# Fisc

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{{short description|Feudal land subject to taxation by the royal household}}
{{Other uses}}

Under the [Merovingian](/source/Merovingian) and [Carolingian](/source/Carolingian) dynasties of [Francia](/source/Francia), the '''fisc''' ({{ety|la|[fiscus](/source/fiscus)}}; whence we derive "fiscal") applied to the royal [demesne](/source/demesne) which paid taxes, entirely [in kind](/source/in_kind), from which the royal household was meant to be supported, though it rarely was.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joranson |first=Einar |date=1936 |title=Review of The Dissolution of the Carolingian Fisc in the Ninth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848555 |journal=Speculum |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=545–547 |doi=10.2307/2848555 |jstor=2848555 |issn=0038-7134|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goffart |first=Walter |date=1982 |title=Old and New in Merovingian Taxation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/650508 |journal=Past & Present |issue=96 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1093/past/96.1.3 |jstor=650508 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref> Though their personal territory was at first enormous, the Merovingian kings, faced with stiff resistance to taxation from their [Frankish](/source/Franks) and [Gallo-Roman](/source/Gallo-Roman) subjects and ill-served by their illiterate peers, relied on constant conquests to renew the ''fisc'' which they were in the habit of [granting away](/source/Land_grant) to ensure continued fidelity among their followers. Once fresh Frankish conquests were no longer forthcoming, constant redivision of the "fisc" among heirs reduced Merovingian kingship to a cluster of competitive kinglets subsisting on inadequate resources. Annual contributions in kind, of grain, produce, fodder, etc., were unwieldy to transport and not easily convertible, so the restless habit of Merovingian kings moving from stronghold to stronghold was constantly encouraged. As time passed, "fisc" began to refer to [money](/source/money) any Frankish knight had direct control over and would carry with him.  Eventually, "fisc" referred to any knight's money holder.

Nowadays, "fisc" is still used in French, in Catalan, and in Romanian to refer to the fiscal administration. In Spanish and in Portuguese, the slang word "''fisco''" is also used, while the German term is "{{lang|de|Fiskus}}" and the Dutch term is "{{lang|da|fiscus}}".

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Francia
Category:History of taxation
Category:Fiscal policy
Category:Medieval economic history

{{tax-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisc) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisc?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.