinook_wind) remains anecdotal, as it does for New Zealand's [Nor'wester](/source/Nor'west_arch).[13]

In some regions, Foehn winds are associated with causing circulatory problems, headaches, or similar ailments.[14] Researchers have found, however, the Foehn wind's warm temperature to be beneficial to humans in most situations, and have theorized that the reported negative effects may be a result of secondary factors, such as changes in the electrical field or in the ion state of the atmosphere, the wind's relatively low humidity, or the generally unpleasant sensation of being in an environment with strong and gusty winds.[14]

## Local examples

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Regionally, these winds are known by many different names. These include:

**in the Americas**

- The [Brookings Effect](/source/Brookings_effect) on the southwestern coast of Oregon, also known as the Chetco Effect.

- [Chinook winds](/source/Chinook_wind) east of the [Rocky Mountains](/source/Rocky_Mountains) and the [Cascade Range](/source/Cascade_Range) in the United States and Canada, and north, east and west of the [Chugach Mountains](/source/Chugach_Mountains) of Alaska, United States

- Foehn winds in the foothills of the southern [Appalachian Mountains](/source/Appalachian_Mountains),[15] which can be unusual compared to other Foehn winds in that the relative humidity typically changes little due to the increased moisture in the source air mass[16]

- [Mono winds](/source/Mono_winds) in the [Sierra Nevada](/source/Sierra_Nevada).[17]

- The [Santa Ana winds](/source/Santa_Ana_winds) of southern [California](/source/California), including the [Sundowner](/source/Sundowner_(wind)) winds of Santa Barbara, are in some ways similar to the Föhn, but originate in dry deserts as a [katabatic wind](/source/Katabatic_wind). However, traditional Föhn conditions frequently prevail along the [Santa Monica](/source/Santa_Monica_Mountains) and [Santa Ana](/source/Santa_Ana_Mountains) Mountains and their respective leeward valleys, the [San Fernando Valley](/source/San_Fernando_Valley) and the [Riverside County](/source/Riverside_County%2C_California) portion of the [Inland Empire](/source/Inland_Empire_(California)) region.

- [Puelche wind](/source/Puelche_(wind)) in Chile

- [Suêtes](/source/Su%C3%AAtes) on the west coast of [Cape Breton Island](/source/Cape_Breton_Island), [Nova Scotia](/source/Nova_Scotia), Canada

- [Wreckhouse](/source/Wreckhouse%2C_Newfoundland_and_Labrador) winds in the southwest corner of the island of [Newfoundland](/source/Newfoundland), [Newfoundland and Labrador](/source/Newfoundland_and_Labrador), Canada

- [Zonda winds](/source/Zonda_wind) in Argentina

**in Antarctica**

- Föhn wall on [Signy Island](/source/Signy_Island), [South Orkneys](/source/South_Orkneys)

**in Asia**

- Garmesh, Garmij, Garmbaad (lit. transl. Warm wind): ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): گرمباد, [Gilaki](/source/Gilaki_language): گرمش) in [Gilan](/source/Gilan) region (near the [Alborz](/source/Alborz)) in the south west of [Caspian Sea](/source/Caspian_Sea) in Iran.

- In winter, a Foehn effect occurs in the [West Azerbaijan province](/source/West_Azerbaijan_province), Iran (around [Lake Urmia](/source/Lake_Urmia)) as manifested by the province's dry winters relative to those in the windward part of the region (Northern Iraq or [Kurdistan Province](/source/Kurdistan_province) and [Hakkâri Province](/source/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province) in Turkey). For example, the winter rainfall of [Urmia](/source/Urmia) and [Salmas](/source/Salmas) in [Iranian Azerbaijan](/source/Iranian_Azerbaijan) is much lower than [Batifa](/source/Batifa) and [Soran](/source/Soran%2C_Iraq) in Iraqi Kurdistan, and [Hakkâri](/source/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)) in the Hakkâri Province, which are roughly on the same latitude but are on the windward side of the [Zagros Mountains](/source/Zagros_Mountains).

- [Loo](/source/Loo_(wind)) in [Indo-Gangetic Plain](/source/Indo-Gangetic_Plain)

- [Warm Braw](/source/Warm_Braw) in the [Schouten Islands](/source/Schouten_Islands) north of [West Papua](/source/West_Papua_(province)), Indonesia.[18]

- [Wuhan](/source/Wuhan) in China is famously known as one of the [Three Furnaces](/source/Three_Furnaces) on account of its extremely hot weather in summer resulting from the adiabatic warming effect created by mountains further south.

- Laos wind ([Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_language): *gió Lào*), hot-dry west wind ([Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_language): *gió tây khô nóng*) in northern and central Vietnam.

**in Europe**

Foehn clouds upon the [Karawanken](/source/Karawanken) mountain range, [Carinthia](/source/Carinthia), Austria

Foehn clouds over [La Palma](/source/La_Palma), Spain

- Favonio in [Ticino](/source/Ticino) and north-western Italy due to western and northern winds crossing the [Alps](/source/Alps) (mostly in winter)

- Garbino in the [Adriatic](/source/Adriatic_Sea) coast of Italy due to south-western winds crossing the [Apennine Mountains](/source/Apennine_Mountains) (mostly in fall and winter)

- Fen in northwest Slovenia

- Fønvind in [South Norway](/source/South_Norway), in particular [Central Norway](/source/Central_Norway), resulting in extreme winter warming, including Scandinavia's warmest winter temperature in [Sunndalsøra](/source/Sunndals%C3%B8ra).

- Fogony in the [Catalan](/source/Catalonia) [Pyrenees](/source/Pyrenees)

- Föhn or Foehn in Austria, southern Germany, Switzerland, France and Liechtenstein

- Föhn in [Ostrobothnia](/source/Ostrobothnia_(administrative_region)) and Western [Lapland](/source/Lapland_(Finland)) in Finland as moist air crosses [Scandinavian Mountains](/source/Scandinavian_Mountains) and dries up.

- [Halny](/source/Halny) in the [Carpathian Mountains](/source/Carpathian_Mountains), southern Poland and northern Slovakia

- The [Helm Wind](/source/Helm_Wind), on the [Pennines](/source/Pennines) in the [Eden Valley](/source/River_Eden%2C_Cumbria), [Cumbria](/source/Cumbria), England

- Hnjúkaþeyr in Icelandic

- [Lodos](/source/Lodos) wind, causing warm temperatures in the leeward side of mountains in the mild-winter climate of the [Aegean Sea](/source/Aegean_Sea), Greece and western Turkey, as well as unusually mild temperatures in the cool or moderately cold winter climates north of the [Marmara Sea](/source/Marmara_Sea), such as [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul), [Adapazarı](/source/Adapazar%C4%B1) and [Zonguldak](/source/Zonguldak).

- [Košava](/source/Ko%C5%A1ava_(wind)) (Koshava) wind in Serbia that blows along the river [Danube](/source/Danube)[19][20]

- Nortada in [Cascais](/source/Cascais), and most notoriously in [Guincho Beach](/source/Guincho_Beach), making it one of the best windsurfing spots in Europe

- Ponentà in [Valencia](/source/Valencia) (eastern Spain)

- Terral in [Málaga](/source/M%C3%A1laga) (southern Spain)

- Viento del Sur (Southern Wind) or Hego haizea in Basque in the [Cantabrian region](/source/Green_Spain) (northern Spain)

**in Oceania**

- The [Great Dividing foehn](/source/Australian_foehn_winds) in southeast Australia, leeward of the [Great Dividing Range](/source/Great_Dividing_Range), observed in the [coastal plains](/source/Coastal_plains) of [New South Wales](/source/New_South_Wales), and also in eastern [Victoria](/source/Victoria_(state)) and eastern [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania).[21]

- The [Nor'wester](/source/Nor'west_arch) in [Hawkes Bay](/source/Hawkes_Bay), [Canterbury](/source/Canterbury%2C_New_Zealand), and [Otago](/source/Otago), New Zealand[22]

## Gallery

		- Foehn over Carretera Punta de Jandía in [Morro Jable](/source/Morro_Jable), [Pájara](/source/P%C3%A1jara), [Fuerteventura](/source/Fuerteventura), Canary Islands

		- Dissolving clouds from Foehn wind over the Cumbre Nueva in [El Paso, La Palma](/source/El_Paso%2C_La_Palma), Canary Island

		- Foehn over Llano del Jable

		- Foehn can be initiated when deep low-pressure systems move into Europe, drawing moist [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean) air over the [Alps](/source/Alps).

## See also

- [Alpine climate](/source/Alpine_climate)

- [Anabatic wind](/source/Anabatic_wind)

- [Chinook wind](/source/Chinook_wind)

- [Föhn cloud](/source/F%C3%B6hn_cloud)

- [Katabatic winds](/source/Katabatic_wind)

- [Lee wave](/source/Lee_wave)

- [Meteorology](/source/Meteorology)

## References

- McKnight, TL & Hess, Darrel (2000). "Foehn/Chinook Winds". In *Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation*, p. 132. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-13-020263-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-020263-0).

### Footnotes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-The_Causes_of_Foehn_Warming_in_the_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-The_Causes_of_Foehn_Warming_in_the_1-1) Elvidge, Andrew D.; Renfrew, Ian A. (14 May 2015). ["The Causes of Foehn Warming in the Lee of Mountains"](https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fbams-d-14-00194.1). *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society*. **97** (3): 455–466. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016BAMS...97..455E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BAMS...97..455E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1175/bams-d-14-00194.1](https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fbams-d-14-00194.1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Jones, Daniel](/source/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) (2011). [Roach, Peter](/source/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)); [Setter, Jane](/source/Jane_Setter); [Esling, John](/source/John_Esling) (eds.). *[Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](/source/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary)* (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-15255-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Wells, John C.](/source/John_C._Wells) (2008). *Longman Pronunciation Dictionary* (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4058-8118-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Upton, Clive](/source/Clive_Upton); Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). *The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English* (2nd ed.). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-138-12566-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12566-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["foehn"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foehn). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 2022-03-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NOAA-SD_6-0)** ["South Dakota Weather History and Trivia for January"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141219030748/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=fsdtrivia01). [National Weather Service](/source/National_Weather_Service) [Weather Forecast Office](/source/List_of_National_Weather_Service_Weather_forecast_offices). February 8, 2006. See January 22 entry. Archived from [the original](https://crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=fsdtrivia01) on December 19, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** *Concise Oxford Dictionary*, 10th edition, Oxford University Press, entry *föhn*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["22. Januar 2009 – Vor 100 Jahren: "Fön" ins Markenregister eingetragen"](https://www1.wdr.de/stichtag/stichtag4002.html). *WDR.de*. 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2019-12-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Brockhaus_9-0)** *Der Brockhaus. Wetter und Klima.* Seite 101, Brockhaus, Leipzig/Mannheim, 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7653-3381-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7653-3381-1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Elvidge, Andrew D.; Renfrew, Ian A.; King, John C.; Orr, Andrew; Lachlan-Cope, Tom A. (January 2016). ["Foehn warming distributions in nonlinear and linear flow regimes: a focus on the Antarctic Peninsula"](http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/508840/1/qj2489.pdf) (PDF). *Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society*. **142** (695): 618–631. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016QJRMS.142..618E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QJRMS.142..618E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/qj.2489](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.2489).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Giannini, AJ; Malone, DA; Piotrowski, TA (1986). "The serotonin irritation syndrome – a new clinical entity?". *The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry*. **47** (1): 22–25. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [2416736](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2416736).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** See the documentary: Snow Eater (the English translation of Canadian First Nations word phonetically pronounced chinook). [telefilm.ca](http://www.telefilm.ca/en/catalogues/production/snow-eater) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017040732/http://www.telefilm.ca/en/catalogues/production/snow-eater) 2013-10-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Brook, K., "[Grumpy nor'west winds](https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/news/2014/grumpy-norwest-winds-.html)," [University of Canterbury](/source/University_of_Canterbury), 2 December 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-tuller_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-tuller_14-1) Tuller, Stanton E. (April 1980). "The Effects of a Foehn Wind on Human Thermal Exchange: The Canterbury Nor'wester". *New Zealand Geographer*. **36** (1): 11–19. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1980NZGeo..36...11T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980NZGeo..36...11T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1745-7939.1980.tb01919.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-7939.1980.tb01919.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** David M. Gaffin (2007). ["Foehn Winds That Produced Large Temperature Differences near the Southern Appalachian Mountains"](https://journals.ametsoc.org/waf/article/22/1/145/38793/Foehn-Winds-That-Produced-Large-Temperature). *Weather and Forecasting*. **22** (1): 145–159. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007WtFor..22..145G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007WtFor..22..145G). [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.549.7012](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.7012). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1175/WAF970.1](https://doi.org/10.1175%2FWAF970.1). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [120049170](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120049170).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** David M. Gaffin (2002). ["Unexpected Warming Induced by Foehn Winds in the Lee of the Smoky Mountains"](https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282002%29017%3C0907%3AUWIBFW%3E2.0.CO%3B2). *Weather and Forecasting*. **17** (4): 907–915. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002WtFor..17..907G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002WtFor..17..907G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0907:UWIBFW>2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%282002%29017%3C0907%3AUWIBFW%3E2.0.CO%3B2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Ruscha, Charles P. Jr. (February 1976). ["Forecasting the Mono Wind"](https://www.weather.gov/media/wrh/online_publications/TMs/TM-105.pdf) (PDF). *National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration*. NWS WR-105. Retrieved November 22, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Wind Names"](http://ggweather.com/winds.html). *ggweather.com*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Romanić; et al. (2015). "Contributing factors to Koshava wind characteristics". *International Journal of Climatology*. **36** (2): 956–973. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016IJCli..36..956R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJCli..36..956R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/joc.4397](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.4397). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [129669216](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129669216).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Romanić; et al. (2015). "Long-term trends of the 'Koshava' wind during the period 1949–2010". *International Journal of Climatology*. **35** (3): 288–302. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015IJCli..35..288R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJCli..35..288R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/joc.3981](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.3981). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [129402302](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129402302).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010) *Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Relph, D. "[The Canterbury nor'wester](https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-canterbury-norwester/)," *New Zealand Geographic*. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Foehn wind](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Foehn_wind).

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the [1911 *Encyclopædia Britannica*](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) article "[Föhn](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/F%C3%B6hn)".

- [Photo of Föhnmauer](http://www.wolkenatlas.de/wolken/wo12234.htm) The strong clouds at the mountain ridges where the Föhn winds form are called *Föhnmauer* (Föhn wall).

- [Illustration](http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/glossary/fpagegl.shtml#fo)

- [Movie of a Föhn situation in the Swiss Alps](https://www.flickr.com/photos/snowfactory/2756402718/)

- [East Scotland warmth due to Foehn Effect](https://web.archive.org/web/20120322125424/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/feeds/17448378)

- [Foehn chart provided by meteomedia/meteocentrale.ch](http://www.meteocentrale.ch/de/wetter/foehn-und-bise/foehn.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130403060503/http://www.meteocentrale.ch/de/wetter/foehn-und-bise/foehn.html) 2013-04-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

Authority control databases International GND FAST National United States France BnF data Israel Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Foehn wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foehn_wind) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foehn_wind?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.