# Fluffernutter

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Sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme

Fluffernutter sandwich Alternative names Liberty Sandwich Place of origin United States Region or state New England Massachusetts Created by Emma Curtis Main ingredients Peanut butter, marshmallow creme Food energy (per serving) 352 kcal (1,470 kJ) Media: Fluffernutter sandwich

A **fluffernutter** (also called a "peanut butter and marshmallow sandwich", "peanut butter and marshmallow fluff sandwich", or "peanut butter and marshmallow stuff sandwich") is a [sandwich](/source/Sandwich) made with [peanut butter](/source/Peanut_butter) and [marshmallow creme](/source/Marshmallow_creme) usually served on [white bread](/source/White_bread). Variations of the sandwich include the substitution of [wheat bread](/source/Whole_grain) and the addition of various sweet, salty, and [savory](/source/Umami) ingredients. The term *fluffernutter* can also be used to describe other food items, primarily desserts, that incorporate peanut butter and marshmallow creme.

The sandwich was first created in the early 20th century after [marshmallow creme](/source/Marshmallow_creme), a sweet [marshmallow](/source/Marshmallow)-like [spread](/source/Spread_(food)), was invented in [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts). During World War I, a recipe for a peanut butter and marshmallow creme sandwich, the earliest known example of the sandwich, was published. The term "fluffernutter" was created by an advertising agency in 1960 as a more effective way to market the sandwich.

The sandwich is particularly popular in [New England](/source/New_England) and has been proposed as the official state sandwich of [Massachusetts](/source/Massachusetts). The traditional Fluffernutter can be grilled for a popular variation.[1]

## Recipe and variations

A fluffernutter is made by spreading peanut butter on a slice of bread, then spreading an equal amount of marshmallow creme on another slice and finally combining them to form a sandwich.[2] Variations of the recipe include wheat bread instead of white,[3] [Nutella](/source/Nutella) hazelnut spread instead of, or in addition to, peanut butter,[4] and the addition of sweet ingredients like [bananas](/source/Banana)[5] or [savory](/source/Umami) and salty ingredients like bacon.[6] The Fluffernutter itself is often seen as a variation on the [peanut butter and jelly sandwich](/source/Peanut_butter_and_jelly_sandwich). Though often seen as a food for children,[7] the Fluffernutter recipe has been adapted to appeal to adult tastes. For example, a New York caterer serves a fluffernutter [hors d'oeuvre](/source/Hors_d'oeuvre) in a toasted [ice cream cone](/source/Ice_cream_cone) with a spoon of peanut butter and torched marshmallow creme on top.[8]

The term *fluffernutter* has also been used to describe other foods that feature peanut butter and marshmallow creme, including fluffernutter cookies, bars, and cupcakes.[9][10] [Durkee-Mower](/source/Durkee-Mower), the company that produces Marshmallow Fluff, a brand of marshmallow creme, produces a cookbook that features recipes for fluffernutter bars, frosting, pie, and a shake.[11] In 2006, [Brigham's Ice Cream](/source/Brigham's_Ice_Cream) and Durkee-Mower introduced a fluffernutter flavor, which featured peanut butter and Marshmallow Fluff in vanilla ice cream.[12] Fluffernutter was also the name of a candy briefly produced by the [Boyer Brothers](/source/Boyer_Brothers) candy company beginning in 1969.[13]

## History

Half of a fluffernutter sandwich

Marshmallow creme was invented in the early 20th century. In 1917, [Archibald Query](/source/Archibald_Query) invented what he called Marshmallow Creme in [Somerville, Massachusetts](/source/Somerville%2C_Massachusetts). Amory and Emma Curtis of [Melrose, Massachusetts](/source/Melrose%2C_Massachusetts), invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913.[14] During World War I, Emma Curtis published a recipe for the *Liberty Sandwich*, which consisted of peanut butter and Snowflake Marshmallow Creme on oat or barley bread.[15] The recipe was published in a promotional booklet sent to Curtis' customers in 1918 and may be the origin of the fluffernutter sandwich.[16] Earlier labels and booklets published by the Curtises suggested combining Snow Flake Marshmallow Creme with peanut butter or eating it on sandwiches with chopped nuts or olives.[16]

Meanwhile, sugar shortages during World War I hurt sales of Archibald Query's Marshmallow Creme, so Query sold his recipe in 1920 to two men from [Swampscott, Massachusetts](/source/Swampscott%2C_Massachusetts), H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, who began distributing the product through their company, Durkee-Mower Inc.[14] The pair renamed the product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff, and Durkee-Mower continues to sell the product under the name Marshmallow Fluff.[17] The sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme continued to be eaten, but was not called a fluffernutter until 1960, when an advertising firm Durkee-Mower hired created the term as a more effective way to market the sandwich.[14][15][17] *Fluffernutter* is a registered trademark of Durkee-Mower, although the company's U.S. trademark registrations for the term cover only ice cream and printed recipes. In 2006, Durkee-Mower sued [Williams-Sonoma, Inc.](/source/Williams-Sonoma%2C_Inc.) in the [United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts](/source/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts), alleging that Williams-Sonoma, Inc. infringed on its trademark by selling a marshmallow and peanut butter chocolate-covered candy under the *Fluffernutter* name.[18]

An open-faced variation of the fluffernutter sandwich using a rice cracker in place of sliced bread

In June 2006, Massachusetts State Senator [Jarrett Barrios](/source/Jarrett_Barrios) proposed legislation restricting the serving of fluffernutter sandwiches in public schools after learning that his son was served fluffernutters on a daily basis at his elementary school in [Cambridge, Massachusetts](/source/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts). Barrios drafted an amendment to the junk food bill which would limit fluffernutters to once a week.[19][20] The proposal was criticized as trivial and overly intrusive legislation, while Barrios' supporters pointed to concerns over [childhood obesity](/source/Childhood_obesity).[19] Among the people who defended the Fluffernutter at the time was Massachusetts State Representative [Kathi-Anne Reinstein](/source/Kathi-Anne_Reinstein), whose district in [Revere](/source/Revere%2C_Massachusetts) was close to [Lynn](/source/Lynn%2C_Massachusetts), where Marshmallow Fluff is made.[20] She claimed she would "fight to the death for Fluff" and supported legislation that would make the Fluffernutter the official state sandwich.[20] The measure failed, and Reinstein tried again unsuccessfully in 2009.[15][21] Supporters of the bill cited the sandwich's close association with childhood and Massachusetts.[21]

In 2021, [Merriam-Webster](/source/Merriam-Webster's_Dictionary_of_English_Usage) added the word fluffernutter to its dictionary.[22]

## In popular culture

The term *fluffernutter* has sometimes been used disparagingly to describe something that lacks substance and has minimal to no cultural value.[23][24] On the other hand, some writers look on fluffernutters and marshmallow creme as a source of childhood nostalgia and regional pride.[19][25]

The sandwich has close ties to New England and Massachusetts, particularly to Somerville, where Archibald Query invented Marshmallow Fluff, and to Lynn, where Durkee-Mower has produced it for decades.[7] Somerville holds an annual festival called What the Fluff? based around celebrating Marshmallow Fluff and Fluffernutter sandwiches. The festival incorporates music, visual art, games, and a cooking contest based around Fluff and Fluffernutters. In 2011, [NASA](/source/NASA) astronaut [Richard Michael Linnehan](/source/Richard_Michael_Linnehan), who was born in [Lowell](/source/Lowell%2C_Massachusetts) and ate a fluffernutter while aboard the [International Space Station](/source/International_Space_Station), acted as one of the contest judges.[26]

[October 8](/source/October_8) is National Fluffernutter Day.[14]

## See also

- [Comfort food](/source/Comfort_food)

- [Cuisine of New England](/source/Cuisine_of_New_England)

- [List of regional dishes of the United States](/source/List_of_regional_dishes_of_the_United_States)

- [List of sandwiches](/source/List_of_sandwiches)

- [List of peanut dishes](/source/List_of_peanut_dishes)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["The Grilled Fluffernutter Sandwich (Fun with Fluffernutters)"](https://newengland.com/yankee/history/grilled-fluffernutter-sandwich/). *newengland.com*. 4 January 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-asbj_2-0)** Chmelynski, Carol. "Fluff Worth Fighting For." American School Board Journal 193.9 (2006): 10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tampatimes_3-0)** Miller, Michelle (25 November 2010). "Be Thankful That Tastes Change". *[Tampa Bay Times](/source/Tampa_Bay_Times)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Schwartz, Justin (2004). *The Marshmallow Fluff Cookbook*. Durkee-Mower. p. 122. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762418336](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762418336).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cooking_5-0)** ["History of Fluffernutter Sandwich"](http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/FluffernutterSandwich.htm). *What's Cooking in America*. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-newsday_6-0)** Bruning, Fred (21 January 2012). ["Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Bacon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093101/http://long-island.newsday.com/search/life-liberty-and-the-pursuit-of-bacon-1.3465063). *[Newsday](/source/Newsday)*. Archived from [the original](http://long-island.newsday.com/search/life-liberty-and-the-pursuit-of-bacon-1.3465063) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-statesandwich_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-statesandwich_7-1) ["Fluffernutter sandwich is good, but is it the state sandwich?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092227/https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/somerville/2009/09/fluffernutter_sandwich_is_good.html). *[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)*. 23 September 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/somerville/2009/09/fluffernutter_sandwich_is_good.html) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-phil_8-0)** Fitzgerald, Maureen (1 December 2011). "Bite-size foods cherished from childhood are served by a New York caterer at the most swellegant holiday parties". *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/source/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Betty_9-0)** ["Fluffernutter Cookies Recipe"](http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/fluffernutter-cookies/b2d150e3-9005-495c-b3e9-c2d1a5ce3a6f). *BettyCrocker.com*. [Betty Crocker](/source/Betty_Crocker). Retrieved 29 February 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guide_10-0)** Bilderback, Leslie (2008). [*The Complete Idiot's Guide to Snack Cakes*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp2HpmCmL1sC&q=fluffernutter&pg=PT92). Alpha. p. 256. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-59257-737-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-737-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-yummy_11-0)** ["The Online Yummy Book"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060326115939/http://www.marshmallowfluff.com/pages/recipe_favorites.html). *marshmallowfluff.com*. Durkee-Mower. Archived from [the original](http://www.marshmallowfluff.com/pages/recipe_favorites.html) on 26 March 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbj_12-0)** ["Brigham's, Durkee-Mower team up for Fluffernutter ice cream"](http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/04/03/daily68.html). *[Boston Business Journal](/source/Boston_Business_Journal)*. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-boyer_13-0)** ["The Boyer Story"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084222/https://boyercandies.com/history.php). Boyer Brothers. Archived from [the original](https://boyercandies.com/history.php) on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NFD_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NFD_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NFD_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NFD_14-3) ["National Fluffernutter Day"](http://www.nationaldaycalendar.com/national-fluffernutter-day-october-8/). *[National Day Calendar](/source/National_Day_Calendar)*. Retrieved 14 April 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-lexicon_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-lexicon_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-lexicon_15-2) Stern, Jane (2011). [*The Lexicon of Real American Food*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mHBVnMl3nMkC&q=fluffernutter&pg=PT116). Lyons press. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780762760947](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762760947).[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-melrose_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-melrose_16-1) Alverson, Brigid. ["Fluff? Smac? Marshmallows, made in Melrose?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171102063239/http://melrosemirror.media.mit.edu/servlet/pluto?state=303034706167653030375765625061676530303269643030353133343838). *Melrose Mirror*. Archived from [the original](http://melrosemirror.media.mit.edu/servlet/pluto?state=303034706167653030375765625061676530303269643030353133343838) on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mit_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mit_17-1) ["Inventor of the Week: Archibald Query"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070714170218/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/query.html). *Lemelson-MIT*. [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](/source/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology). Archived from [the original](http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/query.html) on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["Williams-Sonoma sued over 'Fluffernutter'"](https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11728918). *[NBC News](/source/NBC_News)*. March 8, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-spread_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-spread_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-spread_19-2) McKenna, Philip (June 19, 2006). ["Can this spread be stopped? Lawmaker wants schools to put a lid on Fluff"](http://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/19/can_this_spread_be_stopped/). *[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060622040316/https://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2006/06/19/can_this_spread_be_stopped/) from the original on June 22, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fox_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fox_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fox_20-2) LeBlanc, Steve (26 June 2006). ["Fluffernutter Sandwich Angers Mass. Senator"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160605051633/https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jun20/0,4670,FluffFight,00.html). *[Fox News](/source/Fox_News)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jun20/0,4670,FluffFight,00.html) on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ss2_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ss2_21-1) Nicas, Jack (23 September 2009). ["Gooey treat Fluffernutter proposed as official state sandwich"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090925160514/https://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/09/gooey_treat_flu.html). *[The Boston Globe](/source/The_Boston_Globe)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/09/gooey_treat_flu.html) on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Fluffernutter is added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181448/https://www.wbur.org/news/2021/10/27/fluffernutter-addition-merriam-webster-dictionary). *www.wbur.org*. 27 October 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.wbur.org/news/2021/10/27/fluffernutter-addition-merriam-webster-dictionary) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** "Top Picks: 4th of July on PBS, letters to Harry Potter, jazz masters, and more; PBS presents their annual "A Capitol Fourth" concert, Harry Potter's fan mail, Sony celebrates 40 years of jazz, and more recommendations". *[The Christian Science Monitor](/source/The_Christian_Science_Monitor)*. 30 June 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AdAge_24-0)** Louderback, Jim (30 August 2010). ["There, I Said It: Screw Viral Videos"](http://adage.com/article/digitalnext/constant-focus-viral-videos-good-ad-industry/145636/). [Ad Age](/source/Ad_Age). Retrieved 2 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["State Senator Wants Fluff Off School Menus"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160816114214/http://www.wcvb.com/r/9394199/detail.html). *TheBostonChannel.com*. 19 June 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.thebostonchannel.com/r/9394199/detail.html) on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-somerville_26-0)** Twardzik, Cathleen (22 September 2011). ["It's 'What the Fluff?' time again in Somerville"](http://www.thesomervillenews.com/archives/19137). *The Somerville News*. Retrieved 4 March 2012.

## External links

- [Union Square Fluff Festival Website](https://web.archive.org/web/20141012053415/https://unionsquaremain.org/fluff-festival/)

- ["Behind the Marshmallow Curtain: A Look Inside Lynn's Marshmallow Fluff Factory"](http://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/blog/2014/09/24/visit-marshmallow-fluff-factory/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170317230530/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/blog/2014/09/24/visit-marshmallow-fluff-factory/) 2017-03-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - [*Boston* magazine](/source/Boston_(magazine)), September 2014

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fluffernutter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluffernutter) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluffernutter?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.