# Fearmongering > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fearmongering > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Fearmongering.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearmongering > Source revision: 1318508448 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) "Fearmonger" and "Scare tactics" redirect here. For the Doctor Who drama, see [The Fearmonger](/source/The_Fearmonger). For the TV show, see [Scare Tactics](/source/Scare_Tactics). Deliberate use of fear-based tactics **Fearmongering**, or **scaremongering**, is the act of exploiting feelings of fear by using exaggerated rumors of impending danger, usually for personal gain.[1][2] ## Theory According to [evolutionary anthropology](/source/Evolutionary_anthropology) and [evolutionary biology](/source/Evolutionary_biology), humans have a strong impulse to pay attention to danger because awareness of dangers has been important for survival throughout their [evolutionary](/source/Evolution) history. The effect is amplified by [cultural evolution](/source/Cultural_evolution) when the [news media](/source/News_media) cater to people's appetite for news about dangers.[3] The attention of citizens is a fiercely contested resource that [news media](/source/News_media), [political campaigners](/source/Political_campaign), [social reformers](/source/Reform_movement), [advertisers](/source/Advertising), [civil society organizations](/source/Non-governmental_organization), [missionaries](/source/Missionary), and cultural [event makers](/source/Event_management) compete over, according to [attention economy](/source/Attention_economy).[4] [Social agents](/source/Agency_(sociology)) of all kinds are often using fearmongering as a tactic in the competition for attention, as illustrated by the examples below.[3][5] Fearmongering can have strong [psychological](/source/Psychology) effects, which may be intended or [unintended](/source/Unintended_consequences). One hypothesized effect is [mean world syndrome](/source/Mean_world_syndrome) in which people perceive the world as more dangerous than it really is.[6][7] Fearmongering can make people fear the wrong things, and use too many resources to avoid rare and unlikely dangers while more probable dangers are ignored. For example, some parents have kept their children at home to prevent [abduction](/source/Child_abduction) while they paid less attention to more common dangers such as [lifestyle diseases](/source/Lifestyle_disease) or [traffic accidents](/source/Traffic_accident).[8] Fearmongering can produce a [rally around the flag effect](/source/Rally_'round_the_flag_effect) by increasing support for the incumbent political leaders. For example, official warnings about the risk of [terrorist](/source/Terrorist) attacks have led to increased support for the proposed policies of [US Presidents](/source/US_President).[9][10] Collective fear is likely to produce an [authoritarian mentality](/source/Authoritarian_personality), desire for a [strong leader](/source/Strongman_(politics)), strict [discipline](/source/Discipline), [punitiveness](/source/Punishment), [intolerance](/source/Toleration), [xenophobia](/source/Xenophobia), and less [democracy](/source/Democracy), according to [regality theory](/source/Theory_of_Regal_and_Kungic_Societal_Structures). Historically, the effect has been exploited by [political entrepreneurs](/source/Political_entrepreneur) in many countries for purposes such as increasing support for an [authoritarian](/source/Authoritarianism) government, avoiding [democratization](/source/Democratization), or preparing the population for war.[11] ## Examples ### Political campaign advertisements Part of the Politics series Political campaigning Finance Grassroots fundraising Management Opposition research Consultation Message Advertising Canvassing Retail politics Election promise Get out the vote Gevald campaign Lawn signs Post-truth politics Text messaging Negative campaigning Attack ad Fearmongering Push poll Smear campaign Voter suppression Key people Candidate Campaign manager Campaign staff Politics portal v t e Main article: [Gevald campaign](/source/Gevald_campaign) "Daisy" advertisement *[Daisy](/source/Daisy_(advertisement))* is a famous television commercial that aired in 1964 and was run by [Lyndon B. Johnson](/source/Lyndon_B._Johnson)'s [presidential campaign](/source/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign). It begins with a little girl standing in a meadow, birds chirping in the background; she picks and clumsily counts the petals off of a daisy. When she reaches 'nine', an ominous male voice begins a launch countdown. The girl's gaze turns toward the sky and the camera zooms into her eye until her pupil blackens the screen. As the countdown reaches zero, a nuclear explosion flashes on and morphs into a mushroom cloud. While the firestorm rages, Johnson's declares, "These are the stakes! To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." Another voice then says, "Vote for President Johnson on November 3. The stakes are too high for you to stay home."[12] ### Mass media Fierce economic [competition](/source/Competition) is driving commercial [mass media](/source/Mass_media) to rely extensively on scary stories and bad news in a competition that has been characterized as an emotional [arms race](/source/Arms_race).[13] Stories about crime, and especially violent crimes and crimes against children, figure prominently among newspaper headlines. An analysis of US newspapers has found that between 10 and 30% of headlines involve crime and fear, with a tendency to a shift of focus from isolated crime events to more thematic articles about fear.[14] In the United Kingdom, the news media have routinely used a focus on gory sex crimes as a parameter of competition. The continued focus on emotionally touching sex crimes has had a strong influence on politics and legislation in the country.[15] ### Product advertisements [Advertisers](/source/Advertisers) have also entered the arena with their discovery that "fear sells". Ad campaigns based on fear, sometimes referred to as [shockvertising](/source/Shockvertising), have become increasingly popular in recent years. Fear is a strong emotion and it can be [manipulated](/source/Psychological_manipulation) to persuade people into making emotional rather than reasoned choices. From car commercials that imply that having fewer [airbags](/source/Airbag) will cause the audience's family harm, to [disinfectant](/source/Disinfectant) commercials that show [pathogenic bacteria](/source/Pathogenic_bacteria) lurking on [every surface](/source/Mysophobia), fear-based advertising works.[16] While using fear in ads has generated some negative reactions by the public, there is evidence to show that "shockvertising" is a highly effective [persuasion](/source/Persuasion) technique, and over the last several years, advertisers have continued to increase their usage of fear in ads in what has been called a "never-ending arms race in the advertising business".[17] Author [Ken Ring](/source/Ken_Ring_(writer)) was accused of scaremongering by New Zealand politician [Nick Smith](/source/Nick_Smith_(New_Zealand_politician)). The Auckland seller of almanacs made predictions about earthquakes and weather patterns based on lunar cycles, and some of his predictions were taken seriously by some members of the public in connection with the [2011 earthquakes](/source/February_2011_Christchurch_earthquake) in [Christchurch](/source/Christchurch), New Zealand.[18] ### Psychological warfare Fearmongering is routinely used in [psychological warfare](/source/Psychological_warfare) for the purpose of influencing a target population. The tactics often involves defamation of an enemy by means of [smear campaigns](/source/Smear_campaign). [False flag](/source/False_flag) attacks have been used as a pretext for starting a war in many cases, including the [Gulf of Tonkin incident](/source/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident), the [Shelling of Mainila](/source/Shelling_of_Mainila), and [Operation Himmler](/source/Operation_Himmler). [Terrorism](/source/Terrorism) is also a kind of psychological warfare. It is creating violence and terror in order to get media attention or to scare an enemy.[19][20] A remarkable tactic is the [strategy of tension](/source/Strategy_of_tension), which is based on making violence and chaos in order to create [political instability](/source/Political_instability), to [defame](/source/Defamation) an opponent, to pave the way for a more [authoritarianism](/source/Authoritarianism) or [fascist](/source/Fascist) government, or to prevent the [decolonization](/source/Decolonization) of [colonies](/source/Colony). The strategy of tension is associated in particular with the widespread [political violence](/source/Political_violence) in the [Years of Lead](/source/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)) in the 1960s to 1980s in [Italy](/source/Italy). There were many [terrorist](/source/Terrorist) attacks in the country in these years, some committed by [right-wing](/source/Right-wing) and [neo-fascist](/source/Neo-fascist) groups, and others by [left-wing](/source/Left-wing) groups. Some attacks initially attributed to left-wing groups to were suspected or confirmed [false flag](/source/False_flag) attacks. The main purpose of the strategy of tension in Italy was to prevent the [communists](/source/Communists) from gaining power and to pave the way for a [neofascist](/source/Neofascist) government. Historians disagree about who were controlling the strategy of tension, but there is evidence that both national neofascist groups and foreign powers were involved.[21][22][23][11] ## See also - [Alarmism](/source/Alarmism) - [Appeal to fear](/source/Appeal_to_fear) - [Culture of fear](/source/Culture_of_fear) - [Crowd manipulation](/source/Crowd_manipulation) - [Demagogue](/source/Demagogue) - [Emotional blackmail](/source/Emotional_blackmail) - [Fake news](/source/Fake_news) - [False flag](/source/False_flag) - [Fear, uncertainty and doubt](/source/Fear%2C_uncertainty_and_doubt) (FUD) - [Fnord](/source/Fnord) - [Intimidation](/source/Intimidation) - [Missing-children milk carton](/source/Missing-children_milk_carton) - [Moral panic](/source/Moral_panic) - [Project Fear](/source/Project_Fear) - [Propaganda](/source/Propaganda) - [Red Scare](/source/Red_Scare) - [Strategy of tension](/source/Strategy_of_tension) - [Summer of the Shark](/source/Summer_of_the_Shark) - [The Shock Doctrine](/source/The_Shock_Doctrine) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Definition of SCAREMONGER"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scaremonger). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Cambridge Dictionary- Fearmongering](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/fearmongering) 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Shoemaker_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Shoemaker_3-1) Shoemaker, Pamela J. (1996). "Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function". *Journal of Communication*. **46** (3): 32–47. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Zhu, Jian-Hua (1992). "Issue competition and attention distraction: A zero-sum theory of agenda-setting". *Journalism Quarterly*. **69** (4): 825–836. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/107769909206900403](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769909206900403). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144203162](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144203162). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Altheide, David L. (2014). *Media Edge: Media Logic and Social Reality*. Peter Lang Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1433126451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433126451). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Gerbner, G (1980). "The "mainstreaming" of America: violence profile number 11". *Journal of Communication*. **30** (3): 10–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1980.tb01987.x). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Signorielli, N (1990). "Television's Mean and Dangerous World: A Continuation of the Cultural Indicators Perspective". In Signorielli, N; Morgan, M (eds.). *Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research*. Sage. pp. 85–106. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Glassner_8-0)** Glassner, B (1999). *The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things*. Basic Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Willer, R (2004). "The effects of government-issued terror warnings on presidential approval ratings". *Current Research in Social Psychology*. **10** (1): 1–12. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Nacos, B. L. (2011). *Selling Fear: Counterterrorism, the Media, and Public Opinion*. University Of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0226567198](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226567198). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fog_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fog_11-1) Fog, A (2017). [*Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=p845DwAAQBAJ). Open Book Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1783744053](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783744053). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Classic Political Ad: Daisy Girl (1964)"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkWAhuXtalw). *[YouTube](/source/YouTube)*. 26 October 2006. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/IkWAhuXtalw) from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 25 August 2010. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Fuller, J (2010). *What is happening to news: The information explosion and the crisis in journalism*. University of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0226005027](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226005027). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Altheide, D. L. (2002). *Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis*. Aldine de Gruyter. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1138521438](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138521438). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Greer, C (2003). *Sex Crime and the Media: Sex Offending and the Press in a Divided Society*. Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1843920045](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843920045). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Nedra Weinreich (3 June 2006). ["Making Fear-Based Campaigns Work"](https://www.social-marketing.com/post/making-fear-based-campaigns-work). Retrieved 18 February 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Barbara Righton (December 18, 2006). ["Fear Advertising"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070223212619/http://www.macleans.ca/culture/media/article.jsp?content=20061218_138128_138128). Archived from [the original](https://www.macleans.ca/culture/media/article.jsp?content=20061218_138128_138128) on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2009. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Smith_18-0)** ["'Reckless' quake claims not helping, says Smith"](http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/reckless-quake-claims-not-helping-says-smith-4073216). ONE News. 20 March 2011. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Weimann, G; Winn, C (1994). *The theater of terror: Mass media and international terrorism*. Longman. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Altheide, D. L. (2006). *Terrorism and the Politics of Fear*. AltaMira Press. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Ferraresi, F (1996). *Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War*. Princeton University Press. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Cento Bull, A (2007). *Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation*. Berghahn Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Willan, P (1991). *Puppetmasters: The Political use of Terrorism in Italy*. Authors Choice Press. Look up ***[fearmongering](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fearmongering)*** or ***[fearmonger](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fearmonger)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. v t e Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half-truths Media Obfuscation Persuasion Manipulation (psychology) Activism Advocacy group Alternative media Boycott Call-out culture Cancel culture Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Deplatforming Grassroots Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Advertorial/Native advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Annoyance factor Censorship and mass media regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Catch and kill Corporate Cover-ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools' Deepfake audio Fake news websites Fakelore Fictitious entries Firehose of falsehood Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Lying press Photograph manipulation Racial Urban legend Virus Video manipulation Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda-setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle Emotive conjugation False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Dog whistle Election promises Lawn signs Party platforms (or manifestos) Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Big lie Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language National mythology Protest paradigm Rally 'round the flag effect Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information (IT) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Corporate propaganda Sales Cold calling Door-to-door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Spaving Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Related Influence-for-hire Media bias United States Media concentration Media democracy Media ecology Media ethics Media franchise Media influence Media proprietor --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fearmongering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearmongering) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearmongering?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.