# Fasiq

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{{Short description|Arabic term referring to someone who violates Islamic law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Islam and iman}}{{Italic title}}{{Usul al-fiqh}}

'''''Fasiq''''' ({{Langx|ar|فاسق}} ''fāsiq'') is an [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language) term referring to someone who violates [Islamic law](/source/Sharia). As a ''fasiq'' is considered unreliable, his testimony is not accepted in [Islamic courts](/source/Sharia).<ref name="Khadduri2001">{{cite book|author=Majid Khadduri|title=The Islamic Conception of Justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=td3XttHLGsEC&pg=PA149|access-date=17 November 2012|date=28 November 2001|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6974-7|pages=149–}}</ref> The terms ''fasiq'' and ''fisq'' are sometime rendered as "impious",<ref name="Khadduri2001"/> "[venial sinner](/source/Venial_sin)",<ref name="Khadduri2001"/> or "depraved".<ref name="Iṣlāhī2007">{{cite book|author=Amīn Ahsan Iṣlāhī|title=Tafsir of Surah al-Fātihan and Surah al-Baqarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVAeEovCXB4C&pg=PA149|access-date=17 November 2012|year=2007|publisher=The Other Press|isbn=978-983-9154-88-7|page=149}}</ref>

Constant committing of minor sins or the major sins that do not require greater punishment, which are described as [wickedness](/source/wickedness) in [''fiqh''](/source/fiqh) (Islamic jurisprudence) terminology, are punished by the judge's discretion, without a certain limit and measure.

In [''tazir''](/source/tazir) punishments, there is no obligation to prove the crime by witnessing or similar mechanisms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ertuğrul Gazi Tuncay |title=İslam Hukukunda Sınırı Belirlenmemiş Cezalar |journal=İslam Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi |year=2017 |issue=3 |pages=82–99 |language=tr |url=http://www.islambilimleri.com/Makaleler/274962294_4.%20s%c4%b1n%c4%b1r%c4%b1%20belirsiz%20cezalar.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105835/http://www.islambilimleri.com/Makaleler/274962294_4.%20s%c4%b1n%c4%b1r%c4%b1%20belirsiz%20cezalar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Origin==
''Fasiq'' is derived from the term ''fisq'' ({{Langx|ar|فسق}}), "breaking the agreement"<ref name="Ahmed1987">{{cite book|author=Dr. Hasanuddin Ahmed|title=An Easy Way to Understanding Qur'an 2 vols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=917v_NwC_JUC&pg=RA1-PA37|access-date=17 November 2012|date=1 March 1987|publisher=IQRA International Educational Foundation|isbn=978-0-911119-34-3|pages=1–}}</ref> or "to leave or go out of".<ref name="Iṣlāhī2007"/>

In its original [Quranic](/source/Quran) usage, the term did not have the specific meaning of a violator of laws, and was more broadly associated with ''[kufr](/source/kufr)'' ("disbelief").<ref name="Gieling1999"/> Some theologians have associated ''fasiq''-related behaviour to ''ahl al-hawa'' ("people of caprice").<ref>Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "The Approved and Disapproved Varieties of" Ra'y"(Personal Opinion in Islam)." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 7.1 (1990): 39.</ref>

==Theological debate==
*The jurist [Wasil ibn Ata](/source/Wasil_ibn_Ata) (700–748 CE) submitted that a ''fasiq'' remained a member of [Muslim](/source/Muslims) society, so retained rights to life and property though he could not hold a religious position. This opinion set him at odds with [Murji'ah](/source/Murji'ah) jurists who considered a ''fasiq'' to be a ''[munafiq](/source/munafiq)'' ("hypocrite"), and the [Kharijites](/source/Kharijites) who considered the ''fasiq'' a ''kafir''.
*To the Kharijites "faith without works" was worthless, so one who professed [Islam](/source/Islam) yet sinned was ''fasiq'', and thus a ''kafir''.<ref name="Waines2003">{{cite book|author=David Waines|title=An Introduction to Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYxZ0QpKBGsC&pg=PA105|access-date=17 November 2012|date=6 November 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53906-7|pages=105–}}</ref>

==Applications==
In the period leading up to the [1979 Iranian Revolution](/source/1979_Iranian_Revolution), [Ayatollah Khomeini](/source/Ayatollah_Khomeini) described [Iranian](/source/Pahlavi_Iran) [Shah](/source/Shah) [Mohammad Reza Pahlavi](/source/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) as ''fasiq''.<ref name="Gieling1999">{{cite book|author=Saskia Gieling|title=Religion and War in Revolutionary Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PzWeSjRH0QC&pg=PA87|access-date=17 November 2012|date=3 December 1999|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-407-8|pages=87–}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam
}}
*''[Sharia](/source/Sharia)''
*''[Munafiq](/source/Munafiq)''
*''[Kafir](/source/Kafir)''
*[Glossary of Islam](/source/Glossary_of_Islam)
*[Outline of Islam](/source/Outline_of_Islam)
*[Index of Islam-related articles](/source/Index_of_Islam-related_articles)
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=fsq ''ف س ق''] at The Quranic Arabic Corpus

{{Authority control}}

Category:Sharia terminology
Category:Sin in Islam

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fasiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasiq) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasiq?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.