# Flying junction

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Type of railway junction

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Flying junction: with a bridge, trains do not block each other

A **flying junction** or **flyover** is a [railway junction](/source/Railway_junction) at which one or more diverging or converging tracks in a multiple-track route cross other tracks on the route by bridge to avoid conflict with other train movements. A more technical term is "[grade-separated junction](/source/Grade_separation)". A **burrowing junction** or **dive-under** occurs where the diverging line passes below the main line.

The alternative to grade separation is a [level junction](/source/Level_junction) or flat junction, where tracks cross [at grade](/source/At-grade_intersection), and conflicting routes must be protected by interlocked [signals](/source/Railway_signal).

## Complexity

Fretin triangle in France: Each side is more than 3 km (2 mi) long. A grade-separated [wye](/source/Wye_(rail)). [TGV](/source/TGV) and [Eurostar](/source/Eurostar) trains cross the junction at 300 km/h (186 mph).

Simple flying junctions may have a single track pass over or under other tracks to avoid conflict; complex flying junctions may have elaborate [infrastructure](/source/Infrastructure) to allow multiple routings without trains coming into conflict, in the manner of a highway [stack interchange](/source/Stack_interchange).

## Flying junction without crossings

Where two lines each of two tracks merge with a flying junction, they can become a [four-track railway](/source/Quadruple-track_railway) together, the tracks paired by direction. This happens regularly in the Netherlands (see [Examples](#Examples) below).

## High-speed rail

Nearly all junctions with [high-speed railways](/source/High-speed_rail) are grade-separated. On the French [Lignes à Grande Vitesse](/source/Lignes_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse) ([TGV](/source/TGV#Tracks)) high-speed network, the principal junction on the [LGV Sud-Est](/source/LGV_Sud-Est), at Pasilly where the line to Dijon diverges, and on the [LGV Atlantique](/source/LGV_Atlantique) at Courtalain where the line to Le Mans diverges, are fully grade-separated with special high-speed switches (*points* in British terminology) that permit the normal line speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) on the main line, and a diverging speed of 220 km/h (137 mph).[note 1]

The LGV network has four grade-separated high-speed triangles, in Fretin (near Lille), Coubert (southeast of Paris), Claye-Souilly (northeast of Paris), and Angles (in the agglomeration of Avignon). A fifth, Vémars (northeast of Paris), is grade-separated except for the least-used side, linking [Paris Gare du Nord](/source/Paris_Gare_du_Nord) and [Paris CDG](/source/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport) airport via a [single-lead junction](/source/Single-lead_junction).

In [Japan](/source/Japan), despite the vast coverage of the [Shinkansen](/source/Shinkansen), there are only two such flyover junctions, both under the jurdistiction of [JR East](/source/East_Japan_Railway_Company). Trains bound for the [Joetsu](/source/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen) and [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/source/Hokuriku_Shinkansen) lines diverge from the [Tohoku Shinkansen](/source/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen) at a junction approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Omiya Station. The other is located at a switch 4 km (2.5 mi) north of [Takasaki Station](/source/Takasaki_Station) where the Joetsu and Hokuriku Shinkansen Lines split. Currently, a third flyover junction is under construction at [Fukushima Station](/source/Fukushima_Station_(Fukushima)) which will allow services on the [Yamagata Shinkansen](/source/Yamagata_Shinkansen) to continue northward on the [Ou Main Line](/source/%C5%8Cu_Main_Line). The junction and 540 m (1,770 ft) of new elevated track is expected to open for service in 2026.[1]

## Examples

**Australia**

- [Bowen Hills railway station](/source/Bowen_Hills_railway_station) in [Brisbane](/source/Brisbane)

- [Burnley railway station](/source/Burnley_railway_station%2C_Melbourne) in [Melbourne](/source/Melbourne)

- [Camberwell railway station](/source/Camberwell_railway_station%2C_Melbourne) in Melbourne

- [Sydney Central Station](/source/Central_railway_station%2C_Sydney)

- [Glenfield railway station, Sydney](/source/Glenfield_railway_station%2C_Sydney)

- [Strathfield railway station](/source/Strathfield_railway_station)

- [Sandgate Flyover](/source/Sandgate_Flyover), [Newcastle](/source/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales) – main line flies over coal branch line

- [Goodwood railway station](/source/Goodwood_railway_station) in [Adelaide](/source/Adelaide)

- [Bayswater railway station](/source/Bayswater_railway_station%2C_Perth) in [Perth](/source/Perth)

**Canada**

Flying junction just east of [Columbia station](/source/Columbia_station_(SkyTrain)) in [New Westminster](/source/New_Westminster) in Canada

- [Columbia station](/source/Columbia_station_(SkyTrain)) in New Westminster, BC – [Expo Line](/source/Expo_Line_(SkyTrain)) branches for [King George](/source/King_George_station) (top) and [Production Way–University](/source/Production_Way%E2%80%93University_station) (bottom)

- [Bridgeport station](/source/Bridgeport_station_(SkyTrain)) in Richmond, BC – [Canada Line](/source/Canada_Line) branches for [YVR–Airport](/source/YVR%E2%80%93Airport_station) and [Richmond–Brighouse](/source/Richmond%E2%80%93Brighouse_station)

- [Bois-Franc station](/source/Bois-Franc_station) in Montreal, QC – [Réseau express métropolitain](/source/R%C3%A9seau_express_m%C3%A9tropolitain) branches for [Anse-à-l'Orme](/source/Anse-%C3%A0-l'Orme_station) and [Deux-Montagnes](/source/Deux-Montagnes_station)

**Denmark**

- Hvidovre, Copenhagen ([55°39′51″N 12°29′01″E / 55.664158°N 12.483701°E / 55.664158; 12.483701](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.664158_N_12.483701_E_region:DK_type:landmark))

- Junction of M1 and M2 lines on the [Copenhagen Metro](/source/Copenhagen_Metro)

- Lunderskov ([55°28′26″N 9°18′04″E / 55.473772°N 9.301164°E / 55.473772; 9.301164](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.473772_N_9.301164_E_region:DK_type:landmark))

- Roskilde, south of ([55°36′27″N 12°02′47″E / 55.607374°N 12.046496°E / 55.607374; 12.046496](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.607374_N_12.046496_E_region:DK_type:landmark))

- Sydhavnen, Copenhagen ([55°38′29″N 12°32′54″E / 55.641273°N 12.548343°E / 55.641273; 12.548343](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.641273_N_12.548343_E_region:DK_type:landmark))

- Vigerslev, Copenhagen ([55°39′26″N 12°30′18″E / 55.657331°N 12.505050°E / 55.657331; 12.505050](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.657331_N_12.505050_E_region:DK_type:landmark))

**Finland**

- Railway junction of two main lines at Kytömaa, [Kerava](/source/Kerava)

- [Huopalahti railway station](/source/Huopalahti_railway_station), Helsinki

**France (LGV Triangles)**

- Triangle de Fretin, Lille, connecting Paris, Brussels and London

- Triangle de Coubert, Paris

- Triangle des Angles, Avignon, with two parallel 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) viaducts

- Triangle de Claye-Souilly, Paris, partial four-way junction

- Triangle de Vémars, Paris

**Germany**

- [Bruchsal Rollenberg junction](/source/Bruchsal_Rollenberg_junction)

**Hong Kong**

- Where [Airport Express](/source/Airport_Express_(MTR)) and [Tung Chung line](/source/Tung_Chung_line) diverge from each other at [Tai Ho Wan](/source/Tai_Ho_Wan)

- [Tseung Kwan O line](/source/Tseung_Kwan_O_line) to the east of [Tseung Kwan O station](/source/Tseung_Kwan_O_station)

**Japan**

- [Amagasaki Station](/source/Amagasaki_Station_(Hanshin)) – [Hanshin Line](/source/Hanshin_Electric_Railway) trains heading to [Ōsaka Namba](/source/%C5%8Csaka_Namba_Station) or [Umeda](/source/Umeda_Station)

- [Chiba Station](/source/Chiba_Station) – [Chiba Monorail](/source/Chiba_Urban_Monorail) trains for [Kenchō-mae](/source/Kench%C5%8D-mae_Station_(Chiba)) or [Chishirodai](/source/Chishirodai_Station)

- [Futamata-gawa Station](/source/Futamata-gawa_Station) – [Sotetsu](/source/Sagami_Railway) Line trains bound for [Ebina](/source/Ebina_Station) or [Shonandai](/source/Sh%C5%8Dnandai_Station)

- [Imba Nihon-idai Station](/source/Imba_Nihon-idai_Station) – for [Hokusō](/source/Hokus%C5%8D_Line) trains headed to [Narita Airport](/source/Narita_International_Airport) or to [Imba railway depot](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%97%9B%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ja](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%97%9B%E8%BB%8A%E4%B8%A1%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0)]

- [Nishi-Funabashi Station](/source/Nishi-Funabashi_Station) – [Musashino line](/source/Musashino_Line) branches for [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo_Station) or [Kaihimmakuhari](/source/Kaihimmakuhari_Station)

- [Nishikujō Station](/source/Nishikuj%C5%8D_Station) – tracks for the [Osaka Loop Line](/source/Osaka_Loop_Line) and the [Sakurajima Line](/source/Sakurajima_Line)

- [Okayama Station](/source/Okayama_Station) – for services on the [Seto Ohashi Line](/source/Seto-%C5%8Chashi_Line) needing to cross over the [San'yo Main Line](/source/San'y%C5%8D_Main_Line)

- [Ōmiya Station](/source/%C5%8Cmiya_Station_(Saitama)) – tracks for the [Jōetsu Shinkansen](/source/J%C5%8Detsu_Shinkansen) and the [Tōhoku Shinkansen](/source/T%C5%8Dhoku_Shinkansen)

- [Sagami-Ōno Station](/source/Sagami-%C5%8Cno_Station) – for [Odakyu](/source/Odakyu_Electric_Railway) trains headed to [Odawara](/source/Odawara_Station) or [Katase-Enoshima](/source/Katase-Enoshima_Station)

- [Shin-Yurigaoka Station](/source/Shin-Yurigaoka_Station) – for Odakyu trains headed to [Karakida](/source/Karakida_Station) or Odawara

- [Takasaki Station](/source/Takasaki_Station) – tracks for the [Hokuriku Shinkansen](/source/Hokuriku_Shinkansen) and the Tōhoku Shinkansen

- [Tennōji Station](/source/Tenn%C5%8Dji_Station) – tracks for the [Hanwa Line](/source/Hanwa_Line) cross over the Osaka Loop Line

Additionally, a dive-under junction exists in [Narita](/source/Narita%2C_Chiba) utilizing infrastructure of the abandoned [Narita Shinkansen](/source/Narita_Shinkansen) project which serves the [Keisei Narita Airport Line](/source/Keisei_Narita_Airport_Line) and the Airport Branch of the [JR Narita Line](/source/Narita_Line). While the two tracks to not interact with each other owing to a difference in [track gauge](/source/Track_gauge), services continue east on a single corridor to serve [Narita Airport](/source/Narita_Airport_Terminal_1_Station).

**Netherlands**

Flying junctions flank both ends of [Weesp railway station](/source/Weesp_railway_station)

There are between 25 and about 40 flying junctions on Dutch railways, depending on how more complex examples are counted.

- Near [Harmelen](/source/Harmelen). Before conversion to a flying junction, this was the site of the [Harmelen train disaster](/source/Harmelen_train_disaster).

- At [Breukelen railway station](/source/Breukelen_railway_station)

- At [Lage Zwaluwe railway station](/source/Lage_Zwaluwe_railway_station)

Flying junctions where the merged lines become a four track railway:

- Near [Den Haag Laan van NOI railway station](/source/Den_Haag_Laan_van_NOI_railway_station)

- North of [Leiden](/source/Leiden) where lines from [Haarlem](/source/Haarlem) and [Schiphol](/source/Schiphol) merge

- At [Boxtel railway station](/source/Boxtel_railway_station) where lines from ['s-Hertogenbosch](/source/'s-Hertogenbosch) and [Tilburg](/source/Tilburg) merge

- West of [Gouda](/source/Gouda%2C_South_Holland) where lines from [Rotterdam](/source/Rotterdam) and [The Hague](/source/The_Hague) merge

More complex flying junctions, with tracks from four directions joining:

- Around [Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station](/source/Amsterdam_Sloterdijk_railway_station)

- Around [Duivendrecht railway station](/source/Duivendrecht_railway_station)

- Northwest exit of [Utrecht Centraal railway station](/source/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station)

- West and northwest exit of [Rotterdam Centraal railway station](/source/Rotterdam_Centraal_railway_station)

- At both sides of [Weesp railway station](/source/Weesp_railway_station) (see diagram at right)

**New Zealand**

- North of [Wellington railway station](/source/Wellington_railway_station) where the [North Island Main Trunk](/source/North_Island_Main_Trunk) and the [Wairarapa line](/source/Wairarapa_line) diverge

**Norway**

- Lillestrøm ([59°57′09″N 11°01′39″E / 59.952571°N 11.027455°E / 59.952571; 11.027455](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.952571_N_11.027455_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Lysaker ([59°54′54″N 10°37′40″E / 59.914903°N 10.627711°E / 59.914903; 10.627711](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.914903_N_10.627711_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Sandvika, east of and west of ([59°53′47″N 10°32′10″E / 59.896373°N 10.536113°E / 59.896373; 10.536113](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.896373_N_10.536113_E_region:SE_type:landmark)) ([59°53′26″N 10°30′29″E / 59.890663°N 10.508148°E / 59.890663; 10.508148](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.890663_N_10.508148_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

**South Korea**

- [Iksan station](/source/Iksan_station) – the [Jeolla line](/source/Jeolla_Line) splits from the [Honam high speed railway](/source/Honam_high-speed_railway) south of the station

- [Osong station](/source/Osong_station) – the Honam high speed railway splits from the [Gyeongbu high speed railway](/source/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway) south of the station

**Sweden**

- Flemingsberg ([59°12′51″N 17°56′22″E / 59.214247°N 17.939363°E / 59.214247; 17.939363](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.214247_N_17.939363_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Järna, north of ([59°07′18″N 17°36′47″E / 59.121566°N 17.613176°E / 59.121566; 17.613176](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.121566_N_17.613176_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Järna, south of ([59°04′17″N 17°32′23″E / 59.071478°N 17.539807°E / 59.071478; 17.539807](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.071478_N_17.539807_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Lund ([55°42′44″N 13°11′08″E / 55.712348°N 13.185570°E / 55.712348; 13.185570](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.712348_N_13.185570_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Hyllie ([55°33′32″N 12°57′42″E / 55.558971°N 12.961761°E / 55.558971; 12.961761](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.558971_N_12.961761_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Myrbacken ([59°40′41″N 17°49′37″E / 59.678161°N 17.826828°E / 59.678161; 17.826828](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.678161_N_17.826828_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Lernacken ([55°33′46″N 12°55′54″E / 55.562779°N 12.931545°E / 55.562779; 12.931545](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=55.562779_N_12.931545_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Södertälje hamn ([59°10′54″N 17°38′37″E / 59.181793°N 17.643503°E / 59.181793; 17.643503](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.181793_N_17.643503_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Södertälje syd ([59°09′34″N 17°38′14″E / 59.159427°N 17.637278°E / 59.159427; 17.637278](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.159427_N_17.637278_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

- Tomteboda ([59°21′10″N 18°00′56″E / 59.352646°N 18.015546°E / 59.352646; 18.015546](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flying_junction&params=59.352646_N_18.015546_E_region:SE_type:landmark))

**Taiwan**

- Start of [Shalun line](/source/Shalun_line), south of [Zhongzhou railway station](/source/Zhongzhou_railway_station)

**United Kingdom**

- [Pelaw](/source/Pelaw_Metro_station) Junction where both the [Tyne and Wear Metro](/source/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro) green line to [South Hylton](/source/South_Hylton_Metro_station) joins the [Durham Coast Line](/source/Durham_Coast_Line) and yellow line continues to [South Shields](/source/South_Shields_Metro_station) – both diverging on the bridge itself

- Springhead Junction on the [North Kent Line](/source/North_Kent_Line)

- Southfleet Junction on the [HS1](/source/High_Speed_1)

- [Norton Bridge Junction](/source/Norton_Bridge_railway_station) near Stone, Staffordshire

- [Hamilton Square underground station](/source/Hamilton_Square_railway_station), [Birkenhead](/source/Birkenhead), on [Merseyrail](/source/Merseyrail)

- [Aynho Junction](/source/Aynho_Junction) in [Aynho](/source/Aynho), [Northamptonshire](/source/Northamptonshire%2C_England)

- [Worting Junction](/source/Worting_Junction) near [Basingstoke](/source/Basingstoke), [Hampshire](/source/Hampshire%2C_England) (the flyover is called Battledown Flyover)

- [Cogload Junction](/source/Cogload_Junction) near [Taunton](/source/Taunton)

- [Weaver Junction](/source/Weaver_Junction) near [Dutton, Cheshire](/source/Dutton%2C_Cheshire)

- [Shortlands Junction](/source/Shortlands_railway_station) in south London

- [Northwest of Harrow-on-the-Hill](/source/Harrow-on-the-Hill_station#Railway_geography), in the north London suburbs

- [Hitchin flyover](/source/Hitchin_flyover), [Hertfordshire](/source/Hertfordshire).

- [Werrington Junction dive-under](/source/Werrington_Dive_Under), northern suburbs of [Peterborough](/source/Peterborough_railway_station), Cambridgeshire

- [Reading](/source/Reading_railway_station#2009–2015_redevelopment) West Junction

- [Bleach Green Viaducts](/source/Bleach_Green_Viaduct) & Junction, [Whiteabbey](/source/Whiteabbey), [Northern Ireland](/source/Northern_Ireland)

- [Manchester Metrolink](/source/Manchester_Metrolink), [Greater Manchester](/source/Greater_Manchester), immediately southwest of [Cornbrook tram stop](/source/Cornbrook_tram_stop) where the [Eccles Line](/source/Eccles_Line) diverges from the [Altrincham Line](/source/Altrincham_Line).

**United States**

The [Uptown Hudson Tubes](/source/Uptown_Hudson_Tubes) in [Jersey City, New Jersey](/source/Jersey_City%2C_New_Jersey) were built c. 1910.

[Zoo Junction](/source/Zoo_Junction) in Philadelphia in 1977

Flying junction on the [Tremont Street subway](/source/Tremont_Street_subway) approaching the [Pleasant Street incline](/source/Pleasant_Street_incline) in [Boston](/source/Boston)

- Northeast U.S. ([Amtrak](/source/Amtrak)) - Along the [New York](/source/New_York_City)–[Washington](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.) section of the [Northeast Corridor](/source/Northeast_Corridor), and on the Philadelphia–[Harrisburg](/source/Harrisburg%2C_PA) section of the [Keystone Corridor](/source/Keystone_Corridor). Both converge at [Zoo Junction](/source/Zoo_Junction) near [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) in Philadelphia. All were built by the former [Pennsylvania Railroad](/source/Pennsylvania_Railroad) and are now maintained by Amtrak.

- [Boston](/source/Boston), Massachusetts area - An abandoned underground junction on the [Tremont Street subway](/source/Tremont_Street_subway) approaching the [Pleasant Street incline](/source/Pleasant_Street_incline) - The B branch splits off from the C and D branches of the [MBTA](/source/MBTA) [Green Line](/source/Green_Line_(MBTA)) via an underground flying junction just west of [Kenmore station](/source/Kenmore_station). - The Union Square spur splits off from the [Green Line Extension](/source/Green_Line_Extension) of the [MBTA](/source/MBTA) [Green Line](/source/Green_Line_(MBTA)) via an aerial flying junction on the Red Bridge viaduct in the Inner Belt area of [Somerville, Massachusetts](/source/Somerville%2C_Massachusetts) just north of [Lechmere station](/source/Lechmere_station) in Cambridge. Lead tracks to the GLX maintenance facility also split off from the junction slightly further west. - The two southern branches of the [MBTA](/source/MBTA) [Red Line](/source/Red_Line_(MBTA)) in Boston split via a flying junction just north of [JFK/UMass station](/source/JFK%2FUMass_station). In addition, lead tracks to Cabot Yard maintenance facilities branch off from the junction.

- [Chicago](/source/Chicago), Illinois - On the [Chicago "L"](/source/Chicago_%22L%22), where [Orange Line](/source/Orange_Line_(CTA)) trains diverge from [Green Line](/source/Green_Line_(CTA)) trains north of 18th Street, as well as underground where a non-revenue flying junction separates [Red Line](/source/Red_Line_(CTA)) trains heading to [95th](/source/95th%2FDan_Ryan_station) from those heading to the [South Side main line](/source/South_Side_main_line_(CTA)), which is occasionally used for emergency reroutes to [Ashland/63rd](/source/Ashland%2F63rd_station). - The [Milwaukee–Dearborn subway](/source/Milwaukee%E2%80%93Dearborn_subway) (now part of the [Blue Line](/source/Blue_Line_(CTA))) was constructed to have a flying junction where turning between Lake Street and Milwaukee Avenue at Canal Street. The outbound tunnel and its stub, designed to continue west under Lake Street, was bored at less depth than the inbound tunnel and its Lake Street stub, in order to allow future Lake Street trains (now part of the [Green](/source/Green_Line_(CTA)) and ([Pink Lines](/source/Pink_Line_(CTA))) to run under or over the opposing Milwaukee Avenue trains while entering or exiting the shared portion of the Lake Street tunnels. Plans in 1939 called for tunnels to replace the elevated Lake Street tracks east of approximately Racine Avenue.[2][3] By 1962, the planned Lake Street tunnels to/from Racine Avenue would have curved south to Randolph Street and bypassed the Milwaukee-Lake-Dearborn tunnel entirely.[4] - A flying junction immediately north of [Belmont/Sheffield](/source/Belmont_station_(CTA_North_Side_Main_Line)) is used by [Brown Line](/source/Brown_Line_(CTA)) trains to access the [Ravenswood Branch](/source/Ravenswood_branch) while avoiding crossing the Red Line and [Purple Line Express](/source/Purple_Line_(CTA)) tracks.

- [Denver](/source/Denver), Colorado - On the [Regional Transportation District](/source/Regional_Transportation_District) in Denver between the Southeast Corridor and the I-225 Corridor: the Southeast Corridor is on the west side of I-25 and the I-225 Corridor is in the median of I-225. The grade separations of the junction are woven into the grade separations of the interchange between the two highways.

- [Kansas City, Missouri](/source/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri)/[Kansas City, Kansas](/source/Kansas_City%2C_Kansas) - The [Santa Fe Junction](/source/Highline_Bridge_(Kansas_City%2C_Kansas)#Santa_Fe_Junction_/_Chicago_Junction) connects the [Kansas City Terminal Railway](/source/Kansas_City_Terminal_Railway), [BNSF](/source/BNSF_Railway) [Southern Transcon](/source/Southern_Transcon) and [Argentine Yard](/source/Argentine_Yard), and [UP](/source/Union_Pacific_Railroad) [Armourdale Yard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armourdale_Yard&action=edit&redlink=1) with multiple flyovers.

- [New York](/source/New_York_City), New York - On the [New York City Subway](/source/New_York_City_Subway) there is an above-ground example at Hammel's Wye on the [IND Rockaway Line](/source/IND_Rockaway_Line), as well as numerous below-ground examples across the network - Connecting [Metro-North Railroad](/source/Metro-North_Railroad)'s [New Haven Line](/source/New_Haven_Line) and [Harlem Line](/source/Harlem_Line), near [Wakefield](/source/Wakefield_(Metro-North_station)) station in the [Bronx](/source/Bronx)

- [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia), Pennsylvania - Amtrak's [Zoo Junction](/source/Zoo_Junction), where the [Northeast Corridor](/source/Northeast_Corridor) meets the [Keystone Corridor](/source/Keystone_Corridor) and sorts into [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station)'s lower and upper level platforms. Also known as Zoo Interlocking, the name comes from the [Philadelphia Zoo](/source/Philadelphia_Zoo), which is located in the crescent shaped pocket between the junction and the river. - On [SEPTA's](/source/SEPTA) [Cynwyd Line](/source/Cynwyd_Line), diverging from the Keystone Corridor west of [52nd Street](/source/52nd_Street_station_(SEPTA_Regional_Rail)). - On SEPTA [Airport Line](/source/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)), diverging from the Northeast Corridor south of [Penn Medicine Station](/source/Penn_Medicine_Station) - On SEPTA's [subway–surface trolley lines](/source/SEPTA_subway%E2%80%93surface_trolley_lines), where the Route 10 diverges from Routes 11/13/34/36 west of [33rd Street](/source/33rd_Street_station_(SEPTA)). - On SEPTA's [Broad Street subway](/source/Broad_Street_Line), where Broad-Ridge Spur trains diverge at [Fairmount](/source/Fairmount_station_(SEPTA)). There are also provisions for flying junctions north of [Erie](/source/Erie_station_(SEPTA)) for the Roosevelt Boulevard Subway, and north of [Olney](/source/Olney_Transportation_Center) for an extension on North Broad Street; both are maintained as layup tracks.

- [San Francisco Bay Area](/source/San_Francisco_Bay_Area), California - The [Oakland Wye](/source/Oakland_Wye), where all of [Bay Area Rapid Transit](/source/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit)'s mainline operations converge near downtown [Oakland](/source/Oakland%2C_California) - On the [Market Street subway](/source/Market_Street_subway) in [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco) where the [J Church](/source/J_Church) and [N Judah](/source/N_Judah) lines join the main line of the subway. The subway portal is east of the intersection of Church Street and Duboce Avenue in the [Duboce Triangle](/source/Duboce_Triangle) neighborhood, immediately north of a [Safeway](/source/Safeway_Inc.) supermarket and south of the [San Francisco branch of the United States Mint](/source/San_Francisco_Mint).

- [Washington](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.), District of Columbia - All main-line connections on the [Washington Metro](/source/Washington_Metro) – adjacent to the Pepco power plant on Benning Road (near the Stadium-Armory station) is a large three-track structure with a turnback pocket where the Blue, Silver and Orange Lines meet. This would have been part of the Oklahoma Avenue station, had it been built. South of the King Street station in Alexandria is a series of tunnels where the Blue and Yellow Lines meet. There are also flying junctions near three underground rail stations: Rosslyn (Blue, Silver, and Orange Lines), L'Enfant Plaza (Green and Yellow lines), and the Pentagon (Blue and Yellow lines).

## See also

- [Double junction](/source/Double_junction)

- [Interchange (road)](/source/Interchange_(road))

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** See "[Courtalain](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtalain)" on the French language Wikipedia.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["JR East Announced New E8 Shinkansen Trains"](https://www.railvolution.net/news/jr-east-announced-new-e8-shinkansen-trains). *Railvolution*. Retrieved 2025-12-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** City of Chicago, Department of Subways and Traction, *Second Annual Report of the Department of Subways and Traction, City of Chicago, for the Year Ending December 31, 1940* (Chicago: City of Chicago, December 31, 1940).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Chicago Department of Subways and Traction, *Comprehensive Plan*, 2-29, III-VII.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Chicago Transit Board, *Plan for Expanding Rapid Transit Service in the Central Area of Chicago* (Chicago: Chicago Transit Board, April 20, 1962).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Flying junctions](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flying_junctions).

- [WikiMapia link – aerial photo of Fretin triangle (mentioned above)](http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=50.573126&lon=3.1457376&z=15&l=0&m=a)

- [Photo link – flying junction on Pennsylvania Railroad north of 30th Street Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States](http://local.live.com/default.aspx?v=2&cp=39.968157~-75.195093&style=o&lvl=1&scene=1915422)

- [Photo link – simpler flying junction at terminus of Market–Frankford transit line, 69th Street Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States](http://local.live.com/default.aspx?v=2&cp=39.962832~-75.2613&style=o&lvl=1&scene=1891525)

v t e Railway track layouts Railway track Single track Passing loop Double track Quadruple track Crossover Rail sidings Balloon loop Headshunt Pocket track Refuge siding Rail yard Classification yard Junctions Flying junction Level junction Double junction Facing and trailing Grand union Grand circle / roundabout Wye Switch / turnout / points Swingnose crossing Level crossing Stations Infill station Interchange station Terminal station Goods station Railway platform Bay Island Side Split Station layouts Balloon loop Spanish solution Cross-platform interchange Hillclimbing Horseshoe curve Zig Zag / Switchback Spiral Track geometry Track gauge Ruling gradient Minimum curve radius Cant Cant deficiency

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Flying junction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_junction) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_junction?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.