# Fenpropathrin

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**Fenpropathrin**, or **fenopropathrin**, is a widely used [pyrethroid](/source/Pyrethroid) [insecticide](/source/Insecticide) in [agriculture](/source/Agriculture) and household.[1][2][3][4] Fenpropathrin is an ingestion and contact synthetic pyrethroid. Its mode of action is similar to other natural ([pyrethrum](/source/Pyrethrum)) and [synthetic pyrethroids](/source/Synthetic_pyrethroid) where in they interfere with the kinetics of voltage gated sodium channels causing paralysis and death of the pest.[5] Fenpropathrin was the first of the light-stable synthetic pyrethroids to be synthesized in 1971, but it was not commercialized until 1980.[6] Like other pyrethroids with an α-cyano group, fenpropathrin also belongs to the termed type II [pyrethroids](/source/Pyrethroid) (e.g. [cyfluthrin](/source/Cyfluthrin), [cyhalothrin](/source/Cyhalothrin), [cypermethrin](/source/Cypermethrin), [deltamethrin](/source/Deltamethrin) and [esfenvalerate](/source/Esfenvalerate)).[7] Type II pyrethroids are a more potent toxicant than type I in depolarizing insect nerves.[8] Application rates of fenpropathrin in agriculture according to US environmental protection agency (EPA) varies by crop but is not to exceed 0.4 lb ai/[acre](https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/059639-00035-20170919.pdf).

## Toxicity

A person developed [Parkinson's disease](/source/Parkinson's_disease) after six months of daily exposure to fenpropathrin, and animal tests subsequently revealed that the compound is a [dopaminergic](/source/Dopaminergic) [neurotoxin](/source/Neurotoxin).[4] The patient had a history of eating fenpropathrin-poisoned fish for 6 months.[4] The follow-up [Dopaminergic](/source/Dopaminergic_pathways) degeneration study was conducted using mice treated with fenpropathrin at 15mg/kg/day for 60 days.[4] It has thus been implicated as an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease[4] similar to [organochlorines](/source/Organochlorine_insecticide), [organophosphates](/source/Organophosphate_poisoning) and [pyrethroids](/source/Pyrethroid) especially at higher doses.[9][10][11][5] An acute reference dose for chronic dietary exposure for fenpropathrin is set at 0.025/mg/kg/day by US [EPA](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/04/26/00-10042/fenpropathrin-pesticide-tolerance). Fenpropathrin is toxic to bees if they come in contact with them directly similar to other [insecticides](/source/Insecticide).[12] Toxicity dissipates with time when deposited on [foliage](https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/residual-time-25-bee-mortality-rt25-data) and is <24 [hours](https://ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/appendices-resource-material-listings-conversion-tables-0).

## Environmental Fate

Fenpropathrin degrades from soil by two main mechanisms, biodegradation and photochemical degradation of surface deposits.[13] The time of degradation depends on the characteristics of the soils.[7] The half-life of disappearance for fenpropathrin in soils was 11 to 17 days under aerobic conditions and approx >1 yr under anaerobic conditions. The half-life of fenpropathrin on the surface of a sterilized sandy loam was in the range of 3 to 4 days following irradiation with natural [sunlight](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Fenpropathrin#section=US-EPA-Regional-Removal-Management-Levels-for-Chemical-Contaminants).

## Trade Names

Danitol, Meothrin, Tame.

## See also

- [6-Hydroxydopamine](/source/6-Hydroxydopamine)
- [MPTP](/source/MPTP)
- [Norsalsolinol](/source/Norsalsolinol)
- [Rotenone](/source/Rotenone)

## References

1. Aizawa H (2 December 2012). [*Metabolic Maps of Pesticides*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cnv3hTkZyo0C&pg=PA185). Elsevier Science. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-323-15753-7.

1. Abou-Donia MB (15 July 1992). [*Neurotoxicology*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CBZ8An2koJkC&pg=PA462). CRC Press. pp. 462–. ISBN 978-1-4398-0542-8.

1. Johansen CA, Mayer DF (1990). [*Pollinator Protection: A Bee & Pesticide Handbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UutJAAAAYAAJ). Wicwas Press. ISBN 978-1-878075-00-0.

1. Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, Zhang G, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Lin Z, Xiong N, Wang T (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". *Molecular Neurobiology*. **53** (2): 995–1008. [doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2). [PMC 5333774](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774). [PMID 25575680](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25575680)

1. Pfeil R (2014). "Pesticide Residues: Pyrethroids". *Encyclopedia of Food Safety*. Elsevier. pp. 31–34. [doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00239-0](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00239-0). ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5.

1. Holan G, Frelin C, Lazdunski M (1985). "Selectivity of action between pyrethroids and combined DDT-pyrethroid insecticides on Na+ influx into mammalian neuroblastoma". *Experientia*. **41** (4): 520–522. [doi:10.1007/bf01966180](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01966180). [ISSN 0014-4754](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-4754). [S2CID 11286824](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11286824)

1. *Pesticide residues in food, 1993: evaluations, 1993. Part II, Toxicology*. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1994. ISBN 92-4-166509-2. [OCLC 31097583](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31097583)

1. Salgado VL, Irving SN, Miller TA (1983). "The importance of nerve terminal depolarization in pyrethroid poisoning of insects". *[Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology](/source/Pesticide_Biochemistry_and_Physiology)*. **20** (2): 169–182. [Bibcode:1983PBioP..20..169S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983PBioP..20..169S). [doi:10.1016/0048-3575(83)90021-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(83)90021-4)

1. Nandipati S, Litvan I (September 2016). "Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease". *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health*. **13** (9): 881. [doi:10.3390/ijerph13090881](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090881). [PMC 5036714](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036714). [PMID 27598189](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27598189)

1. Van Maele-Fabry G, Hoet P, Vilain F, Lison D (October 2012). "Occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". *Environment International*. **46**: 30–43. [Bibcode:2012EnInt..46...30V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnInt..46...30V). [doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004). [PMID 22698719](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22698719)

1. Hansen MR, Jørs E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Bustillos NT, Schlünssen V (2017-01-01). "Neurological Deficits After Long-term Pyrethroid Exposure". *Environmental Health Insights*. **11**. [Bibcode:2017EnvHI..1170062H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnvHI..1170062H). [doi:10.1177/1178630217700628](https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630217700628). [PMC 5398229](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398229). [PMID 28469448](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28469448)

1. Bahreini R, Nasr M, Docherty C, de Herdt O, Muirhead S, Feindel D (December 2020). "Evaluation of potential miticide toxicity to Varroa destructor and honey bees, Apis mellifera, under laboratory conditions". *Scientific Reports*. **10** (1). [Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021529B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1021529B). [doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78561-2](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78561-2). [PMC 7726572](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726572). [PMID 33299084](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299084)

1. ["864. Fenpropathrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1993 evaluations Part II Toxicology)"](http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr10.htm). *www.inchem.org*. Retrieved 2021-04-09.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fenpropathrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenpropathrin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenpropathrin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.