# Fan Hong

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{{short description|Chinese eunuch (died 1449)}}
'''Fan Hong''' ({{zh|c=范弘|p=Fàn Hóng}}; {{vie|v=Phạm Hoằng}}; died 1449) was a [eunuch](/source/Eunuchs_in_China) who served during the reigns of the [Ming emperors](/source/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty) from the 1410s to the 1440s.

==Biography==
Born as Fan An (Phạm An) in [Đại Việt](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t) (present-day northern [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam)), Fan Hong was captured, [castrated](/source/castrated), and taken to China, where he served under the [Yongle Emperor](/source/Yongle_Emperor) ({{reign|1402|1424}}), during the [Ming invasion of the country in 1407](/source/Ming_conquest_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu).{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}} Together with his fellow eunuchs [Jin Ying](/source/Jin_Ying_(eunuch)), [Ruan An](/source/Ruan_An), and Ruan Lang, he rose to prominence during the reigns of the reigns of the [Xuande Emperor](/source/Xuande_Emperor) ({{reign|1425|1435}}) and [Emperor Yingzong](/source/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming) ({{reign|1435|1449}}).{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=243}} He was known for his higher education and was appointed to the Directorate of Ceremonial during the reign of the Emperor Yingzong.{{sfnp|Goodrich|Fang|1976|p=1363}} However, his activities are not well recorded.{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}} In July 1449, the [Oirat Mongols](/source/Oirat_Mongols) under [Esen](/source/Esen_Taishi) launched a full-scale invasion of China, and Emperor Yingzong personally led a campaign in response. The campaign ended in disaster, as [the Ming army was defeated and the Emperor was captured on 1 September](/source/Tumu_Crisis).{{sfnp|Twitchett|Grimm|1988|pp=322–325}} Among the casualties was Fan Hong.{{sfnp|Chen|2008|p=245}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Xuelin |date=2008 |title=Wang Jin: A Eunuch of Annamese Orgin in the Mid Ming Dynasty |url=https://www.dpm.org.cn/Uploads/File/2019/11/25/u5ddbb505895bf.pdf |journal=Journal of Gugong Studies |language=zh |volume=4 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carington |author-link1=Luther Carrington Goodrich |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |author-link2=Fang Chao-ying |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-231-03801-1 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis C |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |last2=Grimm |first2=Tilemann |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0521243327 |editor-last=Mote |editor-first=Frederick W. |editor-link=Frederick W. Mote |location=Cambridge |pages=305–342 |chapter=The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436—1464 |editor-last2=Twitchett |editor-first2=Denis C}}
{{Refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fan, Hong}}
Category:Ming dynasty eunuchs
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1449 deaths

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Fan Hong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Hong) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Hong?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.