# Fire making

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fire_making
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fire_making.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_making
> Source revision: 1357171476
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Process of starting a fire artificially

For other uses, see [Fire-raising](/source/Fire-raising_(disambiguation)).

Typical contents of a [tinder box](/source/Tinder_box). From left to right: [flint](/source/Flint), [fire striker](/source/Fire_striker), [char cloth](/source/Char_cloth) and piece of mushroom.

**Fire making**, **fire lighting** or **fire craft** is the process of artificially starting a [fire](/source/Fire). It requires completing the [fire triangle](/source/Fire_triangle), usually by heating [tinder](/source/Tinder) above its [autoignition temperature](/source/Autoignition_temperature).

Fire is an essential tool for [human](/source/Human) survival and the [use of fire](/source/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans) was important in [early human](/source/Prehistory) [cultural history](/source/Cultural_history) since the [Lower Paleolithic](/source/Lower_Paleolithic).[1][2] Today, it is a key component of [Scouting](/source/Scouting), [woodcraft](/source/Woodcraft) and [bushcraft](/source/Bushcraft).

## Archaeology

Main article: [Control of fire by early humans](/source/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans)

The earliest evidence for fire-making dates to about 400,000 years ago at a Neanderthal site in eastern England where burnt soil was found along with fire-cracked flint handaxes and two fragments of iron pyrite, used to strike sparks with flint.[3][4] The next oldest evidence comes from around 50,000 years ago and later, when evidence for fire making can be found in dozens of [Neanderthal](/source/Neanderthal) [hand axes](/source/Hand_axe) from [France](/source/France) exhibiting [use-wear](/source/Use-wear_analysis) traces suggesting these tools were struck with the mineral [pyrite](/source/Pyrite) to produce sparks.[5] At the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) site of [La Draga](/source/La_Draga), researchers have found that [fungi](/source/Fungi) were used as tinder. [Hearths](/source/Hearth) are one of the most common features found at archaeological sites.[6] [Ötzi](/source/%C3%96tzi), a well-preserved [natural mummy](/source/Natural_mummy) of a man who lived in the [Ötztal Alps](/source/%C3%96tztal_Alps) between [3400](/source/34th_century_BC) and [3100 BCE](/source/31st_century_BC), carried material to make a fire ([tinder fungus](/source/Tinder_fungus) along with [flint](/source/Flint) and pyrite for creating sparks).[7]

## Material

Fires start from increasing tinder's temperature until it combusts. Tinder is a material that combusts first (as an [ember](/source/Ember) or [flame](/source/Flame)) and in doing so heats other material (heavier tinder, twigs, kindling, etc.) until it burns (as a flame). Fine tinder is characterized by its ability to combust from a spark, friction, or other action from the below methods.

Many forms of tinder are available: [charcloth](/source/Charcloth) is preferred by many, while [tinder fungus](/source/Tinder_fungus) and other species such as *[Phellinus igniarius](/source/Phellinus_igniarius)* have been used [as firestarter](/source/Amadou).[8][9] Most friction methods using wood generate their own fine tinder. A pile of [magnesium](/source/Magnesium) or [ferrocerium](/source/Ferrocerium) shavings is common, and a moisture-resistant [DIY](/source/DIY) tinder features cotton balls impregnated with petroleum jelly. A [feather stick](/source/Feather_stick) can be made from available [branches](/source/Branch) or [twigs](/source/Twig) with a [knife](/source/Knife).

Autoignition temperatures of common tinder:

Substance Autoignition[10] Note Wood 300–482 °C (572–900 °F) [11] Charcoal 349 °C (660 °F) [11] Peat 227 °C (441 °F) [11] Cotton fibers 455 °C (851 °F) Paper 218–246 °C (424–475 °F) [12][13] Petroleum 400 °C (752 °F) [11] Leather / parchment 200–212 °C (392–414 °F) [12][14] Magnesium 473 °C (883 °F) [15]

Tinder is preserved within a [tinderbox](/source/Tinderbox), which may be just a plastic bag.[16]

Tinder, when formed into a tight bundle, can also be used to preserve/carry an ember. Often in the form of a cigar and made of compacted tinder materials held within a tinderbox, a smouldering ember could safely be saved inside.[17][18]

## Methods

Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (April 2026) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

### Natural occurrences

See also: [Control of fire by early humans](/source/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans)

Further information: [Fire ecology](/source/Fire_ecology)

Fire occurs naturally as a result of [volcanic activity](/source/Volcanic_activity), [meteorites](/source/Meteorite), and [lightning strikes](/source/Lightning_strike). Many animals are aware of fire and adapt their behavior to it. Plants, too, have adapted to the natural occurrence of fire (see: [Fire ecology](/source/Fire_ecology)). Thus, humans encountered and were aware of fire, and later its beneficial uses, long before they could make fire on demand. The first and easiest way to make a fire would have been to use the hot ashes or burning wood from a forest or grass fire, and then to keep the fire or coals going for as long as possible by adding more combustible material.

### Friction

[Maasai](/source/Maasai_people) warrior lighting a fire, blowing on it to add oxygen that encourages the fire to spread

Fire can be created through [friction](/source/Friction) by rapidly grinding pieces of solid [combustible](/source/Combustion) material (such as [wood](/source/Wood)) against each other (or a hard surface) which are heated and create an ember. Successfully creating fire by friction involves skill, fitness, knowledge, and acceptable environmental conditions. Some techniques involve crafting a system of interlocking pieces that give the practitioner an improved mechanical advantage; these techniques require more skill and knowledge but less fitness, and work in less ideal conditions. Once hot enough, the ember is introduced to the tinder, more oxygen is added by blowing and the result is ignition.

The [hand drill](/source/Hand_drill) is the most widespread among indigenous cultures, characterized by the use of a thin, straightened wooden shaft or reed to be spun with the hands, grinding within a notch against the soft wooden base of a fire board (a wooden board with a carved notch in which to catch heated wood fibers created by friction). This repeated spinning and downward pressure causes black dust to form in the notch of the fireboard, eventually creating a hot, glowing coal. The coal is then carefully placed among dense, fine tinder, which is pressed against it as one blows directly onto the coal until the tinder begins burning and eventually catches into flame. The advantage of the hand drill technique is that it requires no rope.

The [bow drill](/source/Bow_drill) uses the same principle as the hand drill (friction by rotation of wood on wood) but the spindle is shorter, wider (about the size of a human thumb) and driven by a bow, which allows longer, easier strokes and protects the palms. Additional downward pressure is generated by the handhold.

A [pump drill](/source/Pump_drill) is a variant of the bow drill that uses a coiled rope around a cross-section of wooden stake spin the shaft by pumping up and down a cross-member.[19][20]

A fire plough (left), as opposed to a [hand drill](/source/Hand_drill) (right)

The [fire plough](/source/Fire_plough) or fireplow consists of a stick cut to a dull point, and a long piece of wood with a groove cut down its length. The stake is pressed down hard and rubbed quickly against the groove of the second piece in a "plowing" motion, to produce hot dust which creates an ember. A split is often made down the length of the grooved piece, so that oxygen can flow freely to the coal/ember.

A [fire-saw](/source/Fire-saw) is a method by which a piece of wood is sawed through a notch in a second piece or pieces to generate friction. The tinder may be placed between two slats of wood with the third piece or "saw" drawn over them above the tinder so as to catch a coal, but there is more than one configuration.

A [fire thong](/source/Fire_thong) uses a non-melting cord, [ratan](/source/Ratan), or flexible strip of wood to 'saw' the wood creating friction. On the board, opposite the cord, is a well with a hole through the board to gather the charred, soon-to-smoke, wood dust.

The *Rudiger roll friction fire method*, also known as the "fire roll" method, is believed to have been invented by World War 2 [POWs](/source/POW). A German [survival](/source/Survival_skills) expert named [Rüdiger Nehberg](/source/R%C3%BCdiger_Nehberg) wrote about this method in one of his books. A small amount of [wood ash](/source/Wood_ash) is rolled up in a piece of cotton (or other fibrous biological material) like a cigar. The material is then placed between two boards and rolled back and forth. Pressure and speed are both gradually increased. With proper technique ignition can occur in seconds.[21][22][23] The wood ash is likely to be a catalyst in lowering the ignition temperature of the biological materials.[24]

### Percussion

Firesteel and flint used in [Dalarna](/source/Dalarna), Sweden in 1916.

A [fire striker](/source/Fire_striker) or firesteel when hit by a hard, glassy stone such as [quartz](/source/Quartz), [jasper](/source/Jasper), [agate](/source/Agate) or [flint](/source/Flint) cleaves small, hot, oxidizing metal particles that can ignite tinder. The steel should be high carbon, non-alloyed, and hardened. Similarly, two pieces of [iron pyrite](/source/Iron_pyrite) or [marcasite](/source/Marcasite) when struck together can create sparks.

The use of flint in particular became the most common method of producing flames in [pre-industrial](/source/Pre-industrial) societies (see: [Fire striker](/source/Fire_striker)). Travelers up to the late 19th century would often use self-contained kits known as *tinderboxes* to start fires.[25]

This [Mora camping knife](/source/Mora_knife) has a ferrocerium rod stored in the handle, which can be used to make sparks to ignite tinder.

Some fire-starting systems use a [ferrocerium](/source/Ferrocerium) rod and a hard scraper to create hot sparks by manually scratching the ferro rod with a knife or sharp object to ignite man-made or natural tinder. Fire starters based upon ferrocerium are popular with Woodcraft practitioners, bushcraft hobbyists and [survivalists](/source/Survivalists). Similar sparking devices have a built-in striking blade which provides an easy method for sparking with one hand. Another common type has the ferro rod attached to a [magnesium](/source/Magnesium) bar that can be scraped with a knife to make a powdered tinder that will burn for a few seconds.

Hiking stores sell both magnesium starters, [firelighter](/source/Firelighter) blocks, and other specialist [tinder](/source/Tinder).[26]

#### Lighters

[Lighters](/source/Lighter) typically use a percussion-type sparking device to ignite gaseous or liquid fuels such as [butane](/source/Butane), [naphtha](/source/Naphtha), or [gasoline](/source/Gasoline). These are simple to light, often using a wheel mechanism that when spun with the thumb creates friction on the internal rod of ferrocerium "flint" and throws a shower of white-hot sparks into the gas or wick. Alternately, an electric spark ignites the fuel. With almost 2 billion lighters sold each year, this is the most popular means to light fires today.[27][28]

### Compression of air

A [fire piston](/source/Fire_piston) ignites a combustible substance by rapid compression of air. Similar to how a [diesel engine](/source/Diesel_engine) works, rapid compression of air heats the interior to 400 to 700 °C (750 to 1,290 °F), well above the tinder's [autoignition temperature](/source/Autoignition_temperature). Tinder that holds an ember such as charcloth must be used. After compression, the piston is opened quickly and the ember is transferred to a larger pile of tinder.

### Solar

Starting a fire with a lens

Sunlight can be concentrated using a [lens](/source/Lens_(optics)) (such as a [burning glass](/source/Burning_glass)) to focus the energy from the sun onto tinder. A [concave mirror](/source/Concave_mirror) can also concentrate the sun's rays onto tinder.

### Chemical

An exothermic chemical reaction can generate enough heat as to catch itself or tinder on fire.[29][30] [Matches](/source/Match) are small sticks of wood or stiff paper with a coating that undergoes an exothermic reaction when triggered by friction.

Other reactions that can be used to start fires include:

- calcium hypochlorite and automotive brake fluid

- potassium permanganate and glycerin

- potassium permanganate, acetone, and sulfuric acid

- sodium chlorate, sugar, and sulfuric acid

- ammonium nitrate powder, finely ground zinc powder, and [hydrochloric acid](/source/Hydrochloric_acid)

- sulfuric acid, zinc, and platinum (as in [Döbereiner's lamp](/source/D%C3%B6bereiner's_lamp))

- [Percussion caps](/source/Percussion_cap), as used in [muzzleloader](/source/Muzzleloader) firearms, and [primers](/source/Centerfire_ammunition) used in rifle and shotgun shells create a stream of sparks when rapidly struck.

Match—in the first second after strike

### Electrical

Electrical firemaking involves the contact of an [electrically heated](/source/Joule_heating) object to tinder. A current is run through the object until it is red hot, like the burners on an [electric stove](/source/Electric_stove), and it is brought into contact with the tinder, lighting it. For example, a foil-paper chewing gum wrapper will heat-up and ignite, or a flashlight battery coming into contact with a thin wire mesh (such as steel wool) may produce enough heat to ignite charcloth or other tinder. Larger batteries can generate sparks when its leads touch.

## See also

- [Firestarter (disambiguation)](/source/Firestarter_(disambiguation))

- [Glossary of firelighting](/source/Glossary_of_firelighting)

- [Need-fire](/source/Need-fire)

- [*Quest for Fire* (film)](/source/Quest_for_Fire_(film))

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Stiner, Mary C.; Gopher, Avi; Barkai, Ran (2011). "Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel". *Journal of Human Evolution*. **60** (2): 213–33. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2010.10.006). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21146194](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21146194).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bradt, Steve (June 2009). ["Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues | Harvard Gazette"](http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/06/invention-of-cooking-drove-evolution-of-the-human-species-new-book-argues). *News.harvard.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170627232530/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/06/invention-of-cooking-drove-evolution-of-the-human-species-new-book-argues/) from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Davis, Rob (December 10, 2025). "Earliest evidence of making fire". *Nature*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41586-025-09855-6](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09855-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zimmer_2025_4-0)** [Zimmer, Carl](/source/Carl_Zimmer) (December 10, 2025). ["Archaeologists Find Oldest Evidence of Fire-Making"](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/10/science/archaeology-humans-neanderthals-fire.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2025-12-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Sorensen, A. C.; Claud, E.; Soressi, M. (2018-07-19). ["Neandertal fire-making technology inferred from microwear analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053370). *Scientific Reports*. **8** (1): 10065. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018NatSR...810065S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...810065S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-018-28342-9](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-28342-9). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2045-2322](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6053370](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053370). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30026576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026576).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Berihuete-Azorín M, Girbal J, Piqué R, Palomo A, Terradas X (2018) Punk’s not dead. Fungi for tinder at the Neolithic site of La Draga (NE Iberia). PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195846. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195846](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195846)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Peintner, U.; Pöder, R.; Pümpel, T. (1998-10-01). ["The iceman's fungi"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953756208610047). *Mycological Research*. **102** (10): 1153–1162. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0953756298006546](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756298006546). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0953-7562](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0953-7562).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Schmidt, Olaf (2006). *Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use*. [Springer](/source/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media). p. 195. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-540-32138-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32138-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Harding, Patrick (2008). *Mushroom Miscellany*. [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). pp. 159–60. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-00-728464-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-728464-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-standCond_10-0)** Under [standard conditions for pressure](/source/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-engineeringtoolbox.com_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-engineeringtoolbox.com_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-engineeringtoolbox.com_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-engineeringtoolbox.com_11-3) ["Fuels and Chemicals - Auto Ignition Temperatures"](http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-ignition-temperatures-d_171.html). *Engineeringtoolbox.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150504022056/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-ignition-temperatures-d_171.html) from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TCForensics_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TCForensics_12-1) Cafe, Tony. ["PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR INVESTIGATORS"](http://www.tcforensic.com.au/docs/article10.html). *tcforensic.com.au*. TC Forensic P/L. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150127145128/http://www.tcforensic.com.au/docs/article10.html) from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Tony Cafe. ["Physical Constants for Investigators"](http://www.tcforensic.com.au/docs/article10.html). *Journal of Australian Fire Investigators*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150127145128/http://www.tcforensic.com.au/docs/article10.html) from the original on 2015-01-27. (Reproduced from "Firepoint" magazine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LeatherInt_14-0)** ["Flammability and flame retardancy of leather"](http://www.leathermag.com/features/featureflammability-and-flame-retardancy-of-leather/). *leathermag.com*. Leather International / Global Trade Media. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150211180458/http://www.leathermag.com/features/featureflammability-and-flame-retardancy-of-leather/) from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Nam, Ki-Hun; Lee, Jun-Sik; Park, Hye-Jeong (2022). ["Understanding Combustion Mechanism of Magnesium for Better Safety Measures: An Experimental Study"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsafety8010011). *Safety*. **8** (1): 11. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/safety8010011](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsafety8010011). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2313-576X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2313-576X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["The 5 Best Fire Starters for Hiking & Camping"](https://www.guardianrevival.org/blog/diy-fire-starters-tinder-fieldcraft). *guardianrevival.org*. Retrieved 2026-02-09.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Traditions of Coast Miwok, other local American Indian tribes shared at festival"](http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20160716/NEWS/160719855). *Marinij.com*. 2016-07-18. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170616103426/http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20160716/NEWS/160719855) from the original on 2017-06-16. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Wescott, David (1999). *Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills*. Society of Primitive Technology Gibbs Smith.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** "The Iroquois are unique in America and perhaps in the world in making fire with the pump drill." Fire-making Apparatus in the United States National Museum; Walter Hough, 1890.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Primitive Technology: Cord drill and Pump drill | You Tube | Jan 22, 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEl-Y1NvBVI&t=315s)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Fire Roll Friction Fire...Rudiger Roll Part 1"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv1Q2xh4IIs). [YouTube](/source/YouTube). 2014-10-27. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170406180425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv1Q2xh4IIs) from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Fire Roll"](http://www.primitiveways.com/fire_roll.html). *Primitiveways.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110900/http://www.primitiveways.com/fire_roll.html) from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Survival - Feuer"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130801164012/http://rk19-bielefeld-mitte.de/survival/survival/09.htm). Archived from [the original](http://rk19-bielefeld-mitte.de/survival/survival/09.htm) on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2017-03-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Löffler, Gerhard; Wargadalam, Verina J.; Winter, Franz (April 2002). ["Catalytic effect of biomass ash on CO, CH4 and HCN oxidation under fluidised bed combustor conditions"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236101002034). *Fuel*. **81** (6): 711–717. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00203-4](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-2361%2801%2900203-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Walter Hough. *Fire-Making Apparatus in the United States National Museum*. Government Printing Office, 1890

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Stewart, Creek (2012). *Build the Perfect Bug Out Bag: Your 72-Hour Disaster Survival Kit* (4th ed.). Betterway Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1440318740](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440318740).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["First step toward mandatory US standard for cigarette lighters | Injury Prevention"](http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/11/3/156.full). *Injury Prevention*. **11** (3): 156. 2005-06-02. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084421/http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/11/3/156.full) from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["BIC Company Statistics – Statistic Brain"](http://www.statisticbrain.com/bic-company-statistics/). *Statisticbrain.com*. 2015-12-26. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170611074724/http://www.statisticbrain.com/bic-company-statistics/) from the original on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Marie, Anne. ["How to Make Chemical Fire Without Matches or a Lighter"](https://www.thoughtco.com/make-chemical-fire-607502). *Thoughtco.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003018/https://www.thoughtco.com/make-chemical-fire-607502) from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["How to make a fire with household chemicals - Chemistry"](http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/50187-how-to-make-a-fire-with-household-chemicals/). Science Forums. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170318002802/http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/50187-how-to-make-a-fire-with-household-chemicals/) from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-06-17.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Fire-starting](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire-starting).

- ["Home in the Wilderness: Fire"](http://www.motherearthnews.com/Nature-and-Environment/1982-01-01/A-Home-In-the-Wilderness-Part-III-Fire.aspx)—*Mother Earth* (January/February 1982)

- ["Methods of making fire"](http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/fire.html)—Pitt Rivers Museum

v t e Firelighting Campfire Bonfire Glossary Components Ember Fire triangle Firewood Spark Tinder Wood ash Wood fuel Topics Autoignition temperature Combustion Friction fire Minimum ignition energy Smouldering Early starters Burning glass Solar Spark Lighter Fire drill Bow drill Hand drill Pump drill Fire piston Fire plough Fire-saw Fire striker Flint Modern starters Blowtorch Ferrocerium Flame holder Lighter Match Black Electric Piezo ignition Other equipment Char cloth Chuckmuck Feather stick Fire pan Fire pit Fire ring Matchbook Matchbox Punk Tinderbox Torch Related articles Arson Control of fire by early humans Firem'n Chit Native American use of fire in ecosystems Outdoor cooking Pyrolysis Pyromania Survival skills

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fire making](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_making) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_making?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.