# Feed additive > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Feed_additive > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Feed_additive.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_additive > Source revision: 1292959190 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) A '''feed additive''' is an additive of extra nutrient or drug for [livestock](/source/livestock). Such additives include [vitamins](/source/vitamins), [amino acids](/source/amino_acids), [fatty acids](/source/fatty_acids), [minerals](/source/minerals), [pharmaceutical](/source/pharmaceutical), [fungal products](/source/fungus) and [steroid](/source/steroid)al compounds. The additives might impact feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, or effect on intestinal health.Merck Manual October 2014 [http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/management_and_nutrition/nutrition_cattle/nutritional_requirements_of_beef_cattle.html Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle] Page accessed March 18, 2015Merck Manual March 2012 [http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/nutrition_and_management_poultry/nutritional_requirements_of_poultry.htmlNutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160514230250/http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/nutrition_and_management_poultry/nutritional_requirements_of_poultry.htmlNutritional |date=2016-05-14 }} Page accessed March 18, 2015 ==Examples== ===Amino acids=== [Methionine](/source/Methionine), [lysine](/source/lysine), and [tryptophan](/source/tryptophan) are commonly deficient in animal diets, so these amino acids are added to feed.{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a02_057.pub2|title=Amino Acids|year=2007|last1=Drauz|first1=Karlheinz|last2=Grayson|first2=Ian|last3=Kleemann|first3=Axel|last4=Krimmer|first4=Hans-Peter|last5=Leuchtenberger|first5=Wolfgang|last6=Weckbecker|first6=Christoph|isbn=978-3527306732}} In the case of methionine, [2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid](/source/2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric_acid) is often use in the place of methionine.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/ps/81.6.838|title=Relative Effectiveness of Methionine Hydroxy Analog Compared to DL-Methionine in Broiler Chickens|year=2002|last1=Lemme|first1=A.|last2=Hoehler|first2=D.|last3=Brennan|first3=JJ|last4=Mannion|first4=PF|journal=Poultry Science|volume=81|issue=6|pages=838–845|pmid=12079051|doi-access=free}} ==="Minerals"=== Several elements enhance the growth characteristics of animals. Elements themselves are rarely used as additives but derivatives thereof. [Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide](/source/Ethylenediamine_dihydroiodide) (EDDI) is added to [pet food](/source/pet_food) and [cattle feed](/source/cattle_feeding) to prevent [iodine deficiency](/source/iodine_deficiency).{{Ullmann|author=Lyday, Phyllis A. |title=Iodine and Iodine Compounds|year= 2005|doi=10.1002/14356007.a14_381}} A controversial additive is [arsenic](/source/arsenic), often supplied in the form of the [organoarsenic compound](/source/organoarsenic_compound) called [roxarsone](/source/roxarsone). It has been used in [poultry production](/source/poultry_production) to increase weight gain and improve [feed efficiency](/source/feed_conversion_ratio), and as a [coccidiostat](/source/coccidiostat). As of June 2011, it was approved for chicken feed in the [United States](/source/United_States), [Canada](/source/Canada), [Australia](/source/Australia), and 12 other countries. The drug was also approved in the United States and elsewhere for use in [pigs](/source/Swine_production).{{cite news | author = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | url = https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm258313.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612145259/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm258313.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 12, 2011 | title = Questions and Answers Regarding 3-Nitro (Roxarsone) | date = June 8, 2011}}{{cite web | last1=Harris | first1=Gardiner | last2=Grady | first2=Denise | title=Pfizer Suspends Sales of Chicken Drug | website=The New York Times | date=9 June 2011 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/09/business/09arsenic.html | access-date=19 October 2018}} Because of the essential character of the cobalt-containing [vitamin B12](/source/vitamin_B12), cobalt compounds are used in animal feeds, especially for [ruminant](/source/ruminant)s.{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2|chapter=Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds|year=2005|last1=Donaldson|first1=John Dallas|last2=Beyersmann|first2=Detmar|isbn=3527306730}} ==Regulation== ===United States=== Prior to the [Animal Drug Availability Act 1996](/source/Animal_Drug_Availability_Act_1996), [animal feed](/source/animal_feed) was available in two fashions: [over-the-counter](/source/over-the-counter) transacted, and by [prescription](/source/Medical_prescription) from a [veterinarian](/source/veterinarian). Its associated regulation introduced the concept of a [medicated feed](/source/medicated_feed), which is also available over-the-counter. The terminology for [Veterinary Feed Directive](/source/Veterinary_Feed_Directive) was introduced by the Act. === EU === According to EU Regulation 1831/2003,{{cite journal |title=REGULATION (EC) No 1831/2003 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition |journal=Official Journal of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831&from=EN}} all feed additives to be placed on the market within the [European Union](/source/European_Union) have to undergo a thorough approval process. Those who seek approval for the products as livestock food additives must submit them to the [European Food Safety Authority](/source/European_Food_Safety_Authority) (EFSA), the European Reference Laboratory, the [European Commission](/source/European_Commission) and the member states.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Evaluation criteria include safety for the animals, consumers and factory workers. For additives claiming an increase in "zootechnical" performance, sufficient empirical data must be presented to confirm those claims. {{cquote|1. A feed additive shall be allocated to one or more of the following categories, depending on its functions and properties, in accordance with the procedure set out at Articles 7, 8 and 9: # technological additives: any substance added to feed for a technological purpose; # sensory additives: any substance, the addition of which to feed improves or changes the [organoleptic](/source/organoleptic) properties of the feed, or the visual characteristics of the food derived from [animals](/source/animals); # nutritional additives; # zootechnical additives: any additive used to affect favourably the performance of animals in good health or used to affect favourably the environment; # [coccidiostats](/source/coccidiostats) and [histomonostats](/source/Histomoniasis). |author=Article 6 |source=}} The last category was banned in 2009 by the EU, and replaced with [probiotic](/source/probiotic) alternatives.{{cite web |title=WHAT ARE FEED ADDITIVES? |url=https://sustainableamerica.org/blog/what-are-feed-additives |publisher=Sustainable America}} == See also == *[Fodder](/source/Fodder) *[Compound feed](/source/Compound_feed) == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Feed Additive}} Category:Food additives Category:Excipients Category:Livestock --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Feed additive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_additive) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_additive?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.